Tissue analysis of nephritic kidney
using optical coherence
elastography (OCE)
Chih-Hao Liu1, Manmohan Singh1, Jiasong Li1, Chen Wu1, Raksha1, Rita Idugboe1, Yong Du1, Chandra
Mohan1, Michael Twa2, and Kirill V. Larin1,3
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston
2Department of Optometry, University of Houston
3Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine
What is nephritis?
• Conventional detection:
– Acute Glomerulonephritis
• Anti-glomerular basement
membrane disease -> cause
inability to filter waste and
extra fluid from the blood
– Pathology:
• Larger crescent formation
existed in the glomeruli.
• Proliferation of epithelium
cells increases.
– Conventional method
• Ultrasound and CT Imaging
• Poorer resolution
(millimeter scale) and
ionizing radiation[1]
• Poorer correlation with
histology features[2]
[1] K. V. Sharma, A. M. Venkatesan, D. Swerdlow, D. DaSilva, A. Beck, N. Jain, and B. J. Wood, “Image-guided adrenal and renal biopsy.,” Tech Vasc Interv Radiol, vol. 13,
no. 2, pp. 100–109, Jun. 2010.
[2] T. Sakai, F. H. Harris, D. J. Marsh, C. M. Bennett, and R. J. Glassock, “Extracellular fluid expansion and autoregulation in nephrotoxic serum nephritis in rats.,” Kidney
Int, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 619–628, Apr. 1984.
Optical coherence elastography
• OCE is a technique to measure the biomechanical
properties of tissues[4-6].
– Provides high spatial resolution for elasticity
measurement in the order of nanometer
– Minimal excitation force
• Preserves function and structure of delicate tissues
– Non-invasive measurement
[4]B. F. Kennedy, K. M. Kennedy, and D. D. Sampson, “A Review of Optical Coherence Elastography: Fundamentals, Techniques and Prospects,” IEEE J. Select. Topics
Quantum Electron., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 272–288.
[5]Liang, X., V. Crecea, and S.A. Boppart, Dynamic Optical Coherence Elastography: A Review.J Innov Opt Health Sci, 2010. 3(4): p. 221-233
[6] J. Schmitt, “OCT elastography: imaging microscopic deformation and strain of tissue,” Opt. Express, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 199–211, 1998.
Optical coherence elastography
• Elastic group wave detection:
–
–
–
–
Texture metric -> Fluid content (diseased feature)
Induce elastic wave with focused-air pulse
Reconstruct elasticity from the elastic wave velocity
Elastic wave measurement is detail described in [7]:
(a)displacement profile of the elastic wave. (b) the measured results of gelatin.
– The OCE measurement is in agreement with uniaxial mechanical
compression testing.
[7]S. Wang, K. Larin, J. Li et al., “A focused air-pulse system for optical-coherence-tomography-based measurements of tissue
elasticity,” Laser Physics Letters, 10(7), 075605 (2013).
Phase-stabilized swept source optical
coherence elastography (PhS-SSOCE)
system
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Swept source laser: 1310 ± 75nm
Aline rate: 30 kHz/per sec
System resolution:
• Axial: 11 um
• Lateral: 15 um
Scanning distance: 6 mm
Phase sensitivity: 3 nm
Air-pulse force: 11 Pa
The experimental setup is
detailed in [7,8]
[8] R. K. Manapuram, V. G. R. Manne, and K. V. Larin, “Development of phase-stabilized swept-source OCT for the
ultrasensitive quantification of microbubbles,” Laser Phys., vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1080–1086, Sep. 2008.
Sample Preparation
• Mouse strain model:
– 129
• Control x11
• Nephritis x10
• Protocol
– The capsule of all kidney samples was removed.
– The experiment was performed immediately after
organ extraction.
– Each sample was immersed in saline for 4 min
before OCE measurement
Elastic wave velocity calculation
• Elastic group velocity
measurement
2  (1   )
cg 2
0.87  1.12
E : Young's modulus
E
 : Density
 : Poisson ratio
cg : Wave group velocity
•
Nephritic kidney has softer
• elastic Property due to:
•
Larger content of
•
proteinuria
•
Higher wet/dry ratio
(a) Typical OCT image of a Nephritic sample and
(b) the displacement profile extracted from the
red spots in (a)
Results and Discussion
Elastic wave velocity vs disease state. Statistical testing was
performed using a two-sample t-test
In Fig. (a), it can be seen that the dispersion wave front (blue color) of the
healthy kidney propagates faster than the nephritic kidney. This is due to
the renal inflammation inside the cortex. The quantitative results in (b)
shows that the proposed technique can efficiently detect the
glomerulonephritis.
Future work
• Develop more elasticity metrics for a better
classification
– Viscosity
– OCT structural metrics, such as optical
attenuation and spatial speckle variance.
– Elastic wave amplitude attenuation
Reference
[1] K. V. Sharma, A. M. Venkatesan, D. Swerdlow, D. DaSilva, A. Beck, N. Jain, and B. J. Wood,
“Image-guided adrenal and renal biopsy.,” Tech Vasc Interv Radiol, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 100–109,
Jun. 2010.
[2]T. Sakai, F. H. Harris, D. J. Marsh, C. M. Bennett, and R. J. Glassock, “Extracellular fluid
expansion and autoregulation in nephrotoxic serum nephritis in rats.,” Kidney Int, vol. 25, no.
4, pp. 619–628, Apr. 1984.
[3] W. Hoddick, R. B. Jeffrey, H. I. Goldberg et al., “CT and sonography of severe renal and
perirenal infections,” AJR Am J Roentgenol, 140(3), 517-20 (1983).
[4]B. F. Kennedy, K. M. Kennedy, and D. D. Sampson, “A Review of Optical Coherence
Elastography: Fundamentals, Techniques and Prospects,”
[5]Liang, X., V. Crecea, and S.A. Boppart, Dynamic Optical Coherence Elastography: A Review.J
Innov Opt Health Sci, 2010. 3(4): p. 221-233
[6] J. Schmitt, “OCT elastography: imaging microscopic deformation and strain of tissue,” Opt.
Express, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 199–211, 1998.
[7]S. Wang, K. Larin, J. Li et al., “A focused air-pulse system for optical-coherence-tomographybased measurements of tissue elasticity,” Laser Physics Letters, 10(7), 075605 (2013).
[8] R. K. Manapuram, V. G. R. Manne, and K. V. Larin, “Development of phase-stabilized sweptsource OCT for the
ultrasensitive quantification of microbubbles,” Laser Phys., vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1080–1086, Sep.
2008.
[9]C. H. Liu, M. N. Skryabina, J. Li, M. Singh, E. N. Sobol, and K. V. Larin, “Measurement of the
temperature dependence of Young's modulus of cartilage by phase-sensitive optical
coherence elastography,” Quantum Electron., vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 751–756, Sep. 2014.
[10]J. Li, S. Wang, R. K. Manapuram, M. Singh, F. M. Menodiado, S. Aglyamov, S. Emelianov, M.
D. Twa, and K. V. Larin, “Dynamic optical coherence tomography measurements of elastic
wave propagation in tissue-mimicking phantoms and mouse cornea in vivo,” J. Biomed. Opt.,
vol. 18, no. 12, p. 121503, Dec