Water Resources and Pollution
JEOPARDY!! 
Chapter 8
Aquatic
Biodiversity
Chapter 11
Threats to Aquatic
Biodiversity
Chapter 13
Water Resources
Chapter 20
Water Pollution
Potpourri
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10 Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity
Identify the major marine life zones
and freshwater life zones.
10
Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity
saltwater or marine: oceans and their accompanying
estuaries, coastal wetlands, shorelines, coral reefs, and
mangrove forests
freshwater: lakes, rivers, streams, and inland wetlands
20 Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity
Define plankton and describe three
types of plankton.
20
Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity
One major type consists of drifting, weakly swimming, freefloating plankton, which can be divided into three groups:
**the first of which is phytoplankton, which includes many
types of algae.
**The second plankton group is zooplankton, consisting of
primary consumers (herbivores) that feed on phytoplankton
and secondary consumers that feed on other zooplankton.
**A third group consists of huge populations of much smaller
plankton called ultraplankton—extremely small
photosynthetic bacteria that may be responsible for 70% of
the primary productivity near the ocean surface.
30 Ch 8 Aquatic
Biodiversity
Distinguish among nekton, benthos,
and decomposers and give an
example of each.
30 Ch 8 Aquatic
Biodiversity
**nekton, strongly swimming consumers such as fish, turtles,
and whales.
**benthos, consists of bottom dwellers such as oysters, which
anchor themselves to one spot; clams and worms, which
burrow into the bottom; and lobsters and crabs, which walk
about on the sea floor.
**decomposers (mostly bacteria), which break down organic
compounds in the dead bodies and wastes of aquatic
organisms into nutrients that can be used by aquatic primary
producers. Most forms of aquatic life are found in the surface
and middle layers of saltwater and freshwater systems.
30 Community 1
40 Ch 8 Aquatic
Biodiversity
List five factors that determine the
types and numbers of organisms
found in the three layers of aquatic
life zones
40 Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity
The key factors determining the types and numbers of organisms
found in the different layers are
*temperature
*dissolved oxygen content
*availability of food,
*availability of light and nutrients required for photosynthesis,
such as carbon (as dissolved CO2 gas), nitrogen (as NO3-), and
phosphorus (mostly as PO43-).
*turbidity
50 Ch 8 Aquatic
Biodiversity
What are the three major life zones
in an ocean?
50
Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity
*Marine life is found in three major
life zones: the coastal zone, open
sea, and ocean bottom.
10
Ch 11 Threats to
Aquatic Biodiversity
Describe the threat to marine
biodiversity from trawler fishing.
10
Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity
Bottom trawling causes loss and degradation of many
sea-bottom habitats. Trawlers drag huge nets
weighted down with heavy chains and steel plates like
giant submerged bulldozers over ocean bottoms to
harvest a few species of bottom fish and shellfish.
Trawling nets reduce coral reef habitats to rubble and
kill a variety of creatures on the bottom by crushing
them, burying them in sediment, and exposing them
to predators. Each year, thousands of trawlers scrape
and disturb an area of ocean floor about 150 times
larger than the area of forests that are clear- cut
annually.
20
Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic
Biodiversity
Explain how ocean acidification
occurs and why it is a serious
problem.
20
Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic
Biodiversity
*Ocean acidification occurs when
atmospheric CO2 combines with ocean
water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). As
ocean water becomes more acidic, the
levels of carbonate ions decrease. Many
ocean species use carbonate ions to build
calcium carbonate.
*destroying coral reef ecosystems
30
Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic
Biodiversity
What is a fishprint?
30
Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic
Biodiversity
*The fishprint is defined as the
area of ocean needed to sustain
the consumption of an average
person, a nation, or the world.
40
Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic
Biodiversity
What percentage of the world’s
oceans is strictly protected from
harmful human activities in marine
reserves?
