HISTORY ACCORDING TO GH!
12-18 billion years
4,750,000,000 years
2,000,000 years
A little over 200 years
The Age of the Universe
The Age of the Earth
The Age of Man
The Age of America
Length of Average Life
75 years
“I find the great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction
we are moving. . . We must sale sometimes with the wind and sometimes against it, but
we must sail and not drift, nor lie at anchor.”
Oliver Wendell Holmes
“A little rebellion now and then is a good thing; the tree of liberty must be refreshed from
time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.”
Thomas Jefferson
TIME CHART
THE ‘BIG BANG’ THEORY: Cloud after crash of meteor into Earth prevented sun
from getting to surface of Earth and thus started a process killing all life (plants,
dinosaurs, etc).
(This term is used, also, when referring to the development of the existing
universe; some believe that all that is evolved out of a major explosion.)
1.
DENDROCHRONOLOGY: Rings formed within
tree trunks annually resulting from the differing
amounts of sunlight and moisture received.
2.
CARBON 14:
A carbon isotope that is absorbed by all
living things, but is released at a set mathematical rate after death.
3.
DAUGHTER PRODUCTS OF
URANIUM: Similar to Carbon 14
in principal.
4. ESR Electron Spin Resonance is the measuring of the energy of electrons
trapped by dental enamel. The resulting data allows the item to be dated.
NORTH AMERICA BEFORE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT
I.
North America was more than twice the size of Europe.
II.
North America contained a greater variety of landscapes, climates, vegetation,
wildlife and human culture than Europe.
Explorers were continually amazed at the variety of land formations and peoples.
High estimate of 30 million people lived in North America around 1500 A.D.
III.
Three Great Migrations
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A. Thousands of years ago, a few wandering bands of Asian hunters wandered
across a land bridge which crossed the Bering Strait between Siberia and
Alaska.
1. Nomads in search of big game.
2. Ancestors to people we call Indians.
3. Bridge no longer exists. It disappeared 12,000 years ago.
4. Evolved from hunters to hunter-gathers.
a. Semi-permanent settlements;
b. Small game, fish plants;
c. Evolved into farmers;
i. Trade surplus food
ii. Specialize in tasks
B. Europeans
C. Americans and Asians
1. Mexico and South America.
2. Pacific Islanders, Vietnam, China, Cambodia, etc.
DISCOVERY
I. Ownership ---- importance of Catholic Church
A. In 1493 the “Line of Demarcation” was drawn by the Pope, west of Cape
Verde Islands dividing the “heathen world” into an eastern segment reserved
for the Portuguese conquest and a western section reserved for Spain.
B. In 1494 the “Line of Demarcation” was moved westward, allowing Portugal to
claim Brazil, while the rest of the Western Hemisphere was reserved for Spain.
II. Early explorers
A. Prince Henry the Navigator was a member of the Portuguese Royal Family.
1. He built a school for sea captains, explorers and navigators.
2. He encouraged the exploration of and trade with the western coast of
Africa.
B. Marco Polo traveled by land from Venice and Italy, to Asia.
C. Cabot tried to find a way to Asia, but landed in North America.
D. Magellan died while helping to prove that the world was round.
1. He tried to find a way to Asia around the land Columbus found.
E. Balboa was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the American
coast.
1. A conquistadores
a. Those who were independent Spanish adventurers who spread
Catholicism and attempted to gain wealth and power for Spain
b. They were given estates called ENCOMIEDAS where they used Indian slaves
F. Cortez conquered Mexico and the Aztec Indians for Spain. He was Spanish
G. Pizarro conquered Peru and the Incas.
H. Cabeza de Vacca
a. Spanish
b. Explored the Gulf Coast and told of the “Seven Golden Cities of Cibola
which he called the new El Dorado.
1) this inspired de Soto who discovered the Mississippi River
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2) This inspired de Coronado who discovered the Grand Canyon
I. Interior America.
1. Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River.
a. He was French
b. He claimed the area around the St Lawrence River for France
2. Ponce de Leon explored Florida. He was Spanish.
J. Frobisher
1. Sent by an English nobleman to find the Northwest Passage
2. Explored Northeastern coast of Canada
K. Sir Francis Drake
1. Claimed the Pacific Coast, just North of Present Day San Francisco for Queen
Elizabeth of England.
L. Sir W. Raleigh
1. He named Virginia in honor of Queen Elizabeth I
2. He sent a group to settle Roanoke Island, which was found deserted in 1590
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Hohokam (probably originally from Mexico)
A. Farmers (developed irrigation system).
B. 400 – 300 B.C. (They date back to).
C. Southwestern corner of present day Arizona.
D. Distinctive pottery with animal designs.
E. Peaceful people: existed for around 1,500 years, then suddenly disappeared
(drought probably caused this).
Anasazi
A. Famous for multi-family, high-rise cliff dwellings.
B. Thrived between 600 A.D. and 1200 A.D.; like the Hohokam, they abandoned
their villages and disappeared.
C. Farmers and traders.
D. Emerged where Arizona, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico come together;
many mesas (high plateaus).
Adena
A. Mound builders.
B. Some 50 feet high.
C. Effigy mounds (shape of animal or person).
Hopewell
A. Also, mound builders.
B. Talented artists: metalworkers and sculptors.
C. Vanished around 1,600 year ago.
Mississippians
A. Mississippi River Valley.
B. Began around 800 A.D. and ended around 1500 A.D.
C. Powerful rulers with large armies.
Mayan
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A. Originated around present day Guatemala and Mexican Yucatan Peninsula;
peaked between 250 A.D. and 900 A.D.
B. Farmers
1. Rotated crops.
2. Drained swamps to plant crops.
3. Traded surplus.
C. Society
1. Many gods.
2. Priests.
a. Upper class; highly educated;
b. Developed a number system;
c. Developed 365-day calendar;
d. Astronomers;
e. Developed a picture-writing system;
3. Descendants still alive, but culture declined around 700 A.D., possibly due
VII.
VIII.
to peasant revolt.
Aztec
A. Southwestern United States
B. Warriors
C. Society
1. Classes based on wealth and power.
a. Emperor was highest;
b. Slaves were lowest;
D. Many achievements built on Mayan knowledge.
E. Religion
1. They believed the sun needed human blood to shine.
2. 20,000 human sacrifices yearly.
Inca
A. Around 1400 A.D.
B. Mostly along western coast of South America.
C. The Emperor was called Sapa Inca.
D. Worshipped many gods.
1. Sun god was main god.
2. Practiced some human sacrifice.
3. Priests not as powerful as in Mayan and Aztec civilizations.
THE NEW WORLD
I. People of science do not agree on how humans arrived in America, where they came
from or when they established themselves.
A. Irishmen discovered and settled Iceland around 850 A.D.
B. Norseman discovered the New World around 1000 A.D.
C. People came from Africa, Europe and Asia.
1. The Indians welcomed the newcomers. At first they fought them, but were
finally subjugated by them.
a. Indians were so named, because the early explorers thought they had
found India.
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b. Indians introduced the Europeans to corn, tobacco, potatoes and
chocolate.
c. The Indians were beaten, because they laced any unity (We the People
– Sons of She-Dog).
d. The southeastern Indians had a caste system, from “Sun” to “Stinkards”
II.
III.
IV.
with no intermarriage.
e. They did not understand the sale of land. They looked at it as more like
rent. The average Indian needed twenty times more.
2. The Europeans introduced the horse to the Indians and the New World.
3. Taking a scalp was considered a form of counting coup.
D. The New World was discovered by people who were looking for something
else, and they spent many years trying to find a way around it or through it.
E. Columbus first landed in the Bahamas on October 12 of 1492
F. On August 5, 1498, Columbus landed on the American continent for the first
time.
1. It was in present-day Venezuela.
2. Before this time, he had landed only on islands.
3. He was disappointed, because it was not Japan.
4. He called it “UN otro mundo” (another world).
G. America was named for Amerigo Vespucci,
1. He sold supplies for Columbus’s voyages.
2. He made two voyages to America
3. He was one of the first to realize it was not Asia, but a New World.
4. An unknown writer said that he voyages that he called this newly
discovered land “Mundus Novus” (New World).
One of the reasons that colonialism is so unpopular today is the exploitation that
took place during this period.
A. Settlers took advantage of the land and the people.
B. The majority of the people were interested in self-profit and not in this New
World.
C. Slaves were brought into work.
D. Wives were purchased for 150 lbs. of tobacco.
The Spanish introduced horses and cattle to the New World and to the Indians.
A. The English defeat of the Spanish Armada gave other countries the courage
to make settlements in America. Until then, Spain had been the strongest
nation.
Early Englishmen, unlike the Europeans, demonstrated both an intense desire and
an amazing ability for self-government, as can be seen through the Virginia
Assembly, the establishment of the House of Burgesses and the Mayflower
Compact.
A. England offered more freedom to people in the New World.
B. Spain and France each still tried to rule with a strong hand, which is one of the
reasons they lost power in the New World.
C. William Penn firmly established the principle of religious liberty in the New
World through the establishment of Pennsylvania, which was the first large
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community since the Roman Empire to allow different nations and religious
sects to live under the same government on terms of equality.
D. England’s relationship with the Colonies before 1774 was mainly in the area of
weakly enforced trading considerations, such as the Acts of Trade and
Navigation.
1. Exclusive Navigation: All commerce between England and her Colonies
had to be conducted in ships built, manned and owned in England or in the
Colonies.
2. Enterpot Principle: Colonial trade with foreign countries was to be
conducted through the mother country.
E. In 1765, the Stamp Act started the trouble that led to the American
Revolution.
F. Mercantilism was an economic philosophy that believed that the worlds wealth
was sharply limited
1. Each nations gain was another nations loss
2. The goal was to export more than you imported
3. The richer you were --- the stronger you were, and this was important as
war was an instrument in mercantilism
4. Always intense competition
V.
America was found on wars.
A. Queen Anne’s War, 1713 (Spain, France, England)
B. Cold War, 1747-1755 (England, France)
C. Seven Years War, 1755-1763 (England and France)
1. Also called the French and Indian War
2. First real World War
D. Revolutionary War (France, Spain and Holland helped the Colonies.)
1. Farmers did not run, as the peasants had done.
2. Loyalists or Tories v. Patriots (Civil War).
VI.
