24 x 7 in Rural Water
Supply Is a Reality
– Punjab Experience
Presentation by:
Er. N.K. Dhir
SE, Chandigarh
Alice in Wonderland
 Alice
:
 Cheshire Cat :
 Alice
:
 Cheshire Cat :
“Which road do I take?”
“Where do you want to go?”
“I don’t know,”
“Then, it doesn’t matter.”
“If you don’t know where
you are going, any road will
get you there.”
Safe & adequate water
readily and conveniently
accessible by users at all
times
and
in
all
situations.
Intermittent supply gives rise to the following
deficiencies in the service and its management:
Serious risks to health, resulting from ingress of contaminated
groundwater to the distribution system;
Inability to practice efficient supply management;
Inability to practice effective demand management;
Operational inadequacies which unduly weaken the physical
infrastructure;
Customer dissatisfaction with an unreliable service of poor quality.
Customer inconvenience, in many cases to an unacceptable
degree, by limiting personal water usage to below the level
required for the practice of safe hygiene and translating into an
unwillingness to pay for a sub-standard service.
Schematic view - Showing the accumulation of groundwater
contaminated by sewage, oils, greases and heavy metals in
run-off from roads
How this contaminated water can enter water distribution pipes when
they have been emptied down at the end of a supply period.
Schematic view - Showing how this contaminated water within the pipes
is then transmitted through to the customer’s premises when the
distribution system is pressurized next.
Schematics view - Showing If a distribution system is continuously pressurized, it is not
possible for contaminated groundwater to enter the pipes, even when there are breaks in the
pipes and joints.
A continuous, 24-7 supply is the norm in the rest
of the world. All developed countries have
continuous water supply systems. In the United
Kingdom, for example, if the water supply to an
area must be interrupted, for whatever reason,
the water company must pay a monetary penalty
to every customer in that area for every day that
the supply is interrupted for a given number of
hours.
The question of affordability can be
viewed from two perspectives from the
perspective of the customer of the water
service; and from the perspective of the
overall economics of the entire system and
the provision of a cost-effective service.
Punjab experience shows that intermittent
water supply can be converted to 24 X 7
water supply with minor additions.
 Making aware and sensitizing the people of the village
about the scheme.
 Generating Participatory Rural Appraisal.
 Forming Gram Panchayat Water Supply Committee.
 Providing Capacity Building Training.
• Training on project concepts,
• Role of GPWSC/GP/Opinion Leaders during preplanning & planning phase .
• Training on quality aspects in implementation phase.
• Training for operation and management aspects to the
Pump Operators/Technicians, officials handling the
Accounts and Billing (post implementation phase).
 Effective Monitoring & Training Is Essential
 Meters Successfully address the issue of unequal distribution of
drinking water,
 Misuse of water by advantage groups,
 Constant complaints about inadequate supply of drinking water.
 Non-payment of water tariff due to poor services and unbalanced
budget leading to huge pending electricity bills and diversion of
development funds towards maintenance of schemes by the GPs.
 Meters save water and energy cost.
 Eventually, every household gets water supply and pays according
to what it uses.
 The meters also trigger the professionalization of the GPWSCs .
 GPWSCs begin to hire and manage technical staff,
 Fix and adjust tariff to fully cover increasing operation and
maintenance (O&M) cost.
 Charge on volumetric basis, and develop a computerized billing
and collection system. In fact, GPWSCs manage their water supply
systems on a utility management model.
 The introduction of meters helps the GPs, with support from
GPWSCs, to fulfill the requirements of Government along with
delivering a much better service.
 GPWSCs managing piped water systems with metered
connections are able to meet O&M expenditure in a better way.
 Enhance transparency of the working of GPWSC making them
better equipped to report to GP authorities and the Gram Sabha.
Intermittent supply can be converted into 24 X 7
Water supply by installing a liquid level controller
in the Over Head Service Reservoir & by installing
meter in each & every household of the village
and by employing an effective revenue
management system. It is not costly as the
investment on these items can be offset by the
benefits of reducing non revenue water.
Revenue management system is an
important aspect of any Water supply
System to make it self sustainable.
Besides fixing a tariff structure, billing and
collection of revenue play an important
part.
 A bulk water meter of 100 mm size has been installed at the entry
point of each village to measure the quantity of water supplied to
the village.
 15 mm size water meters have been installed inside the houses by
DWSS. In case of malfunctioning of meters, the manufacturer has
to rectify it free of cost for a period of one year.
