RBA
TM
Results-Based Accountability
The Fiscal Policy Studies Institute
www.raguide.org
www.resultsaccountability.com
Book - DVD Orders
amazon.com
resultsleadership.org
SIMPLE
COMMON SENSE
PLAIN LANGUAGE
MINIMUM PAPER
USEFUL
Results-Based Accountability
is made up of two parts:
Population Accountability
is about the well-being of
WHOLE POPULATIONS
for Communities – Cities – Counties – States - Nations
Performance Accountability
is about the well-being of
CUSTOMER POPULATIONS
for Programs – Agencies – Service Systems
COMMON
LANGUAGE
THE LANGUAGE TRAP
Too many terms. Too few definitions. Too little discipline
Benchmark
Outcome
Result
Modifiers
Indicator
Measurable Core
Urgent
Qualitative
Priority
Programmatic
Targeted
Performance
Incremental Strategic
Systemic
Measure
Goal
Objective
Target
Lewis Carroll Center for Language Disorders
CoreMake
qualitative
strategic
objectives
up your
own jargon.
Measurable
urgent
systemic
indicators
DEFINITIONS
RESULT or OUTCOME
1. A condition of well-being for
Population
children, adults, families or communities.
Children born healthy
healthy, Children ready for school,
school
Safe communities,
communities Clean Environment,
Environment Prosperous Economy
INDICATOR or BENCHMARK
2. A measure which helps quantify the achievement
of a result.
Performance
Rate of low-birthweight babies
babies, Percent ready at K entry
entry,
rate air quality index,
index unemployment rate
crime rate,
PERFORMANCE MEASURE
3. A measure of how well a program, agency or service
system is working.
1. How much did we do?
Three types: 2. How well did we do it?
3. Is anyone better off? = Customer Results
From Ends to Means
From Talk
Talk to
From
toAction
Action
Population
RESULT
ENDS
Performance
INDICATOR
PERFORMANCE
MEASURE
Customer result = Ends
Service delivery = Means
MEANS
IS IT A RESULT, INDICATOR OR
PERFORMANCE MEASURE?
RESULT 1.
INDICATOR 2.
PERF. MEASURE 3.
RESULT 4.
INDICATOR 5.
RESULT 6.
INDICATOR 7.
Safe Communities
Crime rate
Average police response time
People live in safe, stable, affordable housing
% paying > 30% of income for housing
People have living wage jobs and income
% of people with living wage jobs and income
PERF. MEASURE 8. %
of participants in job training who get living
wage jobs
POPULATION
ACCOUNTABILITY
Community Outcomes
for Christchurch, NZ
1. A Safe City
2. A City of Inclusive and Diverse Communities
3. A City of People who Value and Protect the Natural
Environment
4. A Well-Governed City
5. A Prosperous City
6. A Healthy City
7. A City for Recreation, Fun and Creativity
8. City of Lifelong Learning
9. An Attractive and Well-Designed City
VERMONT
Population Outcomes (S.293)
1. Vermont has a prosperous economy.
2. Vermonters are healthy.
3. Vermont’s environment is clean and sustainable.
4. Vermont’s communities are safe and supportive.
5. Vermont’s families are safe, nurturing, stable, and supported.
6. Vermont’s children and young people achieve their potential.
7. Vermont’s elders and people with disabilities and people with
mental conditions live with dignity and independence in
settings they prefer.
8. Vermont has open, effective, and inclusive government at the
State and local levels.
REPORT CARDS
Maryland
Florida
Santa Cruz County
San Mateo County
Leaking Roof
(Results thinking in everyday life)
Experience
Inches of Water
BASELINE
Measure
Not OK
? Fixed
Turning the Curve
Story behind the baseline (causes)
Partners
What Works
Action Plan # 2
Results / Outcomes
Experience
Indicators
Baseline & Story
The Matter of Baselines
H
M OK?
