Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The New Republic
Section 2: The Growth of a
Nation
Section 3: Growing Division and
Reform
Section 4: Manifest Destiny and
Crisis
Visual Summary
How Do Nations Grow?
The young republic saw the growth
of the federal government and
nationalism. Sectional disputes
began as industry developed in the
North while Southern agriculture
depended on slavery. As the nation
expanded west, sectional conflict
continued to escalate.
• How did economic differences
between North and South cause
tensions?
• How do you think the migration of
settlers to the West affected the
North and the South?
The New Republic
What steps did the United
States take to establish a
stable and lasting national
government?
The Growth of a Nation
How did nationalism affect
the development of the
United States?
Growing Division and
Reform
How did the Missouri
Compromise seek to
address growing
sectionalism?
Manifest Destiny and
Crisis
Why did westward
expansion make sectional
tensions worse?
Big Ideas
Government and Society An important Supreme
Court decision asserted that the Court had the power
to decide whether laws passed by Congress are
constitutional.
Content Vocabulary
• cabinet
• enumerated powers
• Bill of Rights
• implied powers
• judicial review
Academic Vocabulary
• constitutional
People and Events to Identify
• District of Columbia
• Louisiana Territory
• Louisiana Purchase
Which right guaranteed by the
Constitution do you find most
important and why?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Early Years of the Republic
The United States established a federal
government, created a Bill of Rights,
and witnessed the first political parties.
The Early Years of the Republic (cont.)
• In the summer of 1789, Congress created
three executive departments:
− The Department of State
− The Department of the Treasury
− The Department of War
• Washington then chose his cabinet.
• Congress also organized the judicial branch.
The Early Years of the Republic (cont.)
• Ten of the twelve constitutional
amendments proposed by Congress were
approved. They are known as the Bill of
Rights.
Origins of the Bill of Rights
The Early Years of the Republic (cont.)
• Alexander Hamilton called for the creation of
a national bank to manage the country’s
finances.
− However, Thomas Jefferson, James
Madison, and others believed that the bank
was not one of the federal government’s
enumerated powers.
− Hamilton rebuffed this criticism by stating
that it was an implied power.
The Early Years of the Republic (cont.)
• Hamilton won approval for his financial
program after promising to move the nation’s
capital to the District of Columbia.
• By 1794, factions in Congress solidified into
two rival political parties:
− Federalists—consisting of Hamilton’s
supporters
− Democratic-Republicans—consisting of
Madison’s and Jefferson’s supporters
The Early Years of the Republic (cont.)
• Washington’s successor as president was
John Adams.
− One of his most urgent challenges was
averting war with France.
• Federalists passed the unpopular Alien and
Sedition Acts in 1798.
• The election of 1800 revealed a flaw in the
system for electing the president.
The Early Years of the Republic (cont.)
• Thomas Jefferson became president and
Aaron Burr became vice president.
− This switch from the Federalist Party to the
Democratic-Republican Party established
that power could be peacefully transferred
despite disagreements between political
parties.
Presidential Election of 1800
Manufacturers, merchants, and
bankers would have belonged to
which political party?
A. Federalist
B. Democratic-Republican
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Republicans in Power
During the Jefferson administration,
the Supreme Court established judicial
review, and the country doubled in size.
Republicans in Power (cont.)
• Thomas Jefferson took office committed to
limiting the scope of government.
− He also wanted to weaken the Federalists’
control of the judiciary.
• With the case of Marbury v. Madison, the
Court asserted its right of judicial review.
Republicans in Power (cont.)
• Under Jefferson, the size of the country
increased considerably.
− Napoleon Bonaparte offered to sell all of
the Louisiana Territory, as well as New
Orleans, to the United States.
− Congress overwhelmingly approved the
Louisiana Purchase on April 30, 1803.
The Louisiana Purchase, 1803
Republicans in Power (cont.)