The wars England engaged in created a money problem.
A. American colonials were hit with the Stamp Act and the Revenue Act.
B. Americans had become a bit independent during the wars, because they did
most of their own fighting.
VII. American colonials suffered from taxation without representation.
This was exceptionally difficult for the English who had been assured for years --- since
the Magna Carta in 1215 --- that there would be no taxation without representation.
A. Stamp Act
B. Revenue Act
C. Quartering or Mutiny Act
D. Townshend Duty (tea tax)
E. Coercive or Intolerable Acts
THE FIRST COLONIALS
America was a New World, and each of the European countries raced to populate it,
benefit from it and manipulate it. England eventually became the leading country. It is
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important to remember that no one nation actually “won”; the American “melting pot”
was created. There is no nation like ours --- brown, black, white, red, yellow --- French,
German, English, African, Asian, etc.
I.
Motives for Early Colonialization.
A. England became a very rich trade nation with a wealthy merchant class.
1. Many poor Englishmen.
2. Overcrowded conditions (farm areas fenced off for sheep).
3. Need of many overseas outlets to sell goods and trade.
B. Malcontents, peasants and beggars were sent to the colonies.
1. To alleviate the overpopulated poor problem in England.
2. To create a market.
C. Religions
1. Pilgrims
a. One of the first religious groups to come to America.
b. Unhappy with the Church of England, they first went to Holland and,
after difficulties there, to England.
c. Deeply religious.
d. William Bradford became their first governor in the New World.
e. Arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
f. Overshadowed by Puritans, who landed ten years later in the same
place.
2. Puritans
a. Left England for same reason as the Pilgrims.
b. Wanted to found a colony by themselves, showing the world it was
possible to work hard, lead a rigid Christian life and prosper.
c. Church leaders tried to regulate every aspect of life and were often
intolerant of outsiders, as England had been (forget fast; prejudice).
i. Tried to keep member together
ii. Tried to avoid the temptations of the world
d. The religion proved to be self-defeating and contradictory, because on
the one hand it said to work long and hard and on the other hand it said
to remain free of worldliness. Because of the unlimited opportunities
in America, it was impossible not to gain material rewards if one
worked hard.
e. John Winthrop was the first governor of the Puritans in the New
World.
f. Covenant Relationships
God
God
Man
Fellow-Man
Leaders
Man
Most of the early founding “Fathers” of our country were Deists, Agnostics, and
Atheists
4. Catholics-------Spain and Italy----Religious Orders
3.
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5. Thomas Jefferson wrote his own version of the Bible but it had no Virgin Birth or
Resurrection
6. Ben Franklin and George Washington were Freemasons as was Theodor Roosevelt
much later
D. People
1. John Smith (Captain)
a. Adventurer
b. Traveled throughout Europe by his mid-20’s.
c. Story of his rescue by Pocahontas from Indians in Virginia.
d. Fought on side of Austria in a violent war with Turkey.
i. Taken prisoner by Turks and made a slave.
ii. Escaped.
e. In December, 1606, he left England as a member of the Royal Virginia
Company
i. Established Jamestown.
i. Drew maps of the New England coast.
iii. Wrote letters back to England speaking of the great opportunities in
the New World
2. Richard Hakluyt
a. Great English promoter.
b. Persuasive and encouraging letters.
c. Saw future for poor in America.
E. The Scots and Irish were the typical frontiersmen in early America (early
1700’s).
1. Hated Indians (heathen)
2. Squatters (fought owners and Indians)
3. Old Testament religion.
F. A long series of European wars caused a large German migration to America
during the colonial period.
1. No real Germany --- more a collection of small states and principalities,
each with its own ruler.
a. Rulers taxed subjects heavily.
b. Rulers were constantly fighting.
2. Crop failures and famine in mid-1700’s.
3. Settled in New York, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina and heavily in
Pennsylvania.
G. Asians: No so many; Chinese worked cheap.
H. By 1910 over 17 million had emigrated from Europe.
1. Ireland, because of the Potato Famine.
2. Italy, because of heavy taxation for the military.
3. Industrial centers of Europe.
a. All came to America as a land of promise. N.B. All of
these people came to
America of their own freewill, looking for their future. With one group, this was not so.
I. Slaves and Indentured Servants.
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1. Africans were hunted and brought to the New World in a state of shock.
II.
III.
IV.
During the colonial period, slavery existed in both North and South
(George Washington; Jesuits).
2. The indentured servant was bound to serve a colonial master for a specified
number of years as a slave and then was set free. More than half of the
people who came to the colonies south of New England were indentured
servants, of whom many of us are descendants. The reasons for such
service were several:
a. People who otherwise could not pay their passage.
b. Convicts who became settlers as an alternative to imprisonment or
death.
c. Prisoners of war.
d. Adventurers.
The founding fathers of America came from all over the world.
A. Many hardships in coming to the New World (late 1800’s).
1. Dangerous Voyage.
a. Shipwrecks
b. Disease
c. Greedy sea captain over-packed vessels.
d. Passengers and their possessions were examined before being allowed
in.
B. Hardships in Settling in the New World.
1. 80% of the Scandinavians became the pioneer farmers in the Great Plains
and in the Pacific Northwest (rural).
a. Incredible loneliness.
b. Blizzards.
c. Indians.
2. The majority of the immigrants made their homes in rural areas.
3. City Life (1900’s).
a. Many lived in rotting New York tenements (shocking to them after
small villages).
b. Ways of city life forced difficult adjustment.
c. Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans and New York.
d. Many lived in cities because of job opportunities in factories.
i. Men, women and children.
ii. Hard work, little pay and poor conditions.
4. Immigrants realized that the major way to improve themselves and their
children (primarily) was through education(
Ships
A. Columbus was sponsored by Queen Elizabeth and Queen Isabella of
Spain. He and his crew sailed for three months on three ships. The ships were
called “Nina”, “Pinta” and “Santa Maria”.
B. The English Pilgrims stepped off a ship called “The Mayflower” in 1620.
Colonies in North America
A. Some were started by friends of the King.
B. Some were started by religious groups.
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C. Some were started by business companies.
D. There were thirteen.
Early American Women
A. Virginia Dare
She was the first child of English parentage born in the New World.
B. Abigail Adams
She scolded here husband, who was one of the authors of the Constitution, for not asking
women to agree to the new laws.
C. Deborah Sampson
She pretended to be a young man so that she could join the Revolutionary Army. She
fought bravely until she became very ill. A doctor discovered her secret and she left the
army.
D. Elizabeth Freeman
She was a slave who argued before a judge that the new laws created through the
Declaration of Independence and the Constitution set her free. The judge agreed and
freed her.
E. Phyllis Wheatley
She was born in Africa. She was sold as a slave, but was freed by her master, John
Wheatley. He gave her his name. She became a writer.
V.
REVOLUTIONARY WAR
I. Early Major Battles
A. Massachusetts
1. Lexington --- the start --- nobody knows who shot first the British were victorious
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2. Concord --- the same day, but a little later with the same British troops ---- the British
lost and sniping started to take place
-----Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote “By the rude bridge that arched the flood, their flag to
Freedom’s breeze unfurled, here once the embattled farmers stood, and fired the shot
heard round the world.”
3. Bunker Hill --- place British retreated to and were surrounded
B. Midnight ride of Paul Revere
1. Signal Lantern from belfry of Old North Church
a. One if by land
b. Two if by sea
C. Enlistments of the American troops were due to expire on Jan 1, 1777, so George
Washington thought all would be lost. This led him to take his army across the Delaware
River during a winter storm in 1776 attacking a Hessian force at Trenton defeating them
and taking 900 prisoners.
1. Because of this defeat the British sent 8,000 men to defeat Washington --- under the leadership of
Lord Cornwallis.
a. Cornwallis left 3,000 men at Princeton and marched on Trenton with the rest, but Washington
slipped behind Cornwallis to defeat those in Trenton
2. American victories rekindled the spirit in the colonials and helped Foreign aid.
D. The war lasted eight years
E. Thomas Paine wrote the famous line, “These are the times that try men’s souls.”
GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE
I. The early American leaders wanted to create a government which derived its rights
and power to govern through the consent of the governed.
A. The Declaration of Independence (1775) states the reasons for the American
colonies’ separation from England and the ideals for the framework of a
government. (Read, especially, the second paragraph).
1. Thomas Jefferson headed the committee that wrote it.
2. The Continental Congress, the first American colonial governing body,
backed it.
3. Benjamin Franklin helped edit the Declaration of Independence.
a) He was sent to France to get the French support of the Americans against the
British.
b) He ended up negotiating a peace treaty with the English behind the backs of the
French
c) He had an illegitimate son in England who was on the side of the English, and that son
had an illegitimate son who was on the side of the colonials.
4. First official government.
5. Lawyers and judges interpret it to this day.
6. John Locke was an Englishman writer/philosopher who greatly influenced the
writing of the Declaration.
a. He died 70 years before the War of Independence (1690).
b. He believed that man was born into a “state of nature” completely free and
independent, but gave up this natural state for the sake of order.
B. The States
1. Early people had to figure out how to organize.
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2. Question of power.
3. Logical approach.
4. Each state created a constitution.
5. Between 1776 and 1777, ten of thirteen former British colonies created new
state constitutions (differences).
C. Articles of Confederation.
1. The first attempt to unite a national government (get states together).
2. Approved by each of the 13 states by 1781 (submitted in 1777).
3. Became the first Constitution of the United States.
4. Realization of need to improve and strengthen
a. Weakness because of inability of Congress to raise revenue.
b. No powers for nation’s leaders to regulate commerce make treaties or raise
troops.
c. Shay’s Rebellion took place in 1786 when Daniel Shay organized farmers
of western Massachusetts to revolt against state taxes because of little
money. Brought the problem to light. Is rebellion a good solution? Does
the end justify the means?
II.
Instead of strengthening the Articles of Confederation in the Philadelphia
Convention of 1787, a new form of government was created through the United
States Constitution.
A. The 55 delegates were young and intelligent.
1. 29 were college educated, and more than half were lawyers.
