MUMBAI FIRST AND EUROPEAN UNION
SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION AND
WORLD CITIES CONFERENCE
25th MAY, 2015
HOTEL TRIDENT, MARINE DRIVE MUMBAI
JAYANT KUMAR BANTHIA
• Urban population (% of total) in India was 31.30
as of 2011. Its highest value over the past 51
years was 31.30 in 2011, while its lowest value
was 17.92 in 1960.
• The value for Urban population in India was
388,524,900 as of 2011. Over the past 51 years
this indicator reached a maximum value of
388,524,900 in 2011 and a minimum value of
80,271,580 in 1960.
• Definition: Urban population refers to people
living in urban areas as defined by national
statistical offices. It is calculated using World
Bank population estimates and urban ratios from
the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects.
• CURRENT URBAN POPULATION OF INDIA IS
APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO INDIA’S POPULATION AT
THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE
• AND ALSO ALMOST EQUAL TO CURRENT USA’S
POPULATION
• UNLIKE SEVERAL OTHER COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE
ONE PRIMA URBAS, USUALLY THE COUNTRY
CAPITAL ACCOUNTING FOR THE BULK OF THE
URBAN POPULATION OF THAT COUNTRY.
• INDIA HISTORICALLY HAD SEVERAL URBAN
CENTERS, USUALLY COASTAL CITIES. NO LONGER
TRUE NOW. HENCE URBAN POPULATION IN INDIA IS
CONSIDERABLY SPREAD ALL OVER THE COUNTRY.
Basic feature of urbanization in India can be highlighted as :
1 Lopsided urbanization induces growth of class I cities
2 Urbanisation occurs without industrialization and strong
economic base
3 Urbanisation mainly a product of demographic explosion
and poverty induced rural - urban migration.
4 Rapid urbanization leads to massive growth of slum followed
by misery, poverty, unemployment, exploitation, inequalities,
degradation in the quality of urban life.
5 Urbanisation occurs not due to urban pull but due to rural
push.
6 Poor quality of rural-urban migration leads to poor quality of
urbanization.
7 Distress migration initiates urban decay
Top 20 Urban Agglomerations/Cities in India (Census 2011)
Rank
Agglomerations
/Cities
State
Population
Rank
Agglomerations
/
Cities
State
Population
1
Mumbai
Maharashtra
18,414,288
11
Kanpur
Uttar Pradesh
2,920,067
2
Delhi
Delhi
16,314,838
12
Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh
2,901,474
3
Kolkata
West Bengal
14,112,536
13
Nagpur
Maharashtra
2,497,777
4
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
8,696,010
14
Ghaziabad
2,358,525
5
Bangalore
Karnataka
8,499,399
15
Indore
Uttar Pradesh
Madhya
Pradesh
6
Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh
7,749,334
16
Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu
2,151,466
7
Ahmedabad
Gujarat
6,240,201
17
Kochi
Kerala
2,117,990
8
Pune
Maharashtra
5,049,968
18
Patna
Bihar
2,046,652
9
Surat
Gujarat
4,585,367
19
Kozhikode
2,030,519
10
Jaipur
Rajasthan
3,073,350
20
Bhopal
Kerala
Madhya
Pradesh
2,167,447
1,883,381
As per report of the population projections constituted by the
National Commission on Population (2006), the urbanization in
India would be 38.8% by the year 2026. According to a survey
by UN State of the World Population report in 2007, by 2030,
40.76% of country's population is expected to reside in urban
areas.
India will lead the world's urban population surge by 2050 as
per World Bank. If one fits the trend line to the data as below,
one gets that India may achieve the urbanization of 39.72% by
the year 2050 only, if the trend continues.
Census Year
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
All-India %
Urban
17.29 17.97 19.91 23.08 25.49 27.81 31.16
Contrary to conventional wisdom, natural urban
growth and not migration from rural areas is the major
cause of urban population growth.
SLUM POPULATION
• SLUMS AND SLUM POPULATION WERE NOT A FEATURE
OF EVEN METROPOLITAN TOWNS IN PRE
INDEPENDENT INDIA AND ALMOST UPTO 1970’S.