L
Point to Point
History
Turning the Curve
Forecast
Baselines have two parts: history and forecast
Alcohol-Related Traffic Fatalities
United States 1975 to 2005
30
75 people
per day
25
45 people
per day
Tho usand s
20
15
MADD
10
28 people
per day
5
2005
2010
Source 1982 to 2005: Actual data from the NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS)
Source 1975 to 1981: Estimate based on NHTSA data on % of fatality drivers with BAC of .10 or greater.
2000
1990
1982
1980
1975
0
Rebound
Newcastle, UK
20.00%
18.00%
16.00%
14.00%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
6.00%
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Ncle 14.5 14.5 16.8 14.5
Revised 9 Nov 2007
17
15
11.9 10.6
9.5
9.3
Nov 08 –
Jan 09
8.5
Source: Connexions Tyne and Wear, UK
PERFORMANCE
ACCOUNTABILITY
Results-Based Accountability
is made up of two parts:
Population Accountability
is about the well-being of
WHOLE POPULATIONS
for Communities – Cities – Counties – States - Nations
Performance Accountability
is about the well-being of
CUSTOMER POPULATIONS
for Programs – Agencies – Service Systems
“All performance measures
that have ever existed
for any program
in the history of the universe
involve answering two sets of
interlocking questions.”
Performance Measures
Quantity
Quality
How
Much
How
Well
did we do?
did we do it?
(#)
(%)
Performance Measures
Effort
How hard did we try?
Effect
Is anyone better off?
Performance Measures
Effort
How
Much
How
Well
Effect
Quantity
Quality
Input
Effort
How much
service did
we deliver?
How well
did we
deliver it?
Output
Effect
Performance Measures
How much
change / effect
did we produce?
What quality of
change / effect
did we produce?
Effect
Effort
Performance Measures
Quantity
Quality
How much
did we do?
How well
did we do it?
Is anyone
better off?
#
%
Effort
Education
Quantity
Quality
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
Number of
students
Student-teacher
ratio
Effect
Is anyone better off?
Number of
high school
graduates
Percent of
high school
graduates
Effort
Education
Quantity
Quality
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
Number of
students
Student-teacher
ratio
Effect
Is anyone better off?
Number of
9th graders who
graduate on time
and enter college or
employment after
graduation
Percent of
9th graders who
graduate on time
and enter college or
employment after
graduation
Effort
Drug/Alcohol Treatment Program
Quantity
Quality
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
Number of
persons
treated
Percent of
staff with
training/
certification
Effect
Is anyone better off?
Number of clients Percent of clients
off of alcohol &
off of alcohol &
drugs
drugs
- at exit
- 12 months after exit
- at exit
- 12 months after exit
Effort
Mental Health
Quantity
Quality
How much did we
do?
How well did we do
it?
Number of
hours of treatment
Time until the
next opening
in the
appointment
schedule
Effect
Is anyone better off?
Number of
clients
in school or
employed
Percent of
clients
in school or
employed
Effort
Homeless Services
Quantity
Quality
How much did we
do?
How well did we do
it?
Number of
bed days
provided
Staff
turnover
rate
Effect
Is anyone better off?
Number of
clients
who return
within 3 months
Percent of
clients
who return
within 3 months
(recidivism rate)
Effort
Fire Department
Quantity
Quality
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
Number of
responses
Response
Time
Effect
Is anyone better off?
# of fires
kept to
room of origin
% of fires
kept to
room of origin
Effort
General Motors
Quantity
Quality
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
# of production hrs
Employees per
vehicle
produced
# tons of steel
Effect
Is anyone better off?
# of cars sold
% Market share
$ Amount of Profit
Profit per share
$ Car value after
2 years
% Car value after
2 years
Source: USA Today 9/28/98
Effort
Not All Performance Measures Are Created Equal
Quantity
Quality
Quality
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
Least
Also
Very Important
Important
Effect
Is anyone better off?
Most
Important
Effort
The Matter of Control
Quantity
Quality
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
Most
Control
Effect
Is anyone better off?
Least
Control
PARTNERSHIPS
Effect
Effort
Program Performance Measures
Quantity
Quality
How much
did we do?
How well
did we do it?
Is anyone
better off?