2. Ages ranged from 82 (Benjamin Franklin) to 26 (Jonathan Dayton).
3. George Washington (a farmer), Benjamin Franklin, George Mason and
George Madison were the most famous.
4. Wealthy people (so some say) who had an interest in organized
government.
5. Federalists (one of two schools of thought at the Convention).
Delegates wanted the Articles of Confederation replaced with a strong constitution and a
strong national government.
6. Anti-Federalists (the second group).
Delegates wanted to limit power to national government and have strong state
governments.
7. Both groups wanted three branches of government to check each other:
a. Legislative:
Senate; Congress
b. Executive:
President
c. Judicial:
Courts
B. The Virginia Plan, submitted as the first major speech by Edmund
Randolph, Governor of Virginia, became the framework around which the
Constitution was built.
1. Calling for a republican form of government, with the people electing their
representatives and leaders.
2. Called for new national government to replace the Articles of
Confederation.
3. Called for three branches of government.
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C. Besides granting powers to the national government, the Constitution denied
powers to the local states.
D. The creation of the legislature through the Great Compromise (explain way of
life).
1. Lower House (Congress): filled according to population (elected).
2. Upper House (Senate): equal representation from each state (appointed by
Congress until 1913; there was a feeling that the people did not know
enough to vote; how about you?)
E. Executive
1. Fear of a “king”.
2. Realization of need for one leader.
3. Evolution into most powerful position on earth.
F. Judicial
1. Most easily agree-upon
2. Because chief interpreter of Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall in
Marbury v. Madison, 1803 declared an Act of Congress unconstitutional;
subject to debate; too lenient.
G. Slavery was debated briefly.
1. It would break up the nation.
2. The North benefited from Southern produce and eventual taxation.
3. Major Issues that could not be resolved
a. How would the owners be financially compensated? If the slaves were worth between
$100 and $200 each their total value was around $14 million while the yearly federal
budget in 1790 was $7 million.
b. There was fear of a bi-racial society so the slaves had to go someplace else. Where
would that be? Western lands ---Africa ---- Caribbean
c. Impact of growing numbers on political power
H. The Convention ended September 17, 1787, with the delegates going for
approval. Nine of 13 colonies had to say yes. Franklin said, “I have the
happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting sun”. Meaning?
III.
There was a great fight among the delegates to ratify this new constitution, which
shifted power from individual states to central government.
A. Many people realized that there was no list of rights, such as freedom of press
and religion, which had existed in the state constitutions.
1. This was the reason Patrick Henry was against it.
2. There was a realization of the need for a written bill of rights.
B. The Constitution was ratified by all 13 states on May 29, 1790.
C. The Bill of Rights (first ten amendments) was added to the Constitution at the
First Congress on December 8, 1791.
D. Supreme Court interpretation.
E. James Madison is known as the Father of the Constitution
NATIVE AMERICANS
I. Population
A. In the year 1490 there were an estimated 75 million people in the Western
Hemisphere
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B. In the year 1640 --- about 150 years later ---- there were around 6 million of the
descendants of the original 75 million left
C. By 1900 there were 250,000 Native Americans on record
1. Many that had Native American blood as a portion of their background were either ashamed or
fearful of admitting it.
D. The most recent Census reports 4.1 million claiming Native American Heritage
1. New source of pride
2. Financial benefits for some
POLITICS EVOLVING IN AMERICA
I. The two-party political system evolved in America.
A. Many of the writers of the Constitution were against political party formation
(divisive: President Washington was against it).
B. Americans seem to be organization joiners by their very nature
C. Early Political Parties
1. Federalists (ruled for the first decade)
a. First real political party in America.
b. Founded by Alexander Hamilton, who was Secretary of the Treasury in the
first cabinet under President Washington
1) He was shot and killed by the then Vice President of the United States
---- Aaron Burr in the most famous duel in American History on July
11, 1804
2) Hamilton was extremely important in the formation of the American
government.
c. Believed in a strong, powerful central government
d. Distrustful of individual states.
2. Opposition Party
a. Founded by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson.
b. Distrustful of strong central government.
c. Jefferson was frustrated by Hamilton, who influenced Washington.
d. It came to be known as the Democrat-Republican Party.
e. It gained control in 1800.
D. A number of problems while the Federalists were in control led to their downfall
(Watergate, CIA, and Kennedy: usually the case).
1. Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
a. Revolt by backwoods farmers against 25% tax on distilled liquors by
Federalists.
b. First challenge to Federalist Party.
2. Alienation and Sedition Act
a. Directed against foreigners.
b. Designed to squelch criticism of government.
c. Regarded as a threat of liberty.
3. Jay’s Treaty
a. British troops remained in the Northwest until 1793 because of preRevolutionary War debts owed to England.
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b. American ships were seized and crews imprisoned.
c. To remedy problems, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to England.
i. Became known as “Jay’s Treaty”.
ii. America had to pay back debts.
iii. People were upset.
E. The Jeffersonian Republican Party had to wait for Washington to decide not to
take a third term (1796).
1. They said that the Federalists were friendly with the British.
2. Brought up all problems.
3. Start of politics (issues)
4. Did not win in 1796; Federalists John Adams became President
F. Thomas Jefferson was elected in 1800.
1. The two-party system did not really come into being strongly until then.
2. Democratic Republicans kept control for many years.
3. Jefferson placed strong supporters in all key positions (nepotism, to stay in
power).
4. Caucus System
a. Secret meeting to elect the presidential candidate.
b. Doing same as Federalists
c. Many upset
i. Birth of the Convention.
ii. The people speak.
G. Patronage
1. When a party takes over jobs go to supporters (not so true today, need of real
experts [Kissinger, civil service exam]).
2. Jackson was guilty of it so much that it came to be know as the “Spoils
System” (to the victor belongs the spoils).
H. Search for Candidates with Gimmicks (tactics)
1. Davey Crockett
a. Whig
b. Elected to Congress twice
2. William Henry Harrison
a. Whig
b. Indian-fighter famous for Tippecanoe.
c. Slogan: “Tippecanoe and Tyler (running mate) Too”; party fabricated a log
cabin background to make him more appealing to the people.
I. It is believed that the RESIDENCE BILL, which was passed in 1790 and transferred
the national capital from Philadelphia to the Potomac, allowed the passage of the
ASSUMPTION BILL a few days later. The ASSUMPTION BILL strengthened the
FEDERAL form of government by allowing a centralized federal government to assume
all STATE DEBTS
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
I. Third-party politics
A. At times, hot issues were avoided by both parties and became the platform for a
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
third party.
Liberty Party
1. First real third party.
2. 1840.
3. Slavery Issue (abolitionists demanded an end to slavery).
4. Evolved into the Free Soil Party and eventually (1854) the Republican Party.
Never won a national election.
Good, because they bring forth issues.
In 1968, George Wallace almost had the election thrown into the House of
Representatives.
Many say that there is no difference in political parties today, because the country
is more united and information is more available.
THE GROWN OF AMERICA
I Louisiana Purchase
A. All the land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and from the
Gulf of Mexico to Canada was once called Louisiana.
1. LaSalle claimed it for France in 1682.
2. Spain acquired the territory, but gave it back to France in 1800.
3. France was ruled by Napoleon.
a. He wanted to extend French power in America.
b. President Jefferson did not want French power on the American
continent.
i.
The French could control American trade on the Mississippi through
the Port of New Orleans.
ii. Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to help Robert Livingston
and, to their surprise, they purchased the area for $10 million.
II When Mexico won its freedom from Spain in 1821, Texas was part of that new nation.
A. Mexico encouraged people to settle in Texas by giving large land grants. Stephen
Austin and several Americans moved to Texas.
1. Differences (language, religion, customs, and slavery).
2. Did not like Mexican government and declared independence in 1836.
a. President Santa Ana of Mexico led an army into Texas, killing all the
defenders of the Alamo and of Goliad.
b. General Sam Houston led the Texans to defeat Santa Ana at San
Jacinto and Texas was declared an independent country.
B. In 1846, James Polk was President. He believed in Manifest Destiny, the
expectation that America should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
C. Problems with Mexican Boundary.
1. Mexico said Nueces (noo Ay sehs) River.
2. American said Rio Grande and declared war to achieve it.
a. California was a part of Mexico, but the Americans living there revolted.
b. In February 1848, Mexico lost. Rio Grande became the boundary.
Mexican secession for $15 million (southwest corner of the country).
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
D. In 1853, America purchased more land from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase.
The Oregon Country had joint occupation by Britain and America.
II.
A. James Polk wanted it for America. MANIFEST DESTINY
B. In June of 1846, the present border for Canada and America was established.
SLAVERY AND SEGREGATION
Slavery
I.
A. The first blacks to come form Africa arrived in Jamestown, VA.
1. 1619.
2. Indentured servants.
B. As needs for labor increased, slavery (1661) proved practical and economical.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
(Story: 1890 ship “Liberator”; 160 slaves; 22 crewmen; only one not blind; other
ship lost; landed Guadeloupe.)
1. Majority went to South.
2. By 1860, 4,000,000 bales of cotton were exported from the South each year.
a. Slave population of south: 4,000,000.
b. 2/3 of the value of the export trade of the USA (cotton gin 1793; need for
slaves).
The institution of slavery and the conditions of slaves generated serious
disagreement and controversy.
1. Concept of freedom (Constitution).
2. Ended in war; first time unable to talk it out.
Frederick Douglas
1. Greatest black leader of Civil War period.
2. Born in slavery.
3. Escaped to the North.
4. Advisor on race relations to Lincoln
5. Helped recruit blacks for Union Army
The North did not have the need for slaves that the South had.
1. Realized the evils (vision not clouded by profit).
2. Spoke out against it.
3. Abolitionists: anti-slavery
William Lloyd Garrison
1. Journalist
2. Famous leader of early movement against slavery.
3. Northerner.
Abolitionists
1. Killed, beaten and kicked out of South.
2. Some violence suffered in North, but gained support.
Arguments
1. Southern justification.
a. Great civilizations of past supported slavery (e.g., ancient Greece and
Rome).
b. Blacks happier in South than in Africa
c. Slavery important to economy of South.
