Astronomy 920 Commissioning of the Robert Stobie Prime Focus Imaging Spectrograph Meeting 11 Polarimetry: Waveplate Modulation; Calibration Ken Nordsieck Dec 9, 2005 Ast 920 Meeting 12 1 Polarimetric Optics NIR Beam (future) 850 - 1700 nm Fold/ Dichroic Fold Polarizing Beamsplitter Collimator 320 - 1700 nm Visible Camera 320 - 900 nm 1/4 wave plate Focal plane Dec 9, 2005 Ast 920 Meeting 12 1/2 wave plate 2 Polarizing Beamsplitter Calcite E (y) O (x) • In Collimated beam, just before camera • Mosaic of 9 Calcite “Wollaston” Prisms • Splitting 4.8 – 5.8 deg (color dependent): 240 – 280 arcsec at CCD Dec 9, 2005 Ast 920 Meeting 12 3 Grating Spectropolarimetry No Beamsplitter Beamsplitter Unpolarized E O 900 nm HN32 Polaroid 600 nm • Setup – Tungsten Continuum – Test slitmask masked to center 4’ – Polaroid screwed to slitmask • • Polarization signal = (E-O)/(E+O) Dual Beam cancels out transparency changes Dec 9, 2005 Ast 920 Meeting 12 4 Modulating the Signal with Waveplates • 1/2 and 1/4 wave retardation plates – switch which beam has which sense of polarization to remove response variations with time by rotating plate – remove polarization sensitivity of optical elements after waveplates – measure different Stokes parameters: • (Q,U): linear; V: circular – Q/I = (I(y) – I(x)) / (I(y) + I(x)) (measured directly by beamsplitter) – U/I = (I(+45) – I(-45)) / (I(+45) + I(-45)) – V/I = (I(rcp) – I(lcp)) / (I(rcp + I(lcp) Dec 9, 2005 Ast 920 Meeting 12 5 Waveplate Optics • Pancharatnam “superachromatic” waveplates – at beginning of collimator – sandwich of 6 very thin pieces of crystal quartz and magnesium fluoride (birefringent materials) – 320 nm – 1.7 microns to accommodate visible and NIR beams • 1/2 wave: 100 mm diameter (full field • 1/4 wave: 60 mm diameter (3 arcmin field) Dec 9, 2005 Ast 920 Meeting 12 6 Dual-Beam Polarimeter Basics Waveplate Beamsplitter I''(O), 1, 0, 0 I, Q, U, V I', Q', U', V' I''(E), -1, 0, 0 • Signal: f = [ I’’(E) – I’’(O) ] / [ I’’(E) + I’’(O) ] = Q’ / I’ = 1/2 (1-cos τ) (Q/I cos 4ψ + U/I sin 4ψ) + sin τ V/I sin 2ψ • Linear pol (Q,U) modulated 100% at 4ψ by τ = 1/2 λ waveplate • Circular pol (V) modulated 100% at 2ψ by τ = 1/4 λ waveplate Dec 9, 2005 Ast 920 Meeting 12 7 PFIS waveplate patterns • 1/2 waveplate followed optionally by 1/4 waveplate Linear 1/2 λ 0 45 22.5 67.5 11.25 56.25 33.75 78.75 1/4 λ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dec 9, 2005 Circular 1/2 λ 0 0 22.5 22.5 45 45 67.5 67.5 1/4 λ +45 -45 -45 +45 +45 -45 -45 +45 All-Stokes 1/2 λ 1/4 λ 0 0 22.5 33.75 45 67.5 67.5 101.25 90 135 112.5 168.75 135 202.5 147.5 236.25 Ast 920 Meeting 12 8 Halfwave Efficiency 1 50 40 Angle Efficiency 0.99 0.98 30 0.97 Efficiency -- collimated Axis angle -- collimated 0.96 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 20 1700 Wavelength (nm) • • • Dec 9, 2005 Efficiency = (1 – cos τ ) / 2 Measure efficiency with polaroid at slitmask Absolute axis angle measured with stars of known polarization Ast 920 Meeting 12 9 Halfwave Modulation test (T-B)/T+B) 20050721 Halfwave Spectropolarimetry Test 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 556nm Data 556nm Fit 450nm Data 450nm Fit 0 22.5 45 67.5 90 Waveplate angle (deg) Dec 9, 2005 Ast 920 Meeting 12 10 Quarterwave Efficiency 1 40 0.98 Angle Efficiency 35 0.96 30 Efficiency -- collimated Axis angle -- collimated 0.94 quarterwave_09 0.92 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 25 1700 Wavelength (nm) • Predicted efficiency = sin τ • Measure with polaroid + 1/4 waveplate at slitmask Dec 9, 2005 Ast 920 Meeting 12 11 Instrumental Polarization • Linear instrumental: from nonnormal reflections off mirrors + net asymmetry due to – off-axis in FOV – asymmetric illumination of mirror at ends of track • Predict from ray-trace < ~ 0.1% (typical) • Measure with known unpolarized stars Dec 9, 2005 Ast 920 Meeting 12 12 Commissioning Status • Ready, limited by telescope: Imaging, Long Slit • Not ready, with my guesses – Fabry-Perot: March – MOS: April – Polarimetry: May Dec 9, 2005 Ast 920 Meeting 12 13