• When Republican James Madison became
president in 1809, the British were
antagonizing Americans.
− Congress declared war, resulting in the
War of 1812.
− The Treaty of Ghent, signed on December
24, 1814, ended the war.
− The treaty increased America’s prestige
overseas and generated a new spirit of
patriotism at home.
Who was chief justice of the Supreme
Court during this time?
A. John Marshall
B. Benjamin Franklin
C. John Adams
D. George Washington
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Science and Technology New technologies
reshaped American industry.
Content Vocabulary
• revenue tariff
• protective tariff
• labor union
Academic Vocabulary
• transportation
People and Events to Identify
• “Era of Good Feelings”
• John C. Calhoun
• McCulloch v. Maryland
• Monroe Doctrine
• Industrial Revolution
Are you aware of any recent Supreme
Court decisions that have had a
major effect on society?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Growth of American Nationalism
The surge of nationalism and the
survival of only one political party
made it possible to make economic and
judicial decisions that strengthened the
national government.
Growth of American Nationalism (cont.)
• After the War of 1812, a sense of
nationalism swept the United States.
− A Boston newspaper called this time the
“Era of Good Feelings.”
− James Monroe became the nation’s fifth
president in 1816.
Growth of American Nationalism (cont.)
• After Republicans eliminated the First Bank
of the United States, the results were
disastrous.
− In 1816 Representative John C. Calhoun
introduced a bill proposing the Second
Bank of the Unites States.
• Protection of manufacturer from foreign
competition was another part of the
Republican program.
Growth of American Nationalism (cont.)
• Congress responded to the flow of cheaper
British goods with the Tariff of 1816.
− Unlike earlier revenue tariffs, this tariff
was a protective tariff.
• The Republicans also wanted to improve the
nation’s transportation system.
Building the National Road, 1811–1838
Growth of American Nationalism (cont.)
• In many cases, between 1816 and 1824,
John Marshall interpreted the Constitution
broadly to support federal power.
• Examples of cases are as follows:
− Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee—the Court
decided it had the authority to hear all
appeals of state court decisions in cases
involving federal statutes and treaties.
Growth of American Nationalism (cont.)
− McCulloch v. Maryland—the Court ruled
that the “necessary and proper” clause
allowed the federal government to use its
powers in any way not specifically
prohibited by the Constitution.
− Gibbons v. Ogden—the Court ruled that
states could regulate commerce only
within their borders, but that control of
interstate commerce was a federal right.
Growth of American Nationalism (cont.)
• Postwar nationalism also influenced foreign
affairs.
− During the 1800s, Spanish-held Florida
was a source of frustration for
Southerners.
− Eventually, Spain gave in and ceded all of
Florida to the United States in the AdamsOnis Treaty of 1819.
Growth of American Nationalism (cont.)
• With the threat of European countries, as
well as Russia, claiming territory in the
United States, Monroe issued the Monroe
Doctrine in 1823.
During Monroe’s presidency, which of
the following was not a focus?
A. The banking system
B. Transportation
C. Tariffs
D. The military
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
A Growing Nation
New industries and railroads
transformed the North in the early
1800s, while slavery expanded in the
South.
A Growing Nation (cont.)
• With the United States expanding rapidly,
Americans sought new ways to connect the
distant regions of the country.
− New roads, steamboats, and trains were
three of the ways by which this was
accomplished.
• The Industrial Revolution, which began in
Britain in the mid-1700s, spread to the
United States.
A Growing Nation (cont.)
• The United States industrialized quickly for
several reasons:
− The American system of free enterprise
based on private property rights
− The era’s low taxes
− General incorporation laws that made it
much easier to start businesses
A Growing Nation (cont.)
• Between 1815 and 1860, more than 5 million
foreigners journeyed to America.
− Some Americans, such as the KnowNothings, had feelings of nativism.
• By 1860, factory workers numbered roughly
1.3 million.