2. Southern condemnation of the North.
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
a. Children working in factories.
b. Factory conditions.
Problems
1. How to look upon slaves in determining number of representatives in the
House.
a. 3/5 of slave population counted (1 slave = 3/5 of person).
b. North dislike.
J. Compromises
1. Missouri Compromise (1820)
a. To maintain the balance of eleven free states and eleven slave states,
Missouri was admitted as slave and Maine as free.
b. Slavery was permitted below 36 30”.
2. Tariff Nullification
a. Heavy taxes on imported goods (tariff).
i. Imports usually cheaper than products of North.
ii. South needed manufactured goods (want to take money: wrong).
iii. Heavy tariffs to encourage the South to buy from the North.
iv. South feared other nations might impose tariffs on their cotton exports.
b. Calhoun said that a state could declare a federal law against the
Constitution and thus null and void.
i. In 1832, South Carolina passed nullification when tariff was raised;
there was serious talk of secession; congress reduced the tariff over a
nine-year period.
ii. Not agreed upon.
3. Compromise of 1850 (passed after bitter debate).
a. Texas, California and New Mexico were annexed between 1845 and 1848.
Would they be free or slave?
i. Congressmen physically fought.
ii. Great strain between North and South.
b. Henry Clay of Kentucky, “Great Compromiser” (Kissinger).
c. Daniel Webster, Henry Clay and John Calhoun spoke on this issue.
d. North tried to please South by saying runaways must be returned.
e. California admitted as a free state.
f. Texas-New Mexico boundary.
g. New Mexico Territory to decide slavery issue for itself (popular
sovereignty).
h. Fugitive Slave Law
i. Fine of $1,000 and six months for preventing arrests.
ii. Commissioners paid fee for each slave caught.
iii. Enraged and united many Northerners.
K. Because population in North was growing at a more rapid rate, they gained
control in the House of Representatives.
L. Border War (1850 --- during Reconstruction).
Between Missouri (“Mother of Outlaws”) and Kansas; tried to steal from each other; then
Indians fought because buffalo had been dilled and their livelihood was gone. Gone to
Texas by Forrest Carter.
I.
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
Tension Increases.
A. The Fugitive Slave Law.
1. This law inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe to write Uncle Tom’s Cabin, an
anti-slavery novel.
2. The novel caused all to take notice and many to be upset.
B. King Cotton caused the South to be more adamant.
C. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
1. Introduced in Congress by Sen. Stephen A. Douglass, III.
2. Popular Sovereignty (people to decide).
The idea was to allow Kansas and Nebraska people to decide the issue for themselves.
Many fights in “Bleeding Kansas”. Both sides move in to establish residency.
D. The Dred Scott Decision (1857).
1. Scott, a slave, was taken from the slave state of Missouri by his master to the
free state of Illinois.
a. He was on free land for four years.
b. He sued for his freedom because of the length of his stay in free territory.
c. Way to establish slavery in free state.
d. Scott lost, because he had no right to sue; he was not a citizen, but was
owned. The Constitution insured the right of an owner to private property.
2. The North was upset.
3. It seriously weakened the notion of Popular Sovereignty.
4. There was an attempt to change the Constitution to allow slavery.
E. John Brown’s Raid (1859).
1. Raid on arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in Virginia.
2. Led by John Brown (Black).
a. Abolitionist
b. In 1856, he led a raid at Pottawattamie Creek in Kansas. Five men were
killed.
3. To get arms
4. 18 men
5. Raid failed; defeated by Col. Robert E. Lee, U.S.M.C.
6. Two of his sons were filled.
7. Many similar black slave uprisings.
8. Tried and hand (martyr).
III.
The election of 1860 brought about the breakdown of the American political
system.
A. The political contenders for the presidency were violently opposed to each other.
1. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois was the Republican candidate (Whig Party no
more, replaced by Republican).
a. Opposed to slavery.
b. Famous for Lincoln/Douglas debates.
c. Industry, commerce and public improvement platform (very Northern).
d. He really used the telegraph as a powerful communication tool to
coordinate the military leaders of the North
2. Stephen Douglas, a Democratic candidate (party split because of Dred
Scott decision) at convention a Southern walkout.
II.
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
a. Popular Sovereignty
b. Obey Supreme Court
3. John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky (from split Democratic party:
Southern Democrat)
B. Southern leaders stated that they would secede from the Union of Lincoln won.
C. Lincoln won by only 40% (mostly from the North) because of the four parties.
D. Secession of Seven Southern States in 1861.
1. States tried to take over federal forts and arsenals in their territories, but they
fought (Ft. Sumter in South Carolina).
2. Embalming started so soldiers and coffins ( some air tight with a window to
allow viewing of face) could be shipped home, and this really starts what
eventually became the lucrative funeral business
3. The beginning of the idea of “Dog Tags” begins in the form of written identity
notes
4. Four tragic blood-filled years, leaving the North victorious and the South
in ruins.
a. Dates the Civil War Began and Ended.
i. December 20, 1860 – South Carolina secedes.
ii. May 26, 1865 – Gen. Kirby Smith surrenders at New Orleans.
b. Four Major Reasons for the War.
i. Economics of expansion in the Western Territories.
ii. South wanted new slaves to maintain political control in Congress.
iii. South feared that North would force them to abandon slavery and
to pay high taxes on imported goods.
iv. Societies were very different.
c. 3.5 million men fought in 2,200 battles.
d. 625,000 dead (half from disease) and 1,100,000 wounded.
e. Black Troops
i. 183,000 fought 39 major, 410 minor battles.
ii. 27 Congressional Medals of Honor.
iii. 68,000 casualties
f. Comparisons
North
South
Population
20 million
6 million free
No. of Slaves
3.5 million
President
Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis
Uniform Color
Blue
Gray
Generals
U.S Grant
Robert E. Lee
g. Northern Advantages
i. Larger population.
ii. Manufacturing base.
iii. Money.
h. Southern Advantages
i. Fighting on home soil.
ii. Military leadership.
i. First Major Battle
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
i. Manassas (Bull Run) – South won.
ii. Date: July 21, 1861.
Overall Southern Goal
i. To create a separate country.
ii. To seek alliance with England and France.
k. Northern Grand Strategy: “Anaconda Plan”
i. Blockade ports to prevent supplies.
ii. Capture Mississippi River to control supply and export of cotton.
iii. Defeat the South by dividing into sections of east and west.
l. The Battle of Antietam
i. The battle ended in a draw.
ii. Lee invaded, hoping a victory in the North would bring recognition
from England and France.
iii. Lee’s defeat likely would have ended the war.
iv. McClellan was too cautious. He delayed the start of the battle and
failed to commit 45,000 reserves (more than all of Lee’s army).
m. The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1 – 3, 1863)
i. 51,000 casualties.
ii. The battle was not intended; it just happened.
n. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, Virginia, on April 9, 1865, and the
formal ceremony was held on April 12, 1865.
o. Grant’s Surrender Terms
i. Very generous and compassionate.
ii. Allowed men to keep horses.
iii. Allowed parole for all.
p. Lincoln was killed by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater in
Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. He died the next day.
E. Andrew Johnson (Tennessee) became President after Lincoln was killed (1865).
1. Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, and died on April 15, but he had
dreamed of it prior to that time.
2. Johnson, a Southern Democrat, had remained faithful to the Union.
a. He was hated by radical Republicans.
b. He did not have the support Lincoln had.
c. Never attended one day of school, and taught himself how to read
d. Most vetoes of any President in American history and the most overturned
vetoes of any President in American History
3. Impeachment proceedings were initiated against him in 1868.
a. Violation of Tenure of Office Act, which forbade the President to dismiss
any member of his Cabinet without the consent of Congress.
i. He vetoed it, and Congress overrode it, as usual; his cabinet was
against it.
ii. He believed it gave the Legislative branch of government had too
much power.
iii. He demanded the resignation of Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of
War, who was a radical Republican and an outspoken critic. The
actual violation was that he told all closed-door discussions.
j.
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
b. Johnson won in the Senate by only one vote.
c. His Secretary of State was William H. Seward (13 charges; spoke in loud
voice).
i. Seward reasserted the Monroe Doctrine to keep Napoleon III from
taking over Mexico.
ii. Purchase of Alaska from Russia.
IV.
From Slavery to Segregation
A. The Emancipation Proclamation abolished slavery.
1. September 22, 1862.
2. By Lincoln.
B. The South surrendered in 1865
1. Bitter
2. Reconstruction
a. Lincoln was moderate; kept all with cool heads.
b. He was assassinated in 1865.
3. Radicals who wished to punish the south took over.
a. Southern leaders were denied the right to vote or hold office, so
legislatures became dominated by Blacks.
b. Bitter feelings by Whites led to Black Codes (anti-black laws, KKK, etc.).
c. The North passed the 14th Amendment (no discrimination).
C. Amendments 13, 14 and 15 were passed to prevent the practice of
discrimination.
D. Radical Reconstruction ended in 1877.
1. The election of 1876 had to be decided in the House of Representatives – a
deal – troops were removed from the South.
2. Segregation grows.
E. Segregation in Both the North and the South.
1. No attempt at education.
2. No financial grants (then was time to do it, not now, harder, first zeal).
3. Supreme Court Ruled in Favor of Segregation.
a. 1883 ruled Civil Rights Act of 1875 illegal (up to each state).
b. 1892, Plessy v. Ferguson, Plessy (1/8 Negro and 7/8 Caucasian) tried to
sit in white car in Louisiana train. Decision: Separate but equal facilities
okay, law of land.
F) Other examples for racial tension and hatred
1. Chinese (reference book Driven Out by Jean Pfaelzed)
a. In November of 1885 an armed mob forced 200 Chinese out of their
homes and businesses and onto trains to leave. This happened in a number
of towns on the West Coast –especially California.
b. In 1886 a mob of 1,500 Seattle white men forced 400 Chinese onto a boat
in Elliot Bay.
c. In 1871 after a dispute concerning a run away Chinese prostitute 17
Chinese were hung in Los Angeles
d. In the 1890’s Congress passed the Geary Act requiring all Chinese to wear
identity cards which resulted in one of the largest acts of Civil
Disobedience in American History as people refused to comply.
