By: Cindy Rishi
Period 1
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1454: Enrique of Castile comes into power
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1465: Civil war in Castile
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1469: Ferdinand and Isabella are married; Unites the crowns of Aragon
and Castile; Creates a unified Spain; Spain becomes a unified nation
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1474: Isabella of Castile comes into power
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1475: War of the Castilian Succession began
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1478: The Roman Catholic Church is established
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1479: Ferdinand of Aragon comes into power; War of the Castilian
Succession ended; The Treaty of Alcacovas resulted in Portugal
recognizing Spanish control of Canary Islands
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1480: Jews are targeted against; Muslims were being driven from Spain
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1492: Christopher Columbus is sent to explore the New World; Alhambra
Decree rules that Jews are expelled from Spain; Spain is a catholic
country
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1493: Spain starts to colonize in the Americas
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1494: The Treaty of Tordesillas is signed
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1496: Santo Domingo, the first Spanish town in the Americas is formed
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1499: Spain becomes allies with France
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1512: The addition of Navarra allows Spain to be fully unified
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1516: Charles I comes into power
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1519: Charles I becomes Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes ruler
of Castile and Aragon
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1521: Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztecs of Mexico
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1527: Spain joins forces with Germany to attack Rome
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1528: England and France declared war on Spain
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1531: Lisbon is hit by an earthquake
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1532: Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca Empire
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1536: France and Portugal sign the naval treaty of Lyons; They are joined
against Spain
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1539: Hernando de Soto claims Florida for Spain
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1542: New laws passed giving protection against enslavement of Indians
in the Americas
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1547: The first book describing checkers is published
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1554: English Queen Mary I of England marries Spanish Prince Philip
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1555: English parliament refuses to recognize Philip of Spain as King
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1556: Henry II of France and Philip of Spain sign the true of Vaucelles;
Philip II becomes King
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1557: Spain wins the Battle of St. Quentin; The first sovereign bankruptcy
happens due to the expense of battle
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1561: King Philip II gave orders to stop colonizing efforts in Florida; King
Philip II moves his court to Madrid; Madrid becomes the capital of Spain
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1564: King Philip II joins The Council of Trent
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1565: Pedro Menendez de Aviles establishes the first European colony in
present day St. Augustine, Florida
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1571: Spain and the Holy League won at the Battle of Lepanto
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1579: The Union of Atrecht is signed and southern states of the Spanish
Netherlands and regions of France become loyal to Spanish King
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1580: Spain defeated Portugal in the Battle of Alcantara
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1585: Anglo-Spanish war began between England and Spain
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1588: Spanish Armada defeated by English navy at the English Channel
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1594: Roderigo Lopez was executed for spying on the King of Spain
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1598: Philip III becomes King
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1604: Anglo-Spanish war ended
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1605: The Treaty of London is signed between England and Spain
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1609: The Tweleve Years’ Truce is signed
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1618: The Thirty Years’ War began
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1621: Philip IV becomes King
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1625: The Spanish army gained control of Breda, Spain after almost a
year of battle
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1634: Spain wins the Battle of Nordlingen
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1640: Spain’s medieval kingdom of Aragon rebelled against Madrid
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1648: The Treaty of Munster recognized the Netherlands as an
independent country
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1657: France and England formed an alliance against Spain
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1659: The Peace of Pyrenees is signed
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1668: The Treaty of Lisbon is signed
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1675: Charles II becomes King
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1689: Spanish and English armies attack the French at the Battle at
Charleroi
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1691: The Spain kills 37 Jews from Mallorca for secretly practicing their
faith
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1699: The King bans the production of wine in the Americas, except for
that made by the church
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1700: Philip V becomes the first Bourbon King
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1702: The War of Spanish Succession began
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1705: The English Navy captured Barcelona in Spain
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1715: A hurricane sank 10 Spanish treasure galleons sank off Florida coast
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1720: Guilio Alberoni was ordered out of Spain after his unsuccessful
attempt to restore his country’s empire
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1725: Spain left the Quadruple Alliance
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1734: The Spanish army went to Naples under Don Carlos III
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1739: England declared war on Spain over boundaries of Florida
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1746: Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes, Spanish painter has 128 of his
paintings at the Prado in Madrid, Spain
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1756: The Seven Years’ War began between England and France, with
Spain assisting France
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1759: Charles III becomes King
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1762: Spain lost control of Cuba when Britain stole it after a two year
siege; Spain gained control of Louisiana
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1763: The Treaty of Paris signed between Spain, France, and Great Britain
ended the Seven Years’ War
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1766: Spain gained control of the Falkland Islands from France
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1774: The Jews of Algiers escaped an attack of the Spanish Army; Spain
established a settlement in the Falkland Islands
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1779: Spain declared war on England, with the support of the United
States of America
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1783: France and Spain sign a peace agreement with Britain; Spain
recognized the United States' independence
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1792: Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes, a Spanish painter, went deaf
from an unexplainable illness
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1795: The Peace of Basel is signed with France, ending the War of
Pyrenees; Santo Domingo becomes France territory; The Treaty of San
Lorenzo is signed with the United States allowing for free access of the
Mississippi River
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1800: Spain gave Louisiana to France in a secret treaty
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1804: President Jefferson of the United States attacked Spanish territory
in Texas
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1808: Joseph, the brother of Napoleon, became King
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1809: Ecuador began to fight for its independence from Spain; This
caused other territories to follow in Ecuador’s actions
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1810: Argentina declared independence from Spain; Columbia declared
independence from Spain
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1811: Paraguay gained independence from Spain; El Salvador fought Spain
for independence
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1813: Mexico declared independence from Spain
1816: Argentina declared independence from Spain
1818: Chile gained independence from Spain
1820: Spain sold a part of Florida to US for $5 million
1821: Peru declared its independence from Spain
1836: Spain recognized the independence of Mexico
1844: Spain recognized the independence of the Dominican Republic
1847: A cattle market began in Seville, Spain
1859: Spain declared war on the Moors in Morocco
1868: Cuba fought for independence against Spain
1873: The first Spanish Republic was formed
1878: The pact of Zanjon was signed with Cuba ending the 10 year war