Computer System Categories
Mainframe
Computers
Midrange
Computers
Microcomputers
1
Trends in Computer System
Capabilities
First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly
Vacuum
Tubes
Solid-State
Integrated
Circuits
LSI, VLSI
Microprocessors
Greater
Power,
Smaller
Footprint
Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain
2
Microcomputer Systems
 Handheld Computers
 PDA,
 Notebook Computers
 Desktop Computers
 Workstations
 Network Server
 Powerful
microcomputer
used in small LANs
3
Network Computers and
Terminals
 Network Computer
(Thin Client)
 NetPC
 Network Terminal
Benefits
 Lower purchase cost
 Easier maintenance
 Easier software
distribution and
licensing
 Computer platform
standardization
 Reduced end user
support requirements
 Improved manageability
4
Computer System Components
Central Processing Unit
Input
Device
s
Control
Unit
ALU
Output
Output
Devices
Device
s
Special
Cache Primary
Purpose
Memory Storage
Processors
Secondary
Storage
Devices
5
Input Technology Trends
First
Second
Third
Generation Generation Generation
Punched
Cards
Paper Tape
Punched
Cards
Key to Tape/
Disk
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Keyboard Data
Entry
Pointing Devices
Optical Scanning
Voice
Recognition
Touch Devices
Handwriting
Recognition
Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural
and Easy to Use
6
Common Input Devices
 Keyboard
 Pointing Devices
 Pen Based
Computing
 Speech Recognition
 Optical Scanning
 Magnetic Ink
Character
Recognition
 Smart Cards
 Digital Cameras
7
Output Technology Trends
First
Generation
Punched Cards
Printed Reports
and Documents
Second
Generation
Punched Cards
Printed Reports
and Documents
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Printed Reports
and Documents
Video Displays
Video Displays
Video Displays
Voice Responses
Audio Responses
Hyperlinked
Printed Reports
Multimedia
and Documents
Documents
Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,
Quickly, and Clearly
8
Common Output Devices
 Video Output
 CRT
 LCD
 Printed Output
 Inkjet
 Laser
9
Storage Trends
Primary
Storage
First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Magnetic
Drum
Magnetic
Core
Magnetic
Core
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
VLSI
LSI
Semiconductor Semiconductor
Memory Chips Memory Chips
Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits
Secondary
Storage
Magnetic Tape Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Drum Magnetic Disk
Magnetic Disk
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Disk
Optical Disk
Magnetic Tape
Optical Disk
Magnetic Disk
Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media
10
Components of an Information
System
11
Categories of Computer
Software
Computer
Software
System
Software
Application
Software
GeneralPurpose
Programs
ApplicationSpecific
Programs
System
Management
Programs
System
Development
Programs
12
Trends in Computer Software
First
Second
Third
Generation Generation Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application
Packages for Productivity and Collaboration
User-Written
Programs
Machine
Languages
Packaged
Programs
Symbolic
Languages
Operating
Systems
High-Level
Languages
DBMS
Fourth-Generation
Languages
Microcomputer
Packages
Natural &
Object-Oriented
Languages
Multipurpose
Graphic- Interface
Network-Enabled
Expert-Assisted
Packages
Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and
Tools
13
Common General- Purpose
Applications