− Hoping to gain higher wages or shorter
workdays, some workers began to
organize into labor unions.
A Growing Nation (cont.)
• Despite the trend toward urban and industrial
growth, agriculture remained the country’s
leading economic activity.
− In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton
gin, transforming cotton production in the
South.
A Growing Nation (cont.)
• The spread of cotton plantations boosted the
Southern economy, but it also made the
demand for slave labor skyrocket.
− All enslaved persons, no matter how well
some were treated, suffered indignities.
An Economy Built on Enslaved Labor, c. 1850
Which form of transportation
contributed the most to connecting
different regions in the early 1800s?
A. Steamboats
B. Trains
C. Wagons
D. Cars
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Government and Society The American political
system became more democratic during the
Jacksonian era.
Content Vocabulary
• spoils system
• benevolent societies
• secede
• temperance
• emancipation
Academic Vocabulary
• controversy
• exposure
People and Events to Identify
• Missouri Compromise
• Tariff of Abominations
• Trail of Tears
• Whigs
• Second Great Awakening
• Frederick Douglass
Is there any part of our society that
needs reform?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Resurgence of Sectionalism
Sectionalism increased after the War of
1812, while voting rights expanded for
American citizens.
The Resurgence of Sectionalism (cont.)
• Tensions rose to a boiling point in 1819,
when Missouri’s application for statehood
stirred up the country’s most divisive issue:
whether slavery should expand westward.
• The Senate decided to admit Maine as a
free state and Missouri as a slave state,
known as the Missouri Compromise.
− They also added an amendment to prohibit
slavery in the rest of the Louisiana
Territory north of Missouri’s southern
The Missouri Compromise
boundary.
The Resurgence of Sectionalism (cont.)
• John Quincy Adams won the disputed
election of 1824.
− Andrew Jackson’s supporters called
themselves Democrats, while Adams and
his supporters called themselves National
Republicans.
The Resurgence of Sectionalism (cont.)
• Throughout the first decades of the 1800s,
hundreds of thousands of white males
gained the right to vote.
− The campaign that year pitted John
Quincy Adams against Andrew Jackson
again.
− Jackson won and actively tried to make
the government more inclusive.
− Jackson vigorously utilized the spoils
system.
The Resurgence of Sectionalism (cont.)
• The Jacksonians replaced the caucus with
the national nominating convention.
• When Congress levied yet another new tariff
in 1828—which critics called the Tariff of
Abominations—many South Carolinians
threatened to secede from the Union.
− When Congress passed yet another tariff
law, South Carolina voted to nullify the law.
− Jackson considered their action treason and
sent a warship to Charleston.
The Resurgence of Sectionalism (cont.)
− Henry Clay insisted that Congress pass a
bill that would lower tariffs gradually until
1842, diffusing the situation.
• In 1830 Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act.
• Chief Justice John Marshall supported the
Cherokee in two court decisions, but Jackson
refused to carry out the decision.
− Roughly 4,000 Cherokee died before
and during the Trail of Tears.
Effects of the Indian Removal Act, 1831–1842
The Resurgence of Sectionalism (cont.)
• President Jackson also decided to dismantle
the Second Bank of the United States.
• By the mid-1830s, those who criticized
Jackson’s decision had formed a new
political party, the Whigs.
The Resurgence of Sectionalism (cont.)
• Democrat Martin Van Buren succeeded
Jackson and took office as a crippling
economic crisis hit the nation.
− He did little to ease the crisis, and a Whig
candidate, General William Henry Harrison,
won the 1840 election.
− After Harrison’s death, John Tyler, a former
Democrat, took office.
The following reasons caused the
economic crisis during Van Buren’s
presidency EXCEPT
A. Jackson’s issue of the
Specie Circular
D. An absence of a National Bank
0%
0%
0%
D
C. A lack of gold
A
0%
A
B
C
D
C
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
B. A lack of paper credit
The Reform Spirit
The Second Great Awakening brought
an era of reform.
