Southern Methodist University Fall 2003 EETS 8391/NTU CC725-N Wireless Networks Lecture 1: Course Overview Instructor: Jila Seraj email: jseraj@engr.smu.edu http://www.engr.smu.edu/~jseraj/ tel: 214-505-6303 EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #1 Instructor Profile Senior Staff Engineer with Ericsson Inc. — Network performance management — Wireless mobility management MS EE Lund Technical University in Sweden — Major in telecommunications 20+ years experience in telecommunications EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #2 Course Objectives At the successful conclusion of this course the students should have Be familiar with elements of a wireless network Be able to explain the function of each element in the network Have a high lever knowledge of the protocols that govern inter-working between these elements EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #3 Course Objective, Cont. Have a good knowledge of the different wireless network technologies Have a good understanding of the capabilities and limitations of them Have a clear understanding of network performance metrics and their use Have a good understanding on how the performance can be measured EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #4 Course Objective, Cont. Have a high level knowledge of network performance verification and optimization Above all enjoy learning something new EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #5 Course Overview First generation cellular — AMPS, signaling, digital AMPS Second generation voice — Speech coding, TDMA (IS-136), CDMA (IS-95), GSM Third Generation of wireless system — UMTS — WCDMA EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #6 Course overview (cont) Mobile data systems — GPRS (general packet radio system), — mobile IP (Internet protocol) — CDPD, Architecture, MAC Wireless LANs (local area networks) — CSMA/CD, IEEE 802.11, residential networks, ad hoc networks Network performance evaluation EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #7 Course Topics (cont) Not covered: — RF propagation, antennas, modulation/detection — Communication/information theory — Cordless phones — Fixed wireless (radio or optical) systems Prerequisites: — None EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #8 Course Topics (cont) Grading Term Paper 10% 2 exams 40% each Home works 3 homework, each 5% Term paper is expected by end of November. Homework is expected 2 weeks after it is posted on the web for classroom students. Distance students are given an extra week. Answer to homework is posted on the web after 3 weeks. EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #9 Course Material No books are required Class notes will be posted on the at: http://www.engr.smu.edu/~jseraj/ Homework will be posted on the web Term papers will be posted too Suggestion for term paper could be found there too EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #10 References Recommended Books — Wireless Personal Communications Systems, David J. Goodman, Addison-Wesley Communications Series — T. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 1996 • easy introduction to cellular networks; moderate engineering level — B. Walke, Mobile Radio Networks: Networking and Protocols, Wiley, 1999 • comprehensive; heavy on GSM; European perspective EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #11 References (cont) — K. Pahlavan, A. Levesque, Wireless Information Networks, Wiley, 1995 • good as textbook or reference; heavy on RF instead of networks — V. Garg, J. Wilkes, Wireless and Personal Communications Systems, Prentice Hall, 1996 • similar to Rappaport; engineering level is easier — U. Black, Second Generation Mobile and Wireless Networks, Prentice Hall, 1999 • easy introduction to cellular for general audience EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #12 References (cont) — J. Gibson, ed., The Mobile Communications Handbook, 2nd ed., CRC Press, 1999. • handbook (not textbook) on various topics by leading experts Specialized books — B. Bing, High-Speed Wireless ATM and LANs, Artech House, 2000 — C. Perkins, Mobile IP: Design Principles and Practices, Addison-Wesley, 1998 EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #13 How To Get The Most Out Of This Course? Follow the class Do the homework, it helps you to come up with questions Choose a topic you are interested for your term paper. Start working on it as soon as you have made up your mind Ask questions EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #14 Term Paper Ideas Two types of term paper — Comparative study — In depth research in one specific area Subject Area — Wireless IP network — Wireless Security — Performance evaluation — Wireless LAN — Business case — Mobility Management EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #15 Your First Assignment Send me an email containing the following information: — Your name, phone number, the preferred method of communication — Tell me why you are taking this course — Tell me if you are interested in a special topic. I will try to accommodate it EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #16 Office Hours After the class as needed Email, jseraj@engr.smu.edu SMU distance learning mail and fax Please use SMU address and email EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #17 Miscellaneous Information Contact List — SMU EE Department Administrator Susan Bailey (214) 768-3109 — SMU Distance Learning Coordinator Gary McCleskey (214)768-3108 Southern Methodist University Distance Education Attn: Gary McCleskey P.O. Box 750338 Dallas, TX 75275-0338 Fax Number (214)768-8621 or (214)768-3573 EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #18 Miscellaneous Information Class Times and Dates — Thursdays 6:30-9:20 pm — Last class on November 20 — Final Exam December 11 Distance Students — Return assignments should be returned to Gary McCleskey either by mail, fax or email — Please send only one copy — Deadlines are fixed — Videotape help: vthelp@seas.smu.edu — NTU administration: www.ntu.edu EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #19 