40
Ch 11 Threats to
Aquatic Biodiversity
*Despite their importance, less than 1% of
the world’s oceans are closed to fishing
and other harmful human activities in
marine reserves, and only 0.1% are fully
protected
50
Ch 11 Threats to
Aquatic Biodiversity
Describe two ways to estimate the
sizes of fish populations.
50
Ch 11 Threats to Aquatic
Biodiversity
***Maximum sustained yield model projects the
maximum number of fish that can be harvested
annually from a fish stock without causing a
population drop.
***Optimum sustained yield concept attempts to
take into account interactions among species and to
provide more room for error.
10
Ch 13 Water Resources
Define groundwater,
zone of saturation, water
table, and aquifer.
10
Ch 13 Water
Resources
**Groundwater: precipitation that infiltrates the ground and percolates
downward through spaces in soil, gravel, and rock until an impenetrable layer of
rock stops it.
**zone of saturation: spaces in soil and rock close to the earth’s surface hold
little moisture. Below a certain depth, in the, these spaces are completely filled
with water.
**water table: The top of zone of saturation is the. It falls in dry weather, or
when we remove groundwater faster than nature can replenish it, and it rises in
wet weather.
**aquifers: underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock
through which groundwater flows.
20
Ch 13 Water
Resources
Distinguish among surface water,
surface runoff, and reliable surface
runoff.
20
Ch 13 Water
Resources
Surface water: the freshwater from precipitation and
snowmelt that flows across the earth’s land surface and into
lakes, wetlands, streams, rivers, estuaries, and ultimately to
the oceans.
Surface runoff: Precipitation that does not infiltrate the
ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation
Reliable surface runoff: can be counted on as a water source
from year to year.
30
Ch 13 Water
Resources
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of withdrawing
groundwater?
30
Ch 13 Water
Resources
Advantages of withdrawing groundwater include:
Useful for drinking and irrigation.
Available year-round.
Exists almost everywhere.
Renewable if not overpumped or contaminated.
No evaporation losses.
Cheaper to extract than most surface waters.
Disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater include:
Aquifer depletion from overpumping.
Sinking of land (subsidence) from overpumping.
Aquifers polluted for decades or centuries.
Saltwater intrusion into drinking water supplies near
coastal areas.
Reduced water flows into surface waters.
Increased cost and contamination from deeper wells.
.
40
Ch 13 Water Resources
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using large
dams and reservoirs?
.
40
Ch 13 Water
Resources
Advantages: capture and store runoff and release it as
needed to control floods, generate electricity, and
supply water for irrigation and for towns and cities.
Reservoirs also provide recreational activities such as
swimming, fishing, and boating.
Disadvantages: Worldwide, dams have displaced 40–
80 million people from their homes. Dams have
flooded an area of mostly productive land roughly
equal to the area of the U. S. state of California, and it
has impaired some of the important ecological
services rivers provide. And according to the 2007
WWF study, about one- fifth of the world’s freshwater
fish and plant species are either extinct or endangered
primarily because dams and water withdrawals have
destroyed many free- flowing rivers.
50
Ch 13 Water
Resources
Define desalination
and list three major
limitations on the
widespread use of
desalination.
50
Ch 13 Water
Resources
Desalination involves removing dissolved salts from ocean water or from
brackish water for domestic use.
There are three major problems with the widespread use of desalination.
Desalination is expensive, because it takes a lot of energy to desalinate
water. Pumping desalinated water inland also takes a lot of energy and is
costly. Pumping large volumes of seawater through pipes and using
chemicals to sterilize the water and keep down algae growth kills many
marine organisms and also requires large inputs of energy to run the
pumps. Desalination produces huge quantities of salty wastewater that
must go somewhere.
10
Ch 20 Water Pollution
What is water pollution?
10
Ch 20 Water Pollution
Water pollution is any change in water quality
that harms humans or other living organisms
or makes water unsuitable for desired uses. It
can come from single (point) sources or from
larger and dispersed (nonpoint) sources.
20
Ch 20 Water
Pollution
Distinguish between
point sources and
nonpoint sources of
water pollution, and
give an example of
each.