 Thereafter, the GPWSC through identified mechanics shall
maintain a system of meter maintenance arrangements.
 Meter readings in each house is undertaken by pump operator /
cashier on 25th of every month. The meter reading record is
maintained in a register.
 The signature of every consumer is taken on the register about the
correctness of meter reading.
 The monthly tariff has been fixed by the GPWSCs by
taking into account the expenditure on the following
heads to make GPWSC self sufficient.
Electricity Charges for running of machinery.
Establishment Charges.
Repair of Infrastructure such as machinery, pipe lines &
Civil structure.
Cost of disinfection.
At present the water bills are prepared by cashier but
soon preparation of the bills will be outsourced to a
computer agency.
DWSS has already outsourced the preparation of water
bills to the “Department of Electronics and
Accreditation of Computer Courses (DOEACC) , Sector
17 Chandigarh”.
GPWSC shall be persuaded to outsource the
preparation of bills to DOEACC. The agency would
charge Re.1 for the preparation of each water bill which
will be borne by the consumers/GPWSC on trial basis.
Collection of water bills is done by the Pump
operator/ Cashier. In case of any default in meter
during use, an average bill of previous three months
usage will be charged.
The GPWSC will supply new water meters in lieu of
faulty meters. The charges for the new meter will be
borne by the consumer.
If any consumer is found guilty of misusing the water,
his water connection will be disconnected &
reconnection charges will be met by the consumer.
From the experience gained by
the Department it can be
concluded
that
without
metering 24 X 7 water supply
status cannot be achieved.
District : Fatehgarh Sahib
District : SAS Nagar
Paprala
Rasulpur
Railon Khurd
Chitmali
District : Ropar
The Water supply scheme Paprala is situated about 45
km from Chandigarh on Chandigarh- Ropar Road. This
village is about 2 km on left side from main road.
Population: - The present population of the villages
Paprala, Railon Khurd & Rasulpur are about 922, 713 &
521 having 160, 115, 85 drinking water connections
respectively.
Previous water supply System: - Previously these
villages were NC villages. Residents were facing great
scarcity of water as level of water used to fall gradually
during some season.
The proactive people of village Paprala, Railon Khurd &
Rasulpur unanimously decided to approach Rural Water
Supply and Sanitation Department Punjab to get World Bank
Aided Project in their village. Department officials visited
these villages and hold preliminary dialogues with the
community on their needs, problems and priorities in relation
to water and sanitation and they asked the villagers to collect
their beneficiary share of Rs.1500/ household and people
were made aware about the ill effects of the contaminated
water and water borne diseases. Gram Panchayat Water
Supply Committees were formed under the Prime
Chairmanship of S. Dial Singh (Sarpanch) according to World
Bank guidelines and with cooperation of members collected
their beneficiary contribution to the extent of Rs 5.02 lacs.
As per guidelines of the World Bank Project, GPWSCs were
constituted and resolution in this regard was received on 07-12-2005.
The GPWSC was approved by District Water Supply and Sanitation
Committee. GPWSC has opened bank account in State Bank of
Patiala, Ropar. The committee collected 100% beneficiary share and
deposited in bank account. Digital Survey of the village was
conducted. DSR was prepared and submitted to Govt. for approval.
Pb. Govt. No. 168 dt. 12.1.06 for Rs. 55.19 lacs & was technically
sanctioned by C.E. (south) Patiala No. 50024 dt. 9.10.2006. The bid of
the work of this scheme was prepared and sanctioned in five
packages. The tender was called through press and on World Bank
Website from 28-05-2007 to 28-06-2007. The tender of five packages
of this scheme was approved by tender accepting committee in the
month of August, 2007. The work was commissioned in the month of
Aug, 2009 and handed over to GPWSC in the month of Sept, 2009 for
O & M.
Design features:
The GPWSC started the O & M with the help of
Department but in the beginning the wastage of
drinking water was very much and committee
could not control the wastage. Due to this the
expenditure on electricity bill and other
expenses was high and savings of the
committee was not very good. The Committee
discussed this problem with the department
and demanded water meter at every
connection.
Technical Parameters:
The department installed 90mm, 90mm &
75mm size Bulk Water Meters at water works
for villages Paprala, Railon Khurd & Rasulpur &
individual water meters of 15mm size at every
connection. So that wastage of drinking water
can be controlled.
Sr. No.