Outline Motivation Historical background Some Terminology Classification of wireless networks Standards Review of radio communications EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #20 Why wireless networks? No cost for installing wires or rewiring — Communications can reach where wiring is infeasible or costly, eg, rural areas, old buildings, battlefield, vehicles, outer space — “Automagical” instantaneous communications without physical connection setup, eg, Bluetooth — Communication satellites, global coverage, eg, Iridium Roaming allows flexibility to stay connected anywhere and any time EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #21 Why wireless networks? (cont) Rapidly growing market attests to public need for mobility and uninterrupted access Consumers are used to the flexibility and will demand instantaneous, uninterrupted, fast access regardless of the application. Consumers and businesses are willing to pay for it EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #22 Why wireless networks? (cont) Increasing dependence on telecommunication services for business and personal reasons EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #23 Challenges Network support for user mobility (location identification, handover,...) Efficient use of finite radio spectrum (cellular frequency reuse, medium access control protocols,...) Integrated services (voice, data, multimedia) over a single network (service differentiation, priorities, resource sharing,...) EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #24 Challenges (cont) Maintaining quality of service over unreliable links Connectivity and coverage (internetworking) Security (privacy, authentication,...) Cost efficiency EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #25 10 minutes break EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #26 Historical Background 1946: AT&T introduced first mobile telephone service using line of sight analog FM radio transmission, 120 kHz per voice channel, limited to 50 miles from base, operator-assisted dialing Mid-1960s: AT&T’s IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service) uses 30 kHz voice channels, narrowband FM and direct dialing EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #27 Historical Background (cont) First generation analog cellular telephony — late 1940s: AT&T develops cellular concept for frequency reuse — 1971: AT&T proposes High Capacity Mobile Phone Service to FCC — 1979: US standardizes it as AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)in 800-900 MHz range EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #28 Historical Background (cont) First generation analog cellular telephony — 1983: AT&T launches AMPS in Chicago 1985: Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT 450) in Scandanavia, Total Access Communications System (TACS) in UK, C450 in W. Germany — Total six incompatible analog cellular systems in Europe — Motivated Europe to accelerate 2nd generation digital cellular EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #29 Historical Background (cont) Second generation digital cellular — 1989: Europe standardizes Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) • 1992: GSM is launched — 1990: Japan standardizes Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) now called Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) — 1990: Europe standardizes Digital Cellular System at 1800 MHz (DCS 1800, recently renamed GSM 1800) — 1993: DCS 1800 launched EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #30 History (cont) — 1992: TIA/IS-54 TDMA (Digital AMPS) is deployed in US — 1996: TIA/IS-95 CDMA in US — 1995: Personal Handphone System (PHS) in Japan, first widespread low-tier PCS, is hugely successful 1996: AT&T and Sprint offer PCS in major US cities — Smaller cell sites (0.25 km vs traditional 1-8 km), smaller/lighter portable handsets, cheaper access points EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #31 History (cont) 1998: ITU begins to study proposals for 3rd generation cellular mid-2000s: UMTS, IMT-2000, W-CDMA, cdma2000, EDGE,... 2010-?: 4th generation? — Self organizing, ad hoc? EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #32 Some Terminology Wireless vs mobile — Wireless systems can be fixed (LMDS, microwave, optical) or mobile Cellular — Geography is divided into adjacent cells — Radio frequencies can be re-used in non-adjacent cells — Commonly in 800-900 MHz band EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #33 Terminology (cont) Base station — Fixed transceiver that sends and receives signals from the mobile device — Connects to the wireline network PCS — Originally, microcellular “anywhere any time” service with unique lifetime number, portable lightweight handsets — Now similar to digital cellular, in 1900 MHz range EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #34 Terminology (cont) Low-tier cellular (PCS) — Between cellular and cordless — Very small cells, limited mobility, usually campus range High tier cellular — Large cells Protocols — Rules for exchanging data between different entities Protocol layers EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #35 Terminology (cont) Protocols, cont — Concept of dividing (usually complex) protocols into separate functions — Higher protocol layers build on the functions (“services”) of lower layers — Each protocol layer can be designed and analyzed separately, if “services” provided to higher protocol layers is unchanged — Each protocol layer uses separate overhead information (eg, header fields) EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #36 Terminology (cont) Protocols, cont — Protocol “entities” in each layer communicate with their “peer entities” in the same layer EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #37 Terminology (cont) OSI protocol reference model Host A Host B application presentation session transport network data link physical EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 application presentation session transport network data link