The Reform Spirit (cont.)
• In the early 1800s, religious leaders
organized to revive America’s commitment to
religion, called the Second Great
Awakening.
• Other religious groups besides Protestants
flourished, including:
− Unitarians
− Universalists
− Mormons
The Reform Spirit (cont.)
• Associations known as benevolent
societies focused on spreading the word of
God and attempting to convert nonbelievers.
− They also sought to combat a number of
social problems.
The Reform Spirit (cont.)
• Although advocates of temperance had
been active since the late 1700s, the new
reformers energized the campaign.
− In 1833 the American Temperance Union
was formed.
− Maine passed the first state prohibition law.
• Other reformers focused on prisons and
education.
The Reform Spirit (cont.)
• Women did not have the right to vote in the
1800s.
− In 1848 activists Lucretia Mott and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the
Seneca Falls Convention in New York.
− This gathering marked the beginning of an
organized women’s movement.
The Reform Spirit (cont.)
• Many of the country’s founders knew that the
nation would have difficulty remaining true to
its ideals if it continued to enslave human
beings.
− Early antislavery societies advocated
gradual reform.
− The American Colonization Society (ACS)
encouraged African Americans to resettle
in Africa.
The Reform Spirit (cont.)
• William Lloyd Garrison, in his newspaper,
the Liberator, called for the immediate
emancipation of enslaved persons.
• Many women and free African Americans
took a prominent role in the abolitionist
movement.
− Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth
worked hard to end slavery.
The Reform Spirit (cont.)
• Some Northerners objected to abolitionism
because they considered it a dangerous
threat to the existing social system.
• Most Southerners vehemently defended the
institution of slavery.
Of all the reform movements, which
one was the most divisive?
A. Social reform
B. The women’s movement
C. The abolitionist movement
D. Religious reform
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
War, Trade, and Migration War with Mexico brought
new territories under the control of the United States
and increasing discord about slavery.
Content Vocabulary
• popular sovereignty
• secession
Academic Vocabulary
• resolution
• civil
People and Events to Identify
• Manifest Destiny
• James K. Polk
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Compromise of 1850
• Underground Railroad
• Harriet Tubman
• Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Dred Scott
Do you agree that citizens are
sometimes justified in disobeying the
law?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Manifest Destiny
In the 1840s the nation expanded as
settlers moved west.
Manifest Destiny (cont.)
• Most emigrants, like the majority of
Americans, believed in Manifest Destiny.
− Latecomers to the Midwest set their sights
on California and Oregon.
− By the 1840s, several east-to-west routes
had been carved, including the Oregon
Trail, the California Trail, and the Santa Fe
Trail.
Overland Trails West, 1840–1860
Manifest Destiny (cont.)
• At first, Mexico had encouraged Americans
to settle the Mexican region of Texas.
− Stephen Austin and Sam Houston decided
to separate from Texas and create their
own government after tensions developed
with Mexico.
Manifest Destiny (cont.)
• The citizens of Texas voted in favor of joining
the United States.
− Texas statehood became a key issue in
the presidential race of 1844.
− James K. Polk, a Democrat, beat Henry
Clay, a Whig.
Manifest Destiny (cont.)
• In December 1845 Texas became a state.
− Texas’s entry into the Union outraged the
Mexican government.
• On May 13, 1846, the Senate and House
voted in favor of war with Mexico.
− Defeated Mexico’s leaders signed the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on
February 2, 1848.
The War with Mexico, 1846–1848
Why did the United States declare war on Mexico?
A
E. A and C
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
E
D. A and B
A
B
C
D
E
D
C. A Mexican force attacked the
U.S. troops first.
C
B. Mexican forces began attacking
Americans in California.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
B
A. Mexico’s president refused to
discuss a solution with the
United States.
Slavery and Western Expansion
Continuing disagreements over the
westward expansion of slavery
increased sectional tensions between
the North and South.