Name of Village
No. of Meters
Cost of Metering
(in Lacs)
1.
Paprala
160
1.70
2.
Railon Khurd
115
1.23
3.
Rasulpur
85
1.00
Financial Parameters:
Before the installation of water meter, running of
motor was 6 to 7 hours a day and consumers get only
six hours water supply in a day. Now the running of
motor is 5 hours a day and consumers get 24 hours
water supply. The electricity bill prior to installation of
meter was Rs. 11000/- and after the installation of
water meter the average electric bill is Rs 8000/- . The
flat rate prior to installation of water meter was Rs.
75/- per household. Now tariff is Rs. 30/- per house
hold as monthly minimum charges plus Rs. 5/- per kilo
liter. The villagers have no necessity for any kind of
storage and saved their time. Now the wastage of
water is below 10%.
Social Parameters:
The health of villagers improved due to 24 hours
drinking water supply and sufficient time is
devoted to their agriculture activities. On this
account the financial position of the villagers
has also improved. It has also improved the
health of domestic animals resulting the
increase in milk production. After interaction
with the village people it has been noticed that
after commissioning of this water supply
scheme, general health of people has improved
to considerable extent.
24 x 7 Metered Water Supply
Schemes
District : MOHALI
S.
No
District
Name of
village
Month of
commissioning
Metered
From
No. of No. of IHH
%
Monthly tariff
HH connections connections
(in Rs.)
1
Mohali
Singhpura
Oct - 09
Aug, 2010 159
175*
100
2
Mohali
Sitabgarh
Oct - 09
Oct, 2010
120
120
100
3
Mohali Daun Majra
Jan - 10
Sep, 2011
220
220
100
4
Mohali
Bhajouli
Jan - 10
Oct, 2011
232
232
100
5
Mohali
Fatehgarh
Jan - 10
Oct, 2011
116
116
100
*Some House Holds have more than one connection.
Rs. 60/- Flat
fixed + Rs. 4
per KL
Rs. 60/- Flat
fixed + Rs. 3
per KL
Rs. 60/- Flat
fixed + Rs. 4
per KL
Rs. 60/- Flat
fixed + Rs. 3
per KL
Rs. 60/- Flat
fixed + Rs. 4
per KL
Surplus
revenue
generated
(In Rs. up to
31-10-2011 )
14500/24000/62359/25000/-
30000/-
24 x 7 Metered Water Supply
Schemes
District : ROPAR
S.no
1
District Name of village
Ropar
Paprala
Month of
Metered From No. of No. of IHH
%
Monthly tariff Surplus revenue
commissionin
HH connection connections
(in Rs.)
generated
g
s
(In Rs. up to
31-10-2011 )
Aug - 09
2
Ropar
3
Ropar Railon Khurd
Aug - 09
Ropar
Jan - 10
4
Rasulpur
Chitamali
Aug - 09
Feb, 2011
Feb, 2011
Feb, 2011
June, 2011
145
160*
100
105
115*
100
85
85
100
229
235*
100
*Some House Holds have more than one connection.
Rs. 30/- Flat
fixed +
Rs. 5 per KL
104400/-
Rs. 40/- Flat
fixed + Rs. 3
per KL
28000/-
24 x 7 Metered Water Supply
Schemes
District : Fatehgarh Sahib
S.
No
District
1
Fatehgarh
Sahib
2
Fatehgarh
Sahib
Name of
village
Month of
commissioning
Metered
From
No. of No. of IHH % connections Monthly
HH connections
tariff
(in Rs.)
Surplus
revenue
generated
(In Rs. up to
31-10-2011 )
Manhera
Jattan
September 08
Dec, 2011
124
124
100
100/-
64118/-
Dedran
September 09
Dec, 2011
89
89
100
90/-
10200/-
Surplus revenue generated
120000
104400
100000
80000
64118
62359
Surplus Revenue in Rs.