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
The average annual cost of the Civil War for the North was $532 million but the
annual revenue to the North from taxes and tariffs was only $55 million.
A.The Secretary of the Treasury --Salmon Chase ---had to create special taxes and
Sold bonds thru a national network of local banks to generate additional funds
V.
THE MACHINE AGE
Explain how America grew. Were all resources in one country? Man partner with nature
then/ man partner with machine now people partner with technology.)
I.
The Coming of the Machine.
A. The fact that the North was so industrialized was a major factor in its victory
over the South.
B. Some for Machine Age, some against.
1. Will man become dependent upon machine?
2. Machines will free man.
3. Pollution
C. Automobile revolutionized society.
1. Travel and transportation (life speeded up).
2. Economy.
3. Socializing (traveling, motel, mature earlier).
4. Assembly-line method developed by Henry Ford.
D. Research born (to make money or to help man)
E. Growth of Big Business
1. Development of large-scale transportation, production, and communication
led to distribution.
2. Trusts owned many businesses and cut competition out. The “Gilded Age.”
3. John D. Rockefeller, industrial giant, Standard Oil. Controlled market
through
a. Control of pipelines.
b. Special deal for shipping by Railroad (rebate)
c. Price-cutting to ruin competition.
F. Gospel of Wealth
Concept: Work hard and you get rich. True? Success and riches were glorified, even by
religious.
II.
While the industrial giants became rich, the working class became poor.
A. Factories
1. People crowded into cities to work.
2. Long hours, low pay.
3. Women and children working.
4. Owners get rich. Tell Chicago story. Slavery credit at store.
B. Farms
1. Could not afford machinery.
2. Sold farms, then rented land that once was theirs (tenant farmers).
THE BEGINNING OF ORGANZIED LABOR
I.
Background
A. Because of drastic differences in lifestyle between rich and poor, a tense situation
developed.
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
B. The depression of the 1870’s brought it all to a boil.
C. Labor unions called strikes, but lack of money caused the unions to fall apart.
D. Frustration led to riots.
II.
The Gulf Widens
A. Deep Economic Distress.
1. Too much investment and too little return on invested money.
2. Failure of major bank.
B. Working class received full impact of panic.
1. Lack of work.
2. Reduced wages.
3. Starvation.
4. Lockouts and strikes.
C. Major Riots
Farmers Organize - “The Patrons of Husbandry” was an early farm
organization.
A. Farmers were abused by railroad rates.
B. Obtained federal regulation of shipping rates.
C. Realization of need to organize.
IV.
The Homestead Strike.
A. This strike took place in Pennsylvania in 1892 and turned into a lockout for steel
and ironworkers.
B. Progress of Strike and Lockout.
1. The steel and ironworkers had the strongest union in the U.S. (25,000
members).
2. The Carnegie Steel Co. and the Union had a three-year contract.
3. At the end of three years, the Company wanted the Union to take a salary cut.
a. The Union voted “NO”.
b. Before the strike, there was a lockout.
4. War
a. Carnegie went to Europe, and Fisk took over.
b. Pinkertons (300).
c. The Union men armed themselves.
d. The Pinkertons tried to land at Homestead on July 5th. The Union men
ran them out of town.
e. Frick called in the government militia.
f. The Union was defeated (lack of funds, onset of winter).
g. Frick was shot by Berkman.
III.
GROWTH AND CONFLICT
I.
“Foreign Policy” is a plan of action one country develops toward another country
over a period of time.
A. America became more interested in foreign affairs after The Civil War.
1. Americans became very successful developing goods and produce.
a. There were surpluses that needed new markets.
b. Trade increases interest in world affairs.
2. Purchase of Alaska in 1867.
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
3. Interest in the Pacific and Caribbean in the late 1890’s.
a. American businessmen in Hawaii wanted a very close relationship
with America for protection and a guaranteed sugar market.
i.
They led a revolution in 1893, forcing Queen Lilivokalani (lee-lee-oooh-kah-lah-nee) to give up her throne.
a) President Grover Cleveland did not allow Hawaii to become part
of the USA at that time, because he did not believe the Hawaiian
people wanted it.
b) Hawaii became an American territory in 1898 and a state in 1959.
b. Cuba is 90 miles south of Florida, and it had been ruled by Spain since
the time of Columbus.
i.
They tried to revolt a number of times, but they were defeated.
ii. In 1895, the Cubans began a successful guerilla war against Spain.
a) America sympathized with the Cubans and was highly critical
of Spain.
 Business interests
 Belief in democracy
b) The American government sent the battleship Main to protect
American citizens.
 It was blown up in Havana Harbor in January 1898
killing 268 men.
 Americans believed that Spain was responsible,
although there was no proof, and declared war on
Spain on April 25, 1898.
II.
Spanish-American War.
A. America had the more powerful navy but Spain had the larger army.
1. Commodore George Dewey defeated a Spanish squadron of ships in Manila
Bay in the Philippines, which belonged to Spain.
2. American soldiers defeated the Spanish land forces in August 1898.
B. One of the more famous battles was for San Juan Hill.
A group of volunteer American soldiers called the roughriders, under the leadership of
Colonel Leonard Wood and future president Colonel Theodore Roosevelt took the hill.
C. The war ended because of severe Spanish losses on August 12, 1898.
1. Ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines was transferred to
the United States.
2. America paid $20 million to Spain for the Philippines.
3. Puerto Rico became and remains a commonwealth under American
protection.
a. Free trade.
b. No federal income tax.
4. Spain gave independence to Cuba.
a. America started to build up Cuba.
b. A special treaty allowed America to maintain bases there.
c. Cubans resented American interference.
5. By the early 1900’s America had accepted responsibility for Samoa (which
now has its own legislature), Guam and the Virgin Islands.
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
The Panama Canal.
A. Expanding American interest made it necessary to find a quicker way to get ships
from the Atlantic to the Pacific or vice versa.
1. With American aid, Panama revolted from Columbia and then allowed
America to build the canal.
a. America paid $10,000,000.
b. America paid $250,000 yearly.
c. It was completed in August 1914.
d. Ownership will revert to Panama in 1999.
e. The canal is 10 miles wide and 40 miles long.
IV.
The Gilded Age 1870’s – 1890’s
A. Weak Executive leadership
B. Legislative domination by Congress and Republican Party
1. President Garfield was assassinated by a mentally disturbed patronage
seeker in 1881
a. The Pendleton Act was then passed opening competitive examinations for
Civil Service jobs ----- rather than favoritism
C. The power of “Big Business” grew during this time
1. America became the worlds largest manufacturing economy
a. Alexander Graham Bell introduced the telephone
b. Andrew Carnegie developed the modern steel industry
c. Thomas Edison developed electrical energy
d. John D. Rockefeller controlled 95% of the American oil refineries
D. There was an uneven distribution of American Wealth
1. 10% of the people had 90% of the nations wealth
E. Labor unrest
1. Economic Panic of 1873
2. Railroad Strike of 1877
3. Unions
a. National Labor Union
b. Knights of Labor
4. Bloody Haymarket Riot in Chicago in 1886
E. Urbanization was a major force of change
4. Internal movements of people to city life and immigration
5. Urban areas grew from 40 million people in 1870 to 80 million in 1890
a. New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia each grew over 1 million people
b. Slums and tenements grew near skyscrapers, town homes, and department
stores
F. Government policy and planning did not keep up with the growth of people,
wealth, and business power
2. Alternative voices began to speak out
a. Jane Adams
b. Washington Gladden
c. Booker T. Washington
1) African American who became a President of Tuskegee Institute in
Alabama
III.
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
2) Promoted self-respect and economic equality
G. Feminist Activism began
1. voting rights
2. Temperance movement
3. Planned Parenthood
4. Anti-Prostitution movement
5. Equal rights for all
H. A new form of Imperialism started to develop as America wanted to expand its
markets to other countries due to American success and overproduction
1. Latin America
a. Pan American Union ----1910
b. Organization of American States ----1948
2. Panama Canal
a. first got the French out
3. The Pacific
a. trading rights with Samoa
b. Naval Base at Pango Pango
4. Opened direct trade with Japan
5. Opened trade with Korea
THE REFORM MOVEMENT
I.
The Progressive Era
A. Urban and Industrial Problems.
1. Tenement living (children; environment; prison; non-productive).
2. Fire traps.
3. Motherhood.
4. No consumer protection.
a. Stockyards.
b. Truth in purchase.
5. City corruption.
6. Labor disputes.
a. Organized Labor fought for better pay and working conditions.
b. Cole miners can be compared to slave labor. Labor leaders were not
recognized, and so there were strikes.
7. Trusts.
a. Powerful men began to control the national economy.
b. PUJO Committee (investigated the trusts; congressmen).
B. Progressive Reform (1900-1917)
1. An attack on trusts by Government under Theodore Roosevelt and
Woodrow Wilson.
2. Regulatory Commissions.
a. Government realized that Big Business must be regulated.
b. LaFollette (governor and senator from Wisconsin); bug name in
government regulation of Big Business; appointed.
3. Labor makes an important gain.
a. Theodore Roosevelt behind Labor and for the average man
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
i. He wanted to make the Republican Party more progressive
ii. He was a naturalist who wanted to set aside large sections of the
American
wilderness preserving them for all Americans and preventing Big business interests from
taking them over and destroying them for profit
b. Coal Strike (1902).
i.
John Mitchell v. owners
ii. Coal shortage
iii. Threat of troops ----socialism
iv. Refusal to arbitrate
v. Fear of state socialism
vi. Owners backed down
vii. The first time Labor backed by Government
4. Pure Food Reform.
a. Dr. Harvey Wiley and the Poison Squad.
b. Pure food laws led to today’s campaign against cigarettes, etc.----Food and
Drug Administration
5. Cleaning up the city.
a. Filth
b. Corruption (to make work right)
c. Progressive mayors (Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones of Toledo (why
suddenly reform; working class growing and not enough rich).
6. The Settlement House.
a. Resident colony of social workers set up in poor section of city to help
with problems of the people (factory workers and immigrants, for
example).
b. Hull House (most famous – Chicago – Jane Adams).