Slavery and Western Expansion (cont.)
• In mid-1846 Representative David Wilmot
proposed that any territory the United States
had gained from Mexico should be a free
state.
• Senator Lewis Cass suggested the citizens
of each new territory be allowed to decide for
themselves if they wanted to permit slavery,
a policy known as popular sovereignty.
Slavery and Western Expansion (cont.)
• By the end of 1849, over 80,000 “FortyNiners” had arrived in California hoping to
find gold.
− California applied to enter the Union as a
free state in December 1849.
− At the time, the union consisted of 15 free
states and 15 slave states.
− A few Southern politicians began to talk of
secession if California tipped the balance.
Slavery and Western Expansion (cont.)
• In early 1850 Henry Clay tried to find a
compromise that would enable California to
join the Union and resolve other sectional
disputes.
− By September, Congress had passed all
parts of the Compromise of 1850.
Slavery and Western Expansion (cont.)
• As part of the Compromise of 1850, Henry
Clay had convinced Congress to pass the
Fugitive Slave Act as a benefit to
slaveholders.
− The law actually hurt the Southern cause
by creating active hostility toward slavery
among many Northerners.
Slavery and Western Expansion (cont.)
• One reason that so many African Americans
could escape from the South was the
Underground Railroad.
− Harriet Tubman was the most famous
conductor.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe’s book, Uncle Tom’s
Cabin, had such a dramatic impact on public
opinion that many historians consider it a
cause of the Civil War.
Slavery and Western Expansion (cont.)
• The opening of the Oregon country and the
admission of California to the Union brought
further problems as the nation expanded.
• Many people became convinced of the need
for a transcontinental railroad to promote
growth in the territories along the route.
− The choice of the railroad’s eastern
starting point was contentious.
Slavery and Western Expansion (cont.)
• Despite opposition, Congress passed the
Kansas-Nebraska Act in May 1854.
• By March 1856, Kansas had two
governments, one opposed to slavery and
the other supporting it.
− “Bleeding Kansas,” as newspapers
dubbed the territory, had become the
scene of a territorial civil war.
− Kansas finally became a free state in
1861.
The disputed starting points for the
transcontinental railroad were which
two cities?
A. Chicago and Philadelphia
D. Los Angeles and Boston
0%
0%
D
0%
A
B
C
D
C
0%
A
C. New Orleans and Chicago
A.
B.
C.
D.
B
B. The District of Columbia
and Philadelphia
The Crisis Deepens
The slavery controversy shook up
political parties and accelerated the
crisis between North and South.
The Crisis Deepens (cont.)
• During the congressional elections of 1854,
many Northern Whigs joined forces with
Free-Soilers and a few antislavery
Democrats to organize the Republican Party.
• The Know-Nothing Party began to come apart
when the Upper South section split with the
Northern section over the Northerners support
for the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
• Democrat James Buchanan defeated
Republican John C. Fremont and KnowNothing Millard Fillmore in the 1856 election.
The Crisis Deepens (cont.)
• Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled against
Dred Scott in the case Dred Scott v. Sanford.
− Taney claimed that African Americans
were not citizens and therefore could not
sue in the courts.
• About a year after the second rejection of the
Lecompton constitution, national attention
shifted to John Brown, a fervent abolitionist
who opposed slavery not with words but with
violence.
The Crisis Deepens (cont.)
• After seizing the arsenal at Harpers Ferry,
Virginia, Brown was captured and sentenced
to death.
− Many Northerners saw Brown as a martyr
in a noble cause.
Whose main goal was to stop
Southern planters from becoming an
aristocracy that controlled the
government?
A. The Republican Party
B. The Know-Nothings
C. The Democratic Party
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0%
C. C
B
0%
C
A Growing Nation
Political Developments
• Washington creates the first cabinet; Supreme Court is
established.
• The Bill of Rights is added to the Constitution.
• The first political parties develop; the convention
system emerges.