60000
38330
40000
41270
Singhpura
Sitabgarh
30000
24000
20000
25000
24800
28000
Bhajouli
Daun Majra
Fatehgarh
14500
10200
Paprala
Railon Khurd
0
Rasulpur
Multi Village Scheme Paprala
Chitamali
Manhera Jattn
Dedran
Villages
Delegates of Department Of Economic Affair, Government Of India And World Bank
Visiting 24x7 Village Singhpura
32
Delegates of Department Of Economic Affair, Government Of India And World Bank
Visiting 24x7 Village Singhpura
33
Delegates of Department Of Economic Affair, Government Of India And World Bank
Visiting 24x7 PAPRALA Scheme Ropar
Delegates of Department Of
Economic Affair, Government Of
India And World Bank Visiting 24x7
PAPRALA Scheme Ropar
Sh. Gurnam Singh Cashier GPWSC Singhpura showing the records of Water Supply Scheme to
Sh. Vijay Bhaskar, IAS Joint Secretary Govt. of India
Mr Vijay Bhaskar IAS, Joint Secretary DDWS Govt. of India interacting with GPWSC members of
village Singhpura
Amount billed
Rs. 23000/-
Amount collected
Rs. 22700/-
Amount spent
Rs. 19000/-
Village Singhpura
Rs. 1500/-
Pump operator
(part time)
Cashier (part time)
Rs. 1500/-
Rs. 3000/Rs. 1000/-
Rs. 1000/-
Rs. 12000/-
Amount billed
Rs. 23000/-
Rs. 3000/-
Amount collected
Amount spent
Pump operator
Cashier (part time)
Rs. 19000/-
Electricity charges
Rs. 12000/Rs. 22700/-
Disinfection
Rs. 1500/-
Routine repairs
Rs. 1500/-
Electricity charges
Disinfection
Routine repairs
Amount billed
Rs. 19500/-
Amount collected
Rs. 19000/-
Amount spent
Rs. 15600/-
Village Sitabgarh
Rs. 1500/-
Pump operator
(part time)
Cashier (part time)
Rs. 1100/-
Rs. 3000/Rs. 1000/-
Rs. 1000/-
Rs. 9000/-
Amount billed
Rs. 19500/-
Rs. 3000/-
Amount collected
Amount spent
Electricity charges
Pump operator
Rs. 9000/-
Cashier (part time)
Rs. 15600/-
Disinfection
Routine repairs
Rs. 1500/Rs. 1100/-
Rs. 19000/-
Electricity charges
Disinfection
Routine repairs
Evaluation of Performance
of 24 x7 Water Supply
 Multi Village Scheme Paprala
(Paprala, Rasulpur, Railon Khurd).
 Single Village Scheme Chitamali.
 Single Village Scheme Singhpura.
Evaluation Report of Village Paprala
Sr.
No.
Month
1.
February
2.
March
3.
April
4.
May
5.
June
6.
July
7.
August
8.
September
9.
October
Date
Bulk Meter
Reading (KL)
1-2-2011
13339
28-2-2011
14078
1-3-2011
14078
31-3-2011
14457
1-4-2011
14457
30-4-2011
17126
1-5-2011
17126
31-05-2011
18888
1-6-2011
18888
30-6-2011
20672
1-7-2011
20672
31-7-2011
22889
1-8-2011
22889
31-8-2011
24493
1-9-2011
30-9-2011
1-10-2011
24493
25772
25772
31-10-2011
26604
Consumption as per
Bulk Meter ( KL)
Consumption as
per House hold
Meters ( KL)
Difference
( Non Revenue
water in KL)
% Non
Revenue
Water
739
706
33
4.46%
1379
1320
59
4.28%
1669
1571
98
5.87%
1762
1691
71
4%
1784
1724
60
3.36%
2217
2128
89
4%
1604
1524
80
5%
1279
1240
39
3%
832
807
25
3%
Village Paprala
Non revenue water (NRW) is water that has been produced and is “lost” before it reaches the consumer. Losses
can be real losses (through leaks, sometimes also referred to as physical losses) or apparent losses (for example
through theft or metering inaccuracies).
Evaluation Report of Village Railon Khurd
Sr.
No.
Month
1.
February
2.
March
3.
April
4.
May
5.
June
6.
July
7.
August
8.
September
9.
October
Date
Bulk Meter
Reading (KL)
Consumption as
per Bulk Meter (
KL)
Consumption as per
Difference
% Non
House hold Meters ( Non Revenue Revenue
(KL)
Water in KL)
Water
1-2-2011
28-2-2011
12862
14065
1203
1153
50
4.3%
1-3-2011
14065
31-3-2011
1-4-2011
15701
15701
1636
1557
79
4.8%
30-4-2011
17714
2013
1886
127
6.3%
1-5-2011
17714
31-05-2011
20282
2568
2379
189
7.3%
1-6-2011
20282
30-6-2011
22480
2198
2109
89
4%
1-7-2011
22480
31-7-2011
1-8-2011
24781
24781
2301
2160
141
6%
31-8-2011
27322
2541
2439
102
4%
1-9-2011
27322
30-9-2011
29245
1923
1814
109
5%
1-10-2011
29245
31-10-2011
31312
2067
1988
79
4%
Village Railon Khurd
Non revenue water (NRW) is water that has been produced and is “lost” before it reaches the consumer. Losses
can be real losses (through leaks, sometimes also referred to as physical losses) or apparent losses (for example
through theft or metering inaccuracies).