physical SMU ENGINEERING #38 Terminology (cont) Application Layer: User program that generates data Presentation Layer: changes syntax (data format) if necessary Session Layer: synchronizes sessions (dialogues) Transport Layer: end-to-end connection management, error recovery EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #39 Terminology (cont) Network Layer: routes data through network Link Layer: framing, error recovery on links, including MAC Physical Layer: point-to-point mediumdependent transmission EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #40 Terminology (cont) TCP/IP protocol reference model Host A Host B application application transport transport internet internet network access network access Application Layer: user program that generates data Transport Layer: end-to-end connection management, error recovery Internet Layer: route IP packets between different networks Network Access Layer: any network and physical layer protocols EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #41 Classification of Wireless Networks Mobility: fixed wireless or mobile Analog or digital Ad hoc (decentralized) or centralized (fixed base stations) Services: voice (isochronous) or data (asynchronous) Ownership: public or private EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #42 Classification of Wireless Networks Area: wide (WAN), metropolitan (MAN), local (LAN), or personal (PAN) area networks Switched (circuit- or packet-switched) or broadcast Low bit-rate (voicegrade) or high bit-rate (video, multimedia) Terrestrial or satellite EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #43 Standard Bodies International Telecommun. Union (ITU) —An agency of United Nations for communications standards and treaty-based spectrum management —Up to 1993, composed of 4 groups • CCITT (Consultative Committee on International Telegraph and Telephone): recommendations for wired networks EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #44 Standard Bodies • CCIR (Consultative Committee on International Radio): study groups for radio spectrum usage and interworking of wireless systems • International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB): allocated international frequencies and organized 1987 and 1992 World Administrative Radio Conferences (WARCs) settling international questions about spectrum for PCS and satellite services • General Secretariat EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #45 International Standards (cont) — 1985 Study Group 8 started work on future public land mobile telecommunications systems (FPLMTS): 3rd generation wireless or PCS — 1993 Reorganized into 3 sectors • Radio Communications Sector ITU-R (formerly CCIR and IFRB): world conferences, radio regulations • Telecommun. Standardization Sector ITU-T (formerly CCITT): all wireline and wireless standards • Telecommun. Development Sector (new): promote development of telecommun. in developing countries EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #46 Standards (cont) Conf. of European Posts and Telecommun. Administrations (CEPT) — Post/telecom administrations of most European nations — Traditionally coordinated European support of ITU — Supplanted by ETSI European Telecommun. Standards Institute (ETSI) — Established by the European Community for panEuropean systems — Covers GSM, HIPERLAN (wireless LAN) EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #47 10 minutes break EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #48 US Standards Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) — Project 802 studies LANs — 802.11 wireless LAN standard FCC (Federal Communications Commission) regulates licenses for US radio spectrum EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #49 US Standards 1979 Single nationwide standard allowed roaming in first generation cellular systems (AMPS) slowed push for second generation digital 1981 Decision to license two (20 MHz) wireless providers per market: (1) local telephone company (2) non-wireline company EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #50 US Standards (cont) Letting market decide among various 2nd generation technologies, constrained to share frequency bands with 1st generation 1994 Auction of PCS spectrum in 1900 MHz range American National Standards Institute (ANSI) — T1 committee for US standards supporting ITU T1A1 Performance and signal processing T1E1 Network interfaces T1M1 Interwork operations, administration, maintenance T1P1 Systems engineering, standards planning T1S1 Services, architecture, signaling T1X1 Digital hierarchy, synchronization EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #51 US Standards (cont) — T1E1 and T1P1 subcommittees are working on PCS Electronic Industries Association (EIA) — Telecommun. Industry Assoc. (TIA) is a branch representing equipment vendors to develop cellular standards — 1988 TR45 Committee on Digital Cellular Standards began 2nd generation cellular standards — 1992 EIA/TIA Interim Standard 54 (IS-54) defined air interface based on TDMA (dual mode with AMPS) EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #52 US Standards (cont) — 1993 TR45.5 subcommittee publishes EIA/TIA IS95 based on CDMA — TR45.4 subcommittee is working on PCS FCC is letting market decide among various technologies • TDMA (IS-136) • CDMA (IS-95) • digital AMPS (IS-54-B), also TDMA • narrowband analog AMPS (N-AMPS) • narrowband extended TDMA (E-TDMA) EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #53 3G International Standards 2005+ timeframe ITU-R studies of FPLMTS (future public land mobile telecommunications system) - now called IMT-2000 ITU standards on UPT (universal personal telecommunications) EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #54 3G International Standards (cont) ETSI group on UMTS (universal mobile telecommunication system) T1S1, T1E1, T1M1, T1P1 committees, TIA (Telecom Industry Assoc.), IEEE 802 committee are developing US standards for PCS EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #55 Questions? EETS 8316/NTU TC 745, Fall 2003 SMU ENGINEERING #56