Electronic Mail
Word Processing
Presentation Graphics
Multimedia
Personal Information Manager
Groupware
14
Database Management
Packages
Database
Development
Database
Interrogation
Primary Tasks of
Database Management
Packages
Database
Maintenance
Application
Development
15
Multimedia Technologies
Video Capture
Card
Storyboard
Sound Board
MIDI
Interactive
Video
Authoring
Language
Key
Technologies
of
Multimedia
Digital Video
Interactive
Compact Disk
Interactive
Compressed
Audio
Computer
Edit System
Digital Audio
16
Business Enterprise Application
Software
Accounting and
Financial
Management
Customer
Relationship
Management
Supply
Chain
Management
Business
Decision
Support
Human
Resource
Management
Enterprise
Resource
Planning
17
Functions of an Operating
System
User
Interface
Resource
Management
Task
Management
File
Management
Utilities
and Other
Functions
18
Programming Language
Translation
IF A := B
THEN
• Compiler
• Interpreter
• Assembler
Language
Translator
Program
1001101
1110101
0010110
Source
Program
Written in
BASIC,
COBOL,
etc.
Language
Translation
Process
Machine
Language
Object
Program
19
McGraw-Hill Video / 2002 Updates
 Using Data Bases to Predict Market
Behavior: Logical Information
Machines ( 10:18 )
20
Logical Data Elements
Personnel
Database
Employee
Record 1
Payroll
File
Benefit
s
File
Employee
Record 2
Employee
Record 3
Employee
Record 4
Name SS SalaryName SS SalaryName SS SalaryName SS Salary
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
21
Database Management Systems
Operating
System
Database
Management
•Database Development
•Database Interrogation
•Database Maintenance
•Application Development
Database
Management
System
Application
Programs
Databases
Data
Dictionary
22
Major Types of Databases
External
Databases on
the Internet &
Online
Services
Distributed
Databases on
Intranets &
Other
Networks
Client
PC or
NC
End User
Databases
Network
Server
Data
Warehouse
Operational
Databases of
the Organization
Data
Mart
23
Data Warehouse and Data
Mining
Operational
Databases
Data
Acquisition
Subsystem
Warehouse
Design
Subsystem
Data
Management
Subsystem
Metadata
Management
Subsystem
Analytical
Data Store
Enterprise
Warehouse
Data Mart
Metadata
Directory
Metadata
Repository
Client
PC or
NC
Data Access
and Delivery
Subsystem
Web
Information
System
24
Web-Based Systems
The Internet
Intranets
Extranets
Web
Browser
Client PCs
or NCs
Network
Server
Web Server
Software
Web Objects
HTML pages
GIF image files
Video files
25
Data Resource Management
Data
Administration
Data
Planning
Database
Administration
26
Database
Structures
Network Structure
Dept A
Dept B
Hierarchical Structure
Dept
Project A
Employee
1
Employee
1
Project B
Employee
2
Employee
2
Project A
Employee
3
Project B
Relational Structure
Dept
A
B
C
Dname
Dloc
Dmgr
Empno
1
2
3
Ename
Etitle
Dept
A
B
C
27
Database Structures (cont)
Bank Account Object
Attributes
•Customer
•Balance
Denver
West
Feb
East
Actual
Operations
•Deposit
•Withdraw
Budget
Sales TV
VCR
Margin TV
VCR
Multidimensional
Database Structure
Checking Account Savings Account
Object
Object
Attributes
Attributes
•Credit Line
•Mthly Statement
•Credit Line
•Mthly Statement
Operations
Operations
•Calculate Interest
•Print Mthly
Statement
•Calculate Interest
•Print Mthly
Statement
Object-Oriented
Database Structure
28
Accessing Files and Databases
Key
Transformation
Key Fields
Sequential
Organization
URLs
Sequential
Access
Indexed Sequential
Access Method
Direct Access
29
Database Development
1. Data Planning
Physical Models
Enterprise Model
5. Physical Design
2. Requirements
Specifications
Logical Models
User Needs
Description
4. Logical Design
3. Conceptual Design
Data Models
30
McGraw-Hill Video / 2002 Updates
 Emerging technologies: AT&T and the
future in telecommunications ( 13:04 )
31
Trends in Telecommunications
Industry Trends
More vendors, carriers, alliances, and network
services, accelerated by deregulation & Internet growth
Technology Trends
Extensive Internet, interconnected local & global
digital networks, improved transmission channels
Application Trends
More electronic commerce, enterprise collaboration,
online business operations and strategic advantage in markets
32
Telecommunications Strategic Capabilities
Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about
business transactions from remote locations.
Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locations
immediately after it is requested.
Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional
means of communications.
Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive
advantage.
33
Business Value from e-Commerce Applications
Increase Customer Loyalty & Retention
Reduce the Cost of Doing Business
Develop New Web-based Products
Generate New Revenue Sources
Deriving Business
Value from e-Commerce
Applications
Develop New Markets & Channels
Attract New Customers
34
Basic Components in a
Telecommunications Network
1
Telecommunications
Processors
4
3
5
Telecommunications
Software
2
PCs, NCs,
and Other
Terminals
2
Telecommunications
Channels and Media
Computers
35
Wide Area Networks
36
Local Area Networks
PC
PC
PC
Shared
Database and
Software Packages
Network
Server
Shared
Printer
PC
PC
Internetwork Processor to Other Networks
37
Client Server Networking
Host Systems/
Superservers
Client
Systems
Servers
38
Telecommunications
Communication Media




Twisted Pair
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optics
Terrestrial Microwave
 Communication Satellites
Cellular Technologies
 Wireless LAN
39
Telecommunications Processors and
Software
 Modems
 Multiplexers
 Internetwork
Processors




Switches
Routers
Hubs
Gateways
 Network Operating
System
 Telecommunications
Monitor
 Middleware
 Network Management
Software
 Fire walls
40
Network Topologies
41
The Internet’s TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
Application or
Process Layer
Host-to-Host Transport Layer
Internet Protocol (IP)
Network Interface
Physical Layer
Application
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Session
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer
42
Protocol
 A set of rules and procedures for the
control of communications in a
communications network
43