#
%
Performance Accountability
Types of Measures found in each Quadrant
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
# Clients/customers
served
% Common measures
# Activities (by type
of activity)
% Activity-specific
measures
e.g. client staff ratio, workload ratio, staff
turnover rate, staff morale, % staff fully
trained, % clients seen in their own language,
worker safety, unit cost
e.g. % timely, % clients completing activity,
% correct and complete, % meeting standard
Is anyone better off?
% Skills / Knowledge
#
#
#
#
Point in Time
vs.
2 Point
Comparison
#
(e.g. parenting skills)
% Attitude / Opinion
%
(e.g. toward drugs)
% Behavior
(e.g.school attendance)
% Circumstance
(e.g. working, in stable housing)
School Hospital Job Training Fire Department
Service: __________________________________
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
Primary customers
persons trained
patients
# students
Unit cost
Primary activity
hours
diagnostic
alarms
courses
of tests
# job
instruction to
responded
Workload ratio
% of ___x___ that
happen on time
Is anyone better off?
If your service works really well,
how are your customer's better off?
#
students
who
persons
get
patients
fully
keptwho
to room
% fires
graduate
jobs
recover
of
origin
Effort
Choosing Headline Measures and the Data Development Agenda
Quantity
Quality
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
# Measure 1 ----------------------------
% Measure 8 ----------------------------
# Measure 2 ----------------------------
% Measure 9 -----------------------------
# Measure 3 ----------------------------
% Measure 10 ---------------------------
# Measure 4 ----------------------------
% Measure 11 ---------------------------
# Measure 5 ----------------------------
% Measure 12 ---------------------------
# Measure 6 ----------------------------
% Measure 13 ---------------------------
# Measure 7 ----------------------------
% Measure 14 ---------------------------
#3 DDA
#2 Headline
Effect
Is anyone better off?
# Measure 15 ----------------------------
% Measure 15 ----------------------------
# Measure 16 ----------------------------
% Measure 16 ----------------------------
# Measure 17 ----------------------------
% Measure 17 ----------------------------
# Measure 18 ----------------------------
% Measure 18 ----------------------------
# Measure 19 ----------------------------
% Measure 19 ----------------------------
# Measure 20 ----------------------------
% Measure 20 ----------------------------
# Measure 21 ----------------------------
% Measure 21 ----------------------------
#2 DDA
#3 Headline
#1 Headline
#1 DDA
Select 3 to 5 Performance Measures
ACROSS THE BOTTOM OF THE ORG CHART
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-5
20 – 60 – 20 Rule
3-5
3-5
Primary v.
Secondary
Direct v.
Indirect
Internal v.
External
LR
UR
Baseline & Story
Christus Saint Vincent's Medical Center
Santa Fe, NM
Turned curve on high end ER Use
Etre Kathy <karmijoetre@msn.com>
How
Population
&
Performance
Accountability
FIT TOGETHER
THE LINKAGE Between POPULATION and PERFORMANCE
POPULATION ACCOUNTABILITY
POPULATION
RESULTS
Healthy People
Rate of low birth-weight babies
Clean Environment
Percent fully ready per K-entry assessment
Prosperous Economy
Rate of unemployment
Alignment
of measures
PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTABILITY
Job Training Program
# persons
receiving
training
Unit cost
per person
trained
# who get
jobs & keep
jobs (at 6
months)
% who get
jobs & keep
jobs (at 6
months)
Contribution
relationship
Appropriate
responsibility
CUSTOMER
RESULTS
Population Accountability
to which you contribute to most directly.
Result:
Indicators:
Every time
you present
your program,
Use a
two-part
approach.
Story:
Partners:
What would it take?:
Role: as part of a larger strategy.
Your Role
Performance Accountability
Program:
Performance measures:
Story:
Partners:
Action plan to get better:
Population Accountability
to which you contribute to most directly.
Result:
Indicators:
Every time
you present
your program,
Use a
two-part
approach.
Shortcut
Story:
Partners:
What would it take?:
Role: as part of a larger strategy.