Evaluation Report of Village Rasulpur
Sr.
No.
Month
1.
February
2.
March
3.
April
4.
May
5.
June
6.
July
7.
August
8.
September
9.
October
Date
Bulk Meter
Reading (KL)
1-2-2011
4385
28-2-2011
5650
1-3-2011
5650
31-3-2011
8690
1-4-2011
8690
30-4-2011
11617
1-5-2011
11617
31-05-2011
15428
1-6-2011
15428
30-6-2011
16870
1-7-2011
16870
31-7-2011
19391
1-8-2011
19391
31-8-2011
21203
1-9-2011
21203
30-9-2011
22555
1-10-2011
31-10-2011
22555
25880
Consumption as
per Bulk Meter (
KL)
Consumption as per
House hold Meters
( KL)
Difference
( Non Revenue
Water in KL)
% Non
Revenue
Water
1265
1193
72
5.6%
2940
2795
145
4.9%
3027
2818
209
6.9%
3811
3598
213
5.5%
1442
1388
54
3.74%
2521
2420
101
4%
1812
1757
55
3%
1352
1295
57
4%
3325
3258
67
2%
Village Rasulpur
Non revenue water (NRW) is water that has been produced and is “lost” before it reaches the consumer. Losses
can be real losses (through leaks, sometimes also referred to as physical losses) or apparent losses (for example
through theft or metering inaccuracies).
Evaluation Report of Multi Village Scheme
Paprala, Rasulpur & Railon Khurd
Cumulative Average of 10 Months
Sr.
No.
Name of
Village
1.
Paprala
2.
Railon Khurd
3.
Rasulpur
4.
TOTAL
From Feb to Oct, 2011
Months
Consumption as per
Bulk Meter ( KL)
Consumption as
per House hold
Meters ( KL)
Difference
( Non Revenue
water in KL)
% Non
Revenue
Water
13265
12711
554
4%
18450
17485
965
5%
21495
20522
973
5%
53210
50718
2492
4.67 %
KL
Cumulative Average of 10 Months of Multi Village
Scheme Paprala, Rasulpur & Railon Khurd
Multi Village Scheme Paprala, Rasulpur &
Railon Khurd
Non revenue water (NRW) is water that has been produced and is “lost” before it reaches the consumer. Losses
can be real losses (through leaks, sometimes also referred to as physical losses) or apparent losses (for example
through theft or metering inaccuracies).
Evaluation Report of Village Chitamali
Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Month
Date
Bulk Meter
Reading
(KL)
1-6-2011
0
June
30-6-2011
5679
1-7-2011
5679
31-7-2011
11142
1-8-2011
11142
31-8-2011
18081
1-9-2011
18081
30-9-2011
25501
1-10-2011
25501
31-10-2011
32729
July
August
September
October
Consumption as
per Bulk Meter
( KL)
Consumption as
per House hold
Meters
( KL)
Difference
( Non
Revenue
Water)
% Non
Revenue
Water
5679
5298
381
6%
5463
5304
159
2.9%
6939
6592
347
5%
7420
7123
297
4%
7228
6866
362
5%
Village Chitamali
Non revenue water (NRW) is water that has been produced and is “lost” before it reaches the consumer. Losses
can be real losses (through leaks, sometimes also referred to as physical losses) or apparent losses (for example
through theft or metering inaccuracies).
Village Singhpura
Non revenue water (NRW) is water that has been produced and is “lost” before it reaches the consumer. Losses
can be real losses (through leaks, sometimes also referred to as physical losses) or apparent losses (for example
through theft or metering inaccuracies).
Village Singhpura
Non revenue water (NRW) is water that has been produced and is “lost” before it reaches the consumer. Losses
can be real losses (through leaks, sometimes also referred to as physical losses) or apparent losses (for example
through theft or metering inaccuracies).