7. Juvenile Court.
a. Kids with hardened criminals (my experience).
b. No attempt to rehabilitate.
c. Judge Ben Lindsay of Denver (respect – leader of reforms for children –
fear – today?)
8. Women’s Suffrage.
a. The right to vote.
b. Acknowledgment of equality as persons
9. Legislation
a. National Labor Relations Act ---- right of negotiation
b. Fair Standards Act ----- Minimum Wage and Maximum Hours
c. Social Security ------ retirement income, and disability income
CHANGING WORLD
I. Alliances (early 1900’s) eventually led to world wide conflict
A. They brought security and commitment
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
1. Security, in that, others would help a country if it was attacked
2. Commitment to go to war against someone who attacked an
Ally of yours
B. Triple Alliance – Germany; Austria-Hungary; Italy
C. Anglo-Japanese Alliance
D. Franco-Russian Alliance
E. Entente Cordiale ----Britain and France
F. Anglo-Russian Alliance
II. Factors leading to world wide conflict
A. Alliances
B. Imperial Rivalries
C. Protectionist trade practices
E. Escalating Arms Race
F. Transportation Advancements
1. Train
2. Air travel
3. Motor transportation
G. Decline of Ottoman Empire
CONFLICT OVER THE LAST 100 YEARS
World War I ----the U.S. involvement started on April 6, 1917 and lasted for one
year seven months and five days
II.
World War II ----the U.S. involvement started on Dec 8, 1941 and lasted for three
years, eight months, and six days
III.
Cold War 1940’s – 1990’s ------America and Russia----Communism and
Democracy
IV.
Korea ------ the U.S. involvement started on June 27, 1950 and lasted for three
years and one month
V.
Vietnam -----the U. S. involvement started on Feb 14, 1962 and lasted for ten
years, eleven months and thirteen days
VI.
Persian Gulf ----Desert Storm ----the U.S., involvement started on Jan 7, 1991 and
lasted for one month and ten days
VII. Kosovo ----the U.S. involvement started on March 24, 1999 and lasted for two
months and twenty seven days
VIII. Afghanistan ------the U.S. involvement started on Oct 7, 2001 and lasted for two
months
IX.
Iraq ----AMERICA’S EMERGING FOREIGN POLICY
The United States Develops a Foreign Policy
I. Different Presidents have different approaches
A. Teddy Roosevelt --- gunboat diplomacy
B. William Howard Taft -----dollar diplomacy
C. Woodrow Wilson ----- moral diplomacy
I.
AMERICAN TRADE
I. America was interested in other countries for product sale and purchase.
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
A. America had had an “open door” policy in the early 1900’s.
B. This found us dealing with China on friendly and profitable terms.
1. China had not gone through an industrial revolution as many other countries
had done, and so, although it had many millions of people, it was not able to
defend itself against stronger European countries.
a. England took over Hong Kong.
b. France took Indochina.
c. Japan took parts of China.
d. The Chinese became upset with foreign controls and organized secret
societies to demonstrate their patriotic feeling, e.g., The Great Sword
Society, Plum Blossom Fists, and Fists of Public Harmony.
e. Anger toward foreigners erupted in the Boxer Rebellion, which China lost
WORLD WAR I
I. This was the first of two major wars in the twentieth century
II. Theodore Roosevelt was President in the early 1900’s
A. He invited Booker T. Washington, an influential African-American to the White House, and in so
doing alienated the South.
B. He and President Taft, who followed him, worked hard to develop a forceful
foreign policy that benefited America.
1. Theodore Roosevelt wanted America to become a strong world power,
and he knew that if we were to do that we needed a strong military
a) He followed the African proverb, “Speak softly, and carry a “big stick”.
1) He put great effort and large funding into enlarging and modernizing
the army and the navy
2) He helped and encouraged Panama to break away from Columbia in
1903 so he could get agreement on the Panama Canal ----an example
of Gunboat diplomacy
3) The Monroe Doctrine stated that America had the right to prevent
foreign powers from coming into the Western Hemisphere, but
Theodore Roosevelt had a corollary to it which stated only America
had the right to go into Latin American Countries when law and order
were threatened
a) Used to take over the Dominican Republic’s finances in 1905 to
pay back European debts
b) Used to send troops to Cuba, Haiti, and Nicaragua to deal with
issues
b) Theodore Roosevelt did not mind it when war broke out between Russia
and Japan in 1904, because they were becoming too powerful in Asia and
proposed a threat on American interests in China.
1. Japan won after America negotiated a peace between Russia and
Japan.
a. Japan was given control of Korea, and in return they agreed not to
invade the Philippines.
b. Theodore Roosevelt decided to demonstrate American might by
sending the “Great White Fleet” of 16 battleships around the
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
world ----stopping in Tokyo – Commodore Perry ---- Japan
decided it wanted one
III.
President Taft, who took over as President after T. Roosevelt, practiced “Dollar
Diplomacy” rather than Roosevelt’s “Gunboat Diplomacy
A. He encouraged Latin America to borrow money from America instead of Europe.
1. In 1911 America, because of a loan, took control of Nicaragua’s National
Bank
IV.
Woodrow Wilson, as President declared war on the “Central Powers” on April 6,
1917 ----- bringing America into World War I
A. The war began in August of 1914 when Germany invaded Belgium to prepare an
attack on France.
B. In the “Zimmerman Telegram” Germany asked Mexico to join forces with them
against America, and in return would get New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.
C. The incident that started the war was the murder of Archduke Francis
Ferdinand, who was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife
Sophie on June 28, 1914 by a Serbian, in the streets of Sarajevo.
1. The “Central Powers” fought the “Allies”
a. America and 28 other countries were the “Allies”
b. The Central Powers were Austria-Hungry; Bulgaria; Germany; and the
Ottoman Empire
c. 36 countries were involved in the war
d. There were 116,516 U.S. military deaths and 204,002 U.S. wounded out
of 4.7 million who served the American military forces
D. The German sinking of neutral American ships infuriated the Americans.
1. The sinking of the ship called the Lusitania with 128 Americans was but one
E. Costly and difficult
1. Draft ---- two million Americans joined (Selective Service)
2. Trench Warfare
3. 300 billion dollars spent
4. 37 million killed
F. Ended with the “Treaty of Versailles” in 1919
1. Germans were very upset
2. Treaty provided seeds for next war
3. November 11th 1918 at 11:00 A.M. the armistice was signed –11th hour;
11th day; 11th month
4. Treaty signed on June 28, 1919
G. According to an article in USA Today on November 11, 2004, “The sanest day of the
World War I was probably Dec. 25, 1914. Fighters on both sides agreed to a cease-fire,
met in no-man’s land and shook hands. Carols were sung in the trenches. The craziest
day was Nov. 11, 1918. The armistice had been agreed upon early in the morning. But
despite pleas from the beaten Germans to stop fighting, Allied leaders would make it
official only at the neat, round time of 11-11 on the 11th hour of the morning. Until then
everyone was urged to keep on fighting. More men were killed on the final day – after
the armistice had been signed --- than on D-Day in World War II.”
H. Woodrow Wilson established the “League of Nations”
1. America ended up not joining
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
2. It was also called the ‘Fourteen Point Program”
IMPACTS OF WORLD WAR I --- ESPECIALLY IN THE MIDDLE EAST
I. Balfour Declaration
A. November 2, 1917
B. British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour
C. This established a national home for Jewish people in Palestine
1. Nobody consulted with the Arab who were the majority population living there at the
time
2. One reason this was done was to generate financial support from the world wide
Jewish population for the Allies (England, France, America, and Russia) in World War I
a. Fear the Jewish people would not support them because they were
treated so poorly by the Russians
D. This was the beginning of the Country we now call Israel
E. Zionist Movement
1. Jewish people realized a need for their country
2. more nationalistic than social or religious
3. started because Jews were not being treated well throughout the world --especially in Russia
4. made some wonder if Jews were more loyal to the country they lived in or this
new country of Israel
5. Theodor Herzl
a. Early founder
b. Agnostic Jew
c. Late 1890’s
II. Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire in the early 1800’s
A. They were allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary and when they lost and this led
to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire which led to the creation of the following countries
under the control of Britain or France
1. Syria
2. Lebanon
3. Transjordan
4. Iraq (Kurds; Christian Assyrians; Sunnis; Shiites)
5. Palestine (Jewish settlement left more free from control)
6. Saudi Arabia was officially created in 1932
7. Algeria ---French control started around 1830
8. Tunisia---French control started around 1881
B. The defeat of the Ottoman Empire left England with more control and influence
in the Middle East with France as a distant second
1. Egypt was run by England under MANDATE, which was similar to Being a
colony until 1922 ---they revolted in 1919
a. Controlled by England for 74 years
b. seen as entry way to India, Asia, Africa for England
c. Control ended with World War II
2. Syria was run by France
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
3. President Woodrow Wilson believed in self-determination for people and did not like
the idea of countries taking over other countries
III. Names of Interest
A. T.E. Lawrence or Arabia
1. English who united Arabs against Ottomans
2. Disliked France “Francophobe”
B. Lloyd George ---English Prime minister
C. Balfour
D. President Woodrow Wilson
E. Kaiser Wilhelm II
1. Leader of Germany in 1888
2. Extremely nationalistic even though he was half English
F. Ferdinand de Lesseps
1. French engineer who designed Suez Canal
a. Built by 20,000 unpaid Egyptian laborers each year
b. Almost bankrupt Egypt
c. Ended up in British control
G. Georges Clemenceau ---- leader of France
IV. Opposing forces
A. Ottoman Centralization
B. European Penetration
V. Revolution during World War I
A. Russia
1. Bolsheviks seize power
a. They revealed secret agreements England and France had to take over the Ottoman
Empire and divide the land
1) Really upset Arabs
B. Germany
C. Ottoman Empire falls apart but Turkey emerges as a strong country under the
leadership of Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal)
1. Turkey was the only country to truly negotiate a separate peace
ECONOMIC CHANGE
I. President Warren G. Harding
A. Elected in 1920
B. Teapot Dome Scandal of 1922
33
HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
1. Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall took Bribes and Kickbacks for selling oil drilling
leases.
2. Harding died in the middle of the scandal
3. Racial Crisis
a. Tulsa, Oklahoma 1921
1) Charges by a White woman that were never proved ended in many black deaths
b. Rosewood Florida in 1923
1) White woman said a black man made inappropriate advances, but she later changed
her story but when the man was released a group of Whites were there to lynch him but a
group of Blacks showed up to protect him
a) There were 10,000 White rioters who wiped out the Black community of Rosewood killing 300
b) Riot or ethnic cleansing?
c) Book and movie on it called THE BURNING
II. President Calvin Coolidge took Harding’s place and was president between 1923 and
1929.
A. He said “The Business of America is Business." and “The man who builds a
factory, builds a temple. And the man who works there worships there.”
B. Roaring Twenties
III.
President Herbert Hoover 1929-1933
A. The fact that his opponent, Gov. Al Smith of New York, was a Catholic helped
Hoover to get elected.
B. His administration marked a time of economic devastation for America.
1. Stock Market Crash
a. There was no governmental oversight of the market
b. The Security Exchange Commission did not exist
2. “Pools” --- which were groups of crooked manipulators---bought cheap
shares of stock and artificially drove up the prices among themselves. Outside
“suckers” were lured in to but at inflated prices, and then the pool pulled out.
3. Black Thursday took place on October 24, 1929 when 13 million shares of
stock were sold
4. Black Tuesday took place on October 29, 1929 when 16 million shares were
sold
5. During the stock market crash $30 billion, which was close to the
American cost for World War I evaporated, 5000 banks closed, and there
was no Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to help the customers out.
6. Too few people had enough money to purchase anything, so even though
production had intensified ---- demand fell.
7. This condition spread throughout the world, and as countries passed
protectionist legislation things got worse.
C. World-wide Depression
1. President Herbert Hoover did not believe the government should develop
programs to help the American people, because that would be socialism.
2. The Bonus Army
a. World War I veterans were promised a monetary bonus in 1924, which
was to be paid in 1925, but it was not paid
1) 25,000 former “Doughboys” descended on Washington, D.C. in 1932
34
HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
a) Hoover had the army attack them
b) Douglas MacArthur, George Patton, and Dwight Eisenhower
coordinated the attack, and over 100 died – two were babies
FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT
I.
The Great Depression
A. Began with stock market crash of 1929.
B. Herbert Hoover was President.
1. He believed in voluntary cooperation of private organizations and local
governments in administrating relief and recovery. This did not work.
2. He was a capitalist who did not believe in forced government intervention
3. He feared “pork barrel” spending
C. Between 1934 and 1937 a series of “Neutrality Acts” were passed by the
legislative branch in an attempt to keep America out of European problems and
conflicts.
II.
The New Deal
A. Franklin Delano Roosevelt led the American people out of the Great Depression.
The Stock Market crash in October of 1929
1. He was the longest-serving President (1933-1945; four terms).
2. He put people back to work.
3. He enacted great amounts of legislation.
a. Agricultural Adjustment Acts

Paid farmers to grow certain things and not to grow other things
b. Fair Standards Act

Minimum wages and maximum hours
c. National Labor Relations Act
i.
Also called the Wagner Act
ii. Guaranteed the right of negotiation between Labor and Management
d. Federal Emergency Relief Act

Put people to work
e. Civilian Conservation Corps.

Put people to work
f. Social Security

Monthly income for the elderly

There are now 78 million baby boomers

The oldest in 2007 is 60

The youngest in 2007 is 42

1 reaches age 60 every 7.5 seconds which adds up to 4 million each
year

By the year 2020 each retiree will be supported by the payroll
social security taxes of only two workers
 In 2007 five people are working and paying social security tax for
every one person receiving social security
 In 2030 there will be only three people working for every one person
on Social Security
35
HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16

In 2008 first “boomers collect social security when they turn age 62
and there are $2.4 trillion in payments
 In 2011 the first “boomers turn age 65 and there will be $3.2 trillion
in annual payments
 In 2017 the system starts paying out more money than it collects and
the government has to draw on its trust, which many say does not
really exist. The yearly payout is $4.7 trillion
 In 2040 the trust fund runs out and there is not enough money to
pay social security
 The fact is that boomers have more wealth than their parents had
but it must make up for shrinking pensions, longer lives, and
higher medical costs
1. In 1981 81% of workers had traditional pensions
2. Today 39% of workers have pensions
3. In 1980 medical costs as a percent of social security payments
was 7%
4. In 2030 medical costs as a percent of social security income are
estimated to be 20%
g. Works Progress Administration
h. Public Works Administration
4. The government became very strong
a. Regulations
b. Jobs
5. Eleanor Roosevelt
a. First activist First Lady
b. Appointed United Nations delegate by Truman
6. The United Nations
a. The League of Nations under Woodrow Wilson had not worked
WORLD WAR II
I. Background
A. Germany disregarded the Treaty of Versailles and began rebuilding her Army and
Navy.
B. Russia had undergone a revolution in 1917. The Bolsheviks took control, forcibly
imprisoned and killed Tsar Nicholas, his wife and children, and established
communism.
C. Benito Mussolini, a member of the Fascist Party in Italy, took control of Italy,
promising to prevent a communist takeover, which was much feared by the
Italians.
1. He built up the armed forces.
2. He attacked Ethiopia and took control. Many saw this as the downfall of the
League of Nations, because of its unwillingness or inability to do anything.
D. Germany had suffered from loss of international power and financial stability
following World War I.
36
HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
1. Adolph Hitler, who formed the Nazi Party, was able to take control in
Germany. He rearmed Germany, re-established a stable economy, put people
back to work, and gave the German people a rebirth of “self-esteem”.
a. Under the Nazi regime, six million Jews from all over Europe were killed,
in what came to be known as, the Holocaust.
1) The Ahnenerbe was a think tank that was created by the Germans
under the direction of Heinrich Himmler to find evidence of ancient
superior Aryan civilizations to justify their role in dominating and
ruling the world. Most of their “findings” were fabricated.
b. Hitler imprisoned and killed great numbers of Gypsies, Homosexuals, and
people with both mental and Physical defects as he attempted to purify
Germany.
c. Germany annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia.
2. Japan wanted more land, and needed more natural resources.
a. Japan took control of Formosa, a number of Pacific Islands, Korea, and
Manchuria.
b. Japan attacked China in 1939.
c. Japan attacked America at Pearl Harbor.
E. World War II began in September of 1939.
1. Germany signed a neutrality agreement with Russia and then invaded Poland
with a “blitzkrieg”. England and France came to Poland’s assistance,
declaring war on Germany on December 3, 1939.
2. Germany attacked and occupied Norway, Denmark, Belgium, the
Netherlands, and France.
a. 338,000 British and French troops escaped to England
b. England prepared for German invasion
3. Hitler launched a full scale attack on Russian in 1941, breaking the neutrality
agreement.
4. Italy and Japan joined forces with Germany to form the “Axis Powers”.
5. America gave aid to China and broke off relations with Japan.
6. Japan attacked American ships in Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu in
Hawaii on December 7, 1941, and America entered World War II.
a. Americans of Japanese ancestry were placed in internment camps away
from the seacoasts.
b. Nothing happened to Americans of German descent
7. The defeat of Germany and Italy was America’s first goal in World War
II.
a. Germany attacked and occupied Norway, Denmark, Belgium, the
Netherlands, and France. 338,000 British and French troops escaped to
England, and England prepared for German invasion
b. Hitler attacked Russia in 1941
c. On June 6, 1944, the Americans, Canadians, and British launched a
successful invasion on the beaches of Normandy to free France in an
operation called “D-Day”.
d. Mussolini was executed ----murdered by a mob---by his own countrymen,
and Hitler committed suicide.
37
HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
e. Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945.
8. The defeat of Japan started with three major American Sea Victories
a. The Battle of The Coral Sea in May of 1942
b. The Battle of Midway Island in June of 1942
c. The Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines in 1942
9. Japan also suffered major land defeats in
a. Guadalcanal
b. Iwo Jima
c. Okinawa
10. Leaders
a. Churchill
b. Stalin
c. Franklin Roosevelt and Truman
1) They were not that close
2) Franklin had a Jewish Secretary of the Treasury who wanted to really
punish the Germans and turn them into an agrarian society to remove
any potential future war making. He developed the Morgenthau
Plan, but it was never acted upon.
d. Hirohito
11. Allied Powers ----America, Britain, France, Soviet Union, China and 40 other
countries
a. Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt became strong friends
b. Churchill, FDR and Stalin were the major leaders, but there was a distrust
towards Stalin because of perceived Communist expansionist tendencies
12. Atomic Bomb
A. Manhattan Project
B. Truman Decided
1. Hiroshima by plane Enola Gay killing 100,000 and injuring 40,000
2. Nagasaki three days later
3. Japan then surrendered and signed surrender on the battleship Missouri
in Tokyo Bay
COLD WAR TENSION
I.
Post-World-War II Political Scene
A. Superpower Tension
1. Capitalism v. Communism
2. Russia takes over war torn countries as satellites
a. Poland
b. Lithuania
c. Hungary
d. Others
3. Came to head in German: East and West Germany
38
HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
a. Berlin
1) air lift
2) French, English, Americans against Russians
American Policies of Containment of Communism
1. Truman Doctrine
 Help countries stop the spread of communism
2. Marshall Plan
a. Secretary of State George Marshall
b. Help countries recover from World War II
3. Harry S. Truman
a. NATO formed
b. Korean War (1950)
c. Cold War starts
People’s Republic of China Established 1949
Israel Established as a Jewish State
1. Established May 14, 1948
2. Arab-Israeli War started
Korea
1. Korea was controlled by Japan prior to the end of World War II.
2. After the war, it was divided (north/south) by Russia and America.
3. June 25, 1950
a. Soviet-supported North Korea invaded South Korea.
b. November 1950: United Nations troops, which were 90% American,
pushed invaders back to within 90 miles of China.
c. 300,000 Chinese troops helped launch a counter-offensive, pushing the
American back into South Korea.
d. President Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur for
insubordination on April 11, 1951.
4. Truce
a. When Dwight D. Eisenhower became president, he delivered a secret
message to Mao Tse Tung, telling him that if a truce was not signed,
America would use the atomic bomb.
b. The truce was signed in Panmunjom on July 27, 1953.
McCarthyism
1. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin
2. Attacks on Communism
3. Investigations to uncover communists, communist sympathizers and
subversives.
Dwight David Eisenhower (Nikita Khrushchev)
1. Threatened use of nuclear weapons to stop communist expansion. This ended
the conflict in Korea.
2. Helped to get the French, British and Israelis out of Egypt when President
Gamal Abdul Nasser seized control of the Suez Canal, which had been built
(financed) by French and British investors.
3. Left America as dominant power in Mideast.
4. The Space Race
39
HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
Sputnik
Yuri Gagarin (first man in space)
ICBM
U2 Incident
i.
Francis Gary Powers
ii. Lost peace momentum
e. Time of America Prosperity
5. Domino Theory
a.
b.
c.
d.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
I.
II.
Rosa Parks (bus – 1955)
Martin Luther King. Jr.
A. Began his mission because of Rosa Park’s bus boycott.
40
HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
B. Assassinated by George Earl Ray in April 1968.
KENNEDY ERA
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Youngest Person, at that point, to Ever Elected President )
Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy
A. Culture
B. Languages
C. Camelot
IV.
TV Debates with Richard M. Nixon
V.
Events
A. Established Peace Corps
B. Space Race
C. Astronauts
1. Alan B. Sheppard, Jr. – First American to travel into space (but after Russian
Uri Gagarin)
2. John Glenn, Jr. (February, 1962) – First American to orbit Earth
D. Russians Build Berlin Wall
E. Cuba
1. Fidel Castro takes over
2. Bay of Pigs
3. Cuban Missile Crisis (October 14 – 22, 1962)
F. Civil Rights
1. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (brother)
2. Assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles, California, during presidential
campaign in June 1968.
G. Assassination
John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas.
I.
II.
III.
LYNDON BAINES JOHNNSON
I.
Viet Nam and War on Poverty
II.
Great Unrest and Riots
III.
Democratic National Convention
1968 - Chicago
IV.
The Great Society
A. Hispanics
B. Blacks
C. Native Americans
D. Women’s Rights
V.
Escalation of War in Viet Nam
A. American Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
B. Vietnamese Tet Offensive
C. Americans divided
D. Robert F. Kennedy opposes build-up
VI.
Assassinations
A. Martin Luther King
41
HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
B. Robert F. Kennedy
VII.
VIII.
1972: John did not seek reelection
Pentagon papers showed the Kennedy and Johnson misled American about Viet
Nam
RICHARD MILHOUSE NIXON
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
A.
B.
IX.
X.
XI.
I.
II.
Energy Crisis
“The Eagle Has Landed”
Met with Russian leader, Leonid Brezhnev
Détente - Henry Kissinger
SALT
Ended Viet Nam War
Opened China
Moon Landing
July 1969
Apollo II
1. Neil Armstrong
2. Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin
3. Michael Collins
Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned
Watergate Break-in and Cover-up
Resignation
GERALD FORD
Became President upon Nixon’s resignation
Betty Ford - Influenced thinking because of honesty about breast cancer and
substance abuse.
42
HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
III.
Lost election to Carter-----only President who was never elected
JAMES EARL CARTER (JIMMY)
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Egypt and Israel
SALT II
Lost Iran
Hostage Crisis - Negotiated for release of hostages, but Iran delayed until Reagan
inauguration – friendlier administration.
RONALD REAGAN
I.
II.
III.
Star Wars
Fall of Berlin Wall
Collapse of Soviet Union and Russian Communism
A. Fear over criminal element in Russia
B. Lack of ability to keep track of Nuclear weapons
GEORGE BUSH
I.
Gulf War
I.
II.
WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON (BILL)
Balanced Budget
Medicare and Medical Costs
GEORGE W. BUSH
I.
Close Election
II.
Sept 11
III.
Afghanistan
IV
Iraq
V.
Relationship with World Leaders
A. United Nations
B. Germany and France
VI.
Stress right to attack first if a threat is there
VII. North Korea
VIII. Issues
A. Social Security
B. Trade Imbalance
C. Value of Dollar
D. Immigration
E. Federal Deficit
F. Medicare
G. War
H. North Korea
I. Mideast ----- Afghanistan and Iraq
J. Relationship with World Leaders
VIII. Republicans loose power
43
HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
BARAK OBAMA
I.
II.
III.
Health Care
Government Bailouts
Subsidy Stimulants
A. Environment
CENTURY OF DEATH
From National Geographic January 2006 pg 30 -------- Genocide
I.
Germany
A. During World War II the Nazis killed over 11 million
II
In Russia between 1920 and 1955 twenty million were murdered mostly under
Stalin
III
Japan killed ten million between 1935 and 1945
IV
Under Mao 30 million were killed in the Great Leap Forward between 1940 and
1980
VI
In the Darfur region of the Sudan 2,850,000 have been killed since 1985
VII
In Afghanistan 1,850,000 were killed between 1980 and 1990
VIII In Bosnia in the mid 1990’s 225,000 were killed
POWER IN AMERICA TODAY
I Government
A. Three Branches
B. Agencies
II. Lobby Groups
II.
Unions
III.
Media
IV.
Special Interest Groups
V.
Immigration
A. Impact on social services
1. Education
2. Medical
3. Those in need of financial help
4. In the Prison system
B. Impact on political power
1. Spanish vote in boarder states
C. Fear of terrorism
D. Need for workforce that Americans refuse to do
E. Potential tax revenue source
F. Historically America has been open
G. A Question ------ Does the savings people realize by paying lower wages and not
paying taxes and medical get offset by the costs stated above? Probably not.
H. Impact on the balance of power in the hands of the voters
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
MIDDLE EAST
I.
Oil
II.
American relationship with Israel
III.
Strong relationship with Shah of Iran in the 1960’s and 1970’s
A. The Shah was overrun by the same nationalist and religious forces that are motivating
some of the Iraqi people at the present time
IV.
America forged a tighter relationship with Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War
A. Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda
V.
Afghanistan and the Taliban
VI.
Iran
VII
Iraq
PRESIDENTIAL HIGHLIGHTS
During the Presidential race of 2004 military service became an issue. Historically it is
interesting to note that a third of our Presidents did not serve in the military. Many of
these presidents who lacked a military background served as war-time presidents. Some
of those were:
James Madison in the War of 1812
Woodrow Wilson in World War I
Franklin D. Roosevelt in World War II
Even Abraham Lincoln, who was President during the Civil War, had only a few months
of military experience.
On the other hand military experience was not always indicative of great ability as a
presidential leader. This can be seen in Ulysses S. Grant, and some would even say
Jimmy Carter.
I.
George Washington (1789-1797)
A. “The Father of His Country”
B. General of the Revolutionary Army
C. Chairman of the Constitutional Convention
II.
James Polk ( (1845-1849)
A. Favored Expansion
B. Mexican War
Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)
A. Civil War
B. End to Slavery
C. Assassinated
IV.
Theodore Roosevelt
A. Foreign Policy --- walk softly and carry a big stick
B. Built up American Military
V.
Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
A. World War I – Ended with Treaty of Versailles
B. Fourteen-Point Program
C. League of Nations
1. America pulled out because of Article 10 (World Police Force).
2. It failed.
III.
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D. The American people started to develop an attitude of isolationism after World
War I. (Ford and Lindberg)
E. Internationalist
Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)
VI.
A. Stock Market Crash (1929)
B. Hooverville
C. Isolationist
VII.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
VIII.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
IX.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
X.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945)
New Deal
World War II
Court Packing
Famous for FIRST 100 DAYS
Longest serving President in American History
Died during 4th term
Atlantic Charter
1. Made between Roosevelt and Churchill.
2. Territory changes only if people living in territories approved.
Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)
Atomic Bomb
Taft-Hartley Act - Tempered the power of unions; passed because of too many
strikes.
Cold War starts
United Nations (April 1945)
Korean War
1. North Korea
a. Communist
b. Supported by China
c. Invaded South Korea June 25, 1990
2. South Korea
a. Supported by United States
3. General Douglas MacArthur
Rio Pact
NATO (1949-)
Dwight David Eisenhower (1953-1961)
Stalin dies and Nikita Khrushchev takes his place
Arms race
Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka KA
Rosa Parks refused to give up bus seat (1955)
Alaska and Hawaii become states
Viet Nam war starting
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1961-1963)
Viet Nam
Civil Rights Advancement
Bay of Pigs Failure
Cuban Missile Crisis
Assassinated (1963)
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HISTORY NOTES/03/16/16
F. Brother Robert “Bobby” F. Kennedy – Attorney General
Lyndon Baines Johnson (1963-1969)
Escalates Viet Nam War
Huge War Protests
War on Poverty and Viet Nam without enough taxes lead to inflation
Not on the best of terms with the Kennedy’s
Bobby Kennedy assassinated (1968)
LBJ does not seek reelection
XII.
Richard Nixon (1969-1974)
A. Opened door to China
B. Ended Viet Nam War
C. Watergate
D. Only President to resign
XIII.
Gerald Ford (1974-1977)
A. Only President not elected
XIV.
James Earl “Jimmy” Carter (1977-1981)
A. Mid-East Peace Agreement between Egypt and Israel
B. Washington outsider
C. Loses Iran
D. Negotiates Iran hostage release
XV.
Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)
A. Government deregulation
B. Appointed first woman to Supreme Court (Sandra Day O’Connor)
C. “Trickle-Down” theory
XVI.
George Bush (1989-1993)
A. Desert Storm
XVII.
William Randolph “Bill” Clinton (1993-2001)
A. Health Care Reform
XVIII. George W. Bush, Jr. (2001-)
A. Election controversy with Gore in first election
B. War on Terror
1. World Trade Center
2. Afghanistan
3. Ira
PRESENT REALITIES
I. According to a 2002 study by the World Bank there are 5 billion people, or about 80%
of the world’s population who hold just 20% of the world’s wealth.
A. Some believe this is at the root of many of the problems and conflicts in the WORLD.
XI.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
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