Your Role
Performance Accountability
Program:
Performance measures:
Story:
Partners:
Action plan to get better:
Different Kinds of Progress
1. Data
a. Population indicators Actual turned curves:
movement for the better away from the baseline.
b. Program performance measures:
customer progress and better service:
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
Is anyone better off?
2. Accomplishments: Positive activities, not included above.
3. Stories behind the statistics that show how individuals are
better off.
Board of Directors Meeting
AGENDA
1. New data
2. New story behind the curves
3. New partners
4. New information on what works.
5. New information on financing
6. Changes to action plan and budget
7. Adjourn
SUMMARY
RBA in a Nutshell
2–3-7
2 - kinds of accountability plus language discipline
Population accountability
Performance accountability
Results & Indicators
Performance measures
3 - kinds of performance measures.
How much did we do?
How well did we do it?
Is anyone better off?
7 - questions from ends to means in less than
an hour. Baselines & Turning the Curve
THANK YOU !
Book - DVD Orders
amazon.com
resultsleadership.org
“If I include you,
you will be my partner.
If I exclude you,
you will be my judge.”
- Rosell
EXERCISES
Creating a Working Baseline
from Group Knowledge
Indicator or Performance
Measure
65%
Now
Not
OK?
Turn the Curve Exercise: Population Well-being
5 min: Starting Points
- timekeeper and reporter
- geographic area
- two hats (yours plus partner’s)
10 min: Baseline
- pick a result and a curve to turn
- forecast (to 2017) – OK or not OK?
15 min: Story behind the baseline
- causes/forces at work
- information & research agenda part 1 - causes
15 min: What works? (What would it take?)
- what could work to do better?
- each partners contribution
- no-cost / low-cost ideas
- information & research agenda part 2 – what works
10 min: Report convert notes to one page
Two
pointers
to action
4. --------- Off the Wall
ONE PAGE Turn the Curve Report: Population
Result: _______________
Indicator
Baseline
Indicator
(Lay Definition)
Story behind the baseline
-----------------------------------------------------
(List as many as needed)
Partners
-----------------------------------------------------
(List as many as needed)
Three Best Ideas – What Works
1. --------------------------2. --------------------------3. ---------No-cost / low-cost
4. --------- Off the Wall
Sharp
Edges
Turn the Curve Exercise: Program Performance
5 min: Starting Points
- timekeeper and reporter
- identify a program to work on
- two hats (yours plus partner’s)
10 min: Performance measure baseline
- choose 1 measure to work on – from the lower right quadrant
- forecast (to 2017) – OK or not OK?
15 min: Story behind the baseline
- causes/forces at work
- information & research agenda part 1 - causes
15 min: What works? (What would it take?)
- what could work to do better?
- each partners contribution
- no-cost / low-cost ideas
- information & research agenda part 2 – what works
10 min: Report convert notes to one page
Two
pointers
to action
4. --------- Off the Wall
ONE PAGE Turn the Curve Report: Performance
Program: _______________
Performance
Measure
Baseline
Performance Measure
(Lay definition)
Story behind the baseline
-----------------------------------------------------
(List as many as needed)
Partners
-----------------------------------------------------
(List as many as needed)
Three Best Ideas – What Works
1. --------------------------2. --------------------------3. ---------No-cost / low-cost
4. --------- Off the Wall
Sharp
Edges
Turn the Curve Exercise – Lessons
Talk to Action in an hour
1. How was this different from other processes?
What worked and what didn’t work?
2. Why did we ask for:
a. Results before indicators?
b. Forecast?
c. Story?
d. No cost / low cost?
e. Two hats?
f. Crazy idea?
g. Only 3 best ideas?
3. Do you think a lay audience could understand
the reports?
4. How many think you could lead this exercise
with a small group? (2+ curves at the same time)
Resources
www.raguide.org
www.resultsaccountability.com
RBA Facebook Group
Book - DVD Orders
amazon.com
resultsleadership.org
Next Steps:
1. What’s one thing I could personally
do with what I learned today?
2. What’s one thing I would like to ask
someone else to do to support this
work?
THANK YOU !
Book - DVD Orders
amazon.com
resultsleadership.org