Coverage, Water Supply
Connections
Per Capita Supply of Water
Extent of metering
Continuity of Water Supply
NRW
Quality of Water Supply
Paprala
Rasulpur Railon
Khurd
100 %
100 %
100%
70 lpcd
70 lpcd
70 lpcd
Nil
Nil
Nil
Intermittent
Not known
100 % Potable
Redressal of Complaints
100 %
Cost recovery in Water Supply
Services (O&M)
Efficiency in collection of
Water Charges
72 %
Nine Performance Indicators
100 %
Paprala
Coverage, Water Supply
Connections
Per Capita Supply of Water
Extent of metering
Continuity of Water Supply
NRW
Quality of Water Supply
Redressal of Complaints
Cost recovery in Water
Supply Services (O&M)
Efficiency in collection of
Water Charges
Nine Performance Indicators
51 lpcd
Rasulpur Railon
Khurd
Rasulpur
Railon
100 %
100%
Khurd
146 lpcd 91 lpcd
Nil
Nil
Paprala
100 %
Nil
Intermittent
4.17 %
4.52 %
100 % Potable
100 %
80 %
100 %
5.2 %
Coverage, Water Supply
Connections
Per Capita Supply of Water
Extent of metering
Continuity of Water Supply
Singhpura
Sitabgarh
Chitamali
100 %
100 %
100%
70 lpcd
70 lpcd
70 lpcd
Nil
Nil
Nil
6 hrs.
6 hrs.
6 hrs.
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
NRW
Quality of Water Supply
Redressal of Complaints
Cost recovery in Water Supply
Services (O&M)
Efficiency in collection of
Water Charges
Nine Performance Indicators
Not known
100 % Potable
100 %
80 %
73 %
100 %
85 %
Singhpura
Coverage, Water Supply
Connections
Per Capita Supply of Water
Extent of metering
Continuity of Water Supply
NRW
Quality of Water Supply
Redressal of Complaints
Cost recovery in Water
Supply Services (O&M)
Efficiency in collection of
Water Charges
Nine Performance Indicators
Sitabgarh
Chitamali
100 %
100 %
100%
186 lpcd
164 lpcd
148 lpcd
100 %
100 %
100 %
24 Hrs.
24 hrs.
24 hrs.
8.38%
4.73 %
4.5 %
100 %
Potable
100 %
Potable
100 %
Potable
100 %
100 %
100 %
94 %
97 %
98 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
Both rich and poor will benefit from a properly
managed continuously pressurized (24/7) supply
system. Despite the fact that many people still regard
24/7 water as a luxury for the rich, it is actually the
poor who will observe the greatest improvement in
their lives. While most upper income families have
already invested in storage tanks, pumps and
treatment systems in order to compensate for their
water board’s failure to provide 24/7 service, the
poor can never afford such investments.
Usually water supply is made twice/thrice a day
to the village community at the rate of 3hrs
each time which is equal to 6 hrs. Alternatively
due to non-availability of power in the day time,
the distribution hours may be restricted to 4 hrs
a day. It may be further kept in mind that
demand of water is more in the morning shift
which may be 1.25 - 2.5 times of the average
daily demand. Hence peak factor for designing
the distribution system shall be worked out.
Calculation of peak flow rate for designing the
peak flow rate:
Case - Supply time :
6 hrs.
Average Daily Demand:
Q LPD
Total water supply duration: 6 hrs.
Average supply rate:
24/6xQ = 4Q
Morning peak rate:
2
So design peak rate:
2x4Q = 8Q
The size of distribution pipe shall be calculated on
the basis of discharge to be carried by the pipe line,
pressure requirement and number of connections
to be drawn form the pipe by using following
formula:
Number of connections = [D^2/d^2]
Where ‘D’ is diameter of main pipe & ‘d’ is the
diameter of pipe. For example if diameter of main
pipe is 150mm & branch pipe is 90mm then
number of branch pipe connections = 3.58 say 3.
Maintaining low or no NRW (Non
Revenue Water).
Ensuring regularity in user fee
collection.
Water conserving habits of people.
Populist policies of the successive
Governments.
Meter Maintenance.
Keeping in view the success achieved in
villages like Singhpura & Sitabgarh it is proposed
to adopt this model of 24 X 7 metered water
supply in at least 50 villages in this financial year.
As mentioned in this presentation we have
achieved already 24 X 7 in 11 villages & others are
underway.
24 X 7 water supply
costs less to operate &
provides high benefits.