20
Ch 20 Water Pollution
Point sources discharge pollutants at specific
locations through drain pipes, ditches, or sewer
lines into bodies of surface water. Examples
include factories, sewage treatment plants (which
remove some, but not all, pollutants), underground
mines, and oil tankers.
Nonpoint sources are broad, diffuse areas, rather
than points, from which pollutants enter bodies of
surface water or air. Examples include runoff of
chemicals and sediments from cropland, livestock
feedlots, logged forests, urban streets, parking lots,
lawns, and golf courses.
30
Ch 20 Water Pollution
Explain how streams can
cleanse themselves and
how these cleansing
processes can be
overwhelmed.
30
Ch 20 Water Pollution
Flowing rivers and streams can recover
rapidly from moderate levels of degradable,
oxygen-demanding wastes through a
combination of dilution and biodegradation
of such wastes by bacteria. But this natural
recovery process does not work when
streams become overloaded with such
pollutants or when drought, damming, or
water diversion reduces their flows.
Depending on flow rates and the amount of
biodegradable pollutants, streams recover
from injection of oxygen-demanding wastes
or heated water if they are given enough
time and are not overloaded.
40
Ch 20 Water Pollution
Give two reasons why lakes
cannot cleanse themselves as
readily as streams can.
40
Ch 20 Water Pollution
• Lakes and reservoirs are generally less
effective at diluting pollutants than
streams for two reasons:
• First, deep lakes and reservoirs often
contain stratified layers that undergo little
vertical mixing.
• Second, they have little or no flow. The
flushing and changing of water in lakes
and large artificial reservoirs can take
from 1 to 100 years, compared with
several days to several weeks for streams.
.
50
Ch 20 Water Pollution
Explain why groundwater
cannot cleanse itself very
well.
50
Ch 20 Water Pollution
When groundwater becomes contaminated, it cannot cleanse itself of degradable
wastes as quickly as flowing surface water does.
Groundwater flows so slowly that contaminants are not diluted and dispersed
.
*slow flow
*less dissolved oxygen
*fewer decomposing bacteria
*low temperatures
effectively
10 Genetics 2
My name is Bond, Ionic Bond;
Taken, not shared!
10 Population Growth
From: Mariano Cecowski
<MCecowski#NoSpam.sif.com.ar>
Q: if both a bear in Yosemite and one in
Alaska fall into the water
which one disolves faster?
A: The one in Alaska because it is
HIJKLMNO
10 Population Growth
Alimentary: What Sherlock Holmes said to Dr. Watson.
Urinate: What a nurse would say if a patient asked her what room
he's in.
Urine - The opposite of "You're out!"
Benign: What we want when we are eight.
Intestine - Currently taking an exam
CARDIOLOGY: advanced study of poker playing
TERMINAL ILLNESS: getting sick at the airport
10
Potpourri
What major ecosystem and
economic services do freshwater systems provide?
10
Potpourri
**Ecological services provided by
freshwater systems include: climate
moderation, nutrient cycling, waste
treatment, flood control, groundwater
recharge, habitats, genetic resources and
biodiversity and scientific information.
**Economic services provided by
freshwater systems include: food,
drinking water, irrigation water,
hydroelectricity, transportation corridors,
recreation and employment.
10
Genetics 2
20
Potpourri
What four zones are found
in deep lakes?
20
Potpourri
Four distinct zones that are
defined by their depth and
distance from shore:
Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
Benthic zone
30
Potpourri
What percentage of the
U. S. coastal and inland
wetlands has been
destroyed since 1900?
30
Potpourri
*The United States has
lost more than half of
its coastal and inland
wetlands since 1900.
30
Genetics 2
40
What are the
zones of a
river?
Potpourri
40
Source zone
Transitional zone
Floodplain zone
Potpourri
50
Potpourri
What are the zones of the open
ocean?
50
Euphotic zone
Bathyal zone
Abyssal zone
Potpourri