• Voting rights are widely extended to free adult men.
• Women begin to seek voting rights.
• United States fights the War of 1812 against Britain.
A Growing Nation
Political Developments
• Supreme Court asserts power to overturn laws in
Marbury v. Madison.
• The United States issues the Monroe Doctrine.
A Growing Nation
Economic Developments
• Canals, railroads, and
roads are built linking the
nation together.
• Factories open in the
North; cotton farming
spreads across the
South.
A Growing Nation
Territorial Growth
• The Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of the
nation.
• The United States obtains Florida from Spain.
• The United States annexes Texas and divides Oregon
with Britain.
• United States acquires the Southwest and California
after the war with Mexico.
A Growing Nation
An Emerging National Culture
• Religious revivalism triggers movements to reform
education, prisons, and asylums, and reduce alcohol
consumption.
• New American literature is written.
A Divided Nation
Economic Differences
• North’s economy is based on small family farms, trade,
and small-scale industrial production.
• South’s economy is based on enslaved labor on
plantations and farms.
A Divided Nation
Political Conflict
• Missouri Compromise divides territories into
areas where slavery is and is not permitted.
• Jackson threatens to use force to ensure federal authority
over South Carolina in the Nullification Crisis.
• Abolitionism emerges in the North; Southern anxiety
grows.
• Underground Railway develops to help enslaved people
escape to the North.
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin builds support for abolition but
enrages Southerners.
A Divided Nation
Political Conflict
• Compromise of 1850 angers both
North and South.
• Northerners openly defy the Fugitive
Slave Act.
• Kansas-Nebraska Acts lead to fighting between proslavery and antislavery settlers.
• Dred Scott ruling allows slavery in territories, angering
Northerners.
• John Brown’s raid terrifies and angers Southerners.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
Why It Matters
Cause-and-Effect Transparency
Unit Time Line Transparency
Select a transparency to view.
cabinet
a group of advisers to the president
Bill of Rights
a summary of fundamental rights and
privileges guaranteed to a people
against violation by the state
enumerated powers
powers listed in the Constitution as
belonging to the federal government
implied powers
powers not specifically listed in the
Constitution but claimed by the
federal government
judicial review
power of the Supreme Court to
determine whether laws of Congress
are constitutional and to strike down
those that are not
constitutional
being in accordance with or regulated
by a constitution
revenue tariff
tax on imports for the purpose of
raising money
protective tariff
tax on imports designed to protect
American manufacturers
labor union
an organization of workers formed for
the purpose of advancing its
members’ interests
transportation
method of travel from one place to
another
spoils system
practice of handing out government
jobs to supporters; replacing
government employees with the
winning candidate’s supporters
secede
to leave or withdraw
benevolent society
an association focusing on spreading
the word of God and combating social
problems
temperance
moderation in or abstinence from
alcohol use
emancipation
the act or process of freeing enslaved
persons
controversy
a prolonged public dispute
exposure
the condition of being unprotected,
especially from severe weather
popular sovereignty
government subject to the will of the
people; before the Civil War, the idea
that people living in a territory had the
right to decide by voting whether
slavery would be allowed there
secession
withdrawal from the Union
resolution
a formal expression of opinion, will, or
intent voted by an official body or
assembly
civil
of or relating to citizens
To use this Presentation Plus! product:
Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.
Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.
Click the Transparency button from the Chapter Menu, Chapter Introduction, or
Visual Summary slides to access the transparencies that are relevant to this
chapter. From within a section, click on this button to access the relevant Daily
Focus Skills Transparency.
Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation.
Click the History Online button to access online textbook features.
Click the Reference Atlas button to access the Interactive Reference Atlas.
Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show.
Click the Help button to access this screen.
Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Maps in Motion, Graphs in Motion,
Charts in Motion, Concepts in Motion, and figures from your textbook are located at
the bottom of relevant screens.
This slide is intentionally blank.