• IMPROVEMENT TRUSTS SET UP IN PREINDEPENDENT
INDIA TOOK CARE OF EMERGING URBAN PLANNING
AND URBAN CHALLENGES .( NAGPUR IMPROVEMENT
TRUS, BOMBAY IMPROVEMENT TRUST FOR EXAMPLE)
• PROVIDED HOUSING STOCK TO INDUSTRIAL URBAN
MIGRANTS (CHAWLS IN MUMBAI FOR EXAMPLE
PROVIDED HOUSING STOCK TO TEXTILE WORKERS)
SLUM POPULATION
• INTRODUCTION OF URBAN LAND CEILING ACT
LED TO SEVERE LAND CRUNCH IN METROPOLITAN
TOWNS AND ACCELERATED THE GROWTH OF
SLUM AND SLUM POPULATION
• INABILITY OF LOCAL, STATE AND CENTRAL
GOVERNMENTS TO PROTECT ITS OWN LAND
FROM ENCROACHMENTS LED TO CREATION OF
LARGE POLITICAL CONSTITUENCIES WHICH HAVE
NOW BECOME AN ALBATROSS AROUND ITS NECK
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Some of the major problems of urbanisation in India are
1. Urban Sprawl
2. Overcrowding
3. Housing
4. Unemployment
5. Slums and Squatter Settlements
6. Transport
7. Water
8. Sewerage Problems
9. Trash Disposal
10. Urban Crimes
11. Problem of Urban Pollution!
The Census of India 2001 concluded the first ever
and the largest survey of household amenities and
assets which points a never-before profile of
problem relating to housing in India.
The outcome is both instructive and amusing.
Thirty-nine per cent of all married couples in India
(about 86 million) do not have an independent
room to themselves.
As many as 35 per cent (18.9 million) urban families
live in one-room houses.
• For about a third of urban Indian families, a
house does not include a kitchen, a bathroom,
a toilet—and in many cases there is no power
and water supply.
• Only 79 per cent (42.6 million) urban
household live in permanent (pucca/
DURABLE) houses.
• 67 per cent (36 million) of the urban houses
are owned by the households while 29 per
cent (15 million) are rented.
Mumbai draws water from neighbouring areas and from
sources located as far as 125 km in the Western Ghats.
Chennai uses water express trains to meets its growing
demand for water.
Bangalore is located on the plateau and draws water from
Cauvery river at a distance of 100 km. Water for Bangalore has
to be lifted about 700 metres with help of lifting pumps.
Hyderabad depends on Nagarjuna Sagar located 137 km
away.
Delhi meets large part of its water requirements from Tajiwala
in Haryana. Water is also drawn from Ramganga as far as 180
km.
Almost all the major programmes of urban
development suffer from the chronic disease of
resource crunch.
Urban Development has been low on the
development agenda with only 3-4 per cent of the
total plan outlay being allocated to the urban
sector.
The National Commission on Urbanization
recommended in 1988 that at least 8 per cent of
the Plan outlay should be dedicated to urban
sector.
Despite the increasing importance of cities,
urban development remains someway off
from the mainstream development radar.
The graphic below accurately captures the
development priorities of Government of
India.
The Eleventh Plan (2007-12) allocation to
various sectors reveals the low priority for
urban development.
CHALLENGES IN URBAN GOVERNANCE
• LACK OF GOOD TOWN PLANNERS AND URBAN
ADMINISTRATORS
• LACK OF EXPOSURE TO URBAN GOVERNANCE AS A
PART OF DISTRICT TRAINING AND INITIAL CAREER
PLANNING FOR THE INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE
OFFICERS(IAS)
• URBAN LOCAL BODIES UNABLE TO PROVIDE
ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES (CORPORATORS) WHO
CONVERT AND EMERGE AS RELEVANT LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY MEMBERS ( MLA’S) OR MEMBER OF
PARLIAMENT (MP’S) FOR RAISING URBAN ISSUES
CHALLENGES IN URBAN GOVERNANCE
• AS RESULT THE MINISTER IN CHARGE OF URBAN
AFFAIRS IN UNION AND STATE GOVERNMENTS HAVE
LITTLE PRIOR EXPOSURE AND EXPERIENCE OF URBAN
ISSUES
• FREEZING OF THE CONSTITUENCY BOUNDARIES FOR
THE MLA’S AND MP’S BASED ON 1971 CENSUS
URBAN/ RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION LED TO
POOR AND DISTORTED UNDER-REPRESENTATION OF
THE URBAN POPULATION AND URBAN ISSUES,
UNTIL 2005 .
• A FRESH DELIMITATION OF THE BOUNDARIES TOOK
PLACE BASED ON THE 2001 CENSUS TO PROVIDE FOR
PROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATION OF URBAN
POPULATION
THANKS FOR YOUR TIME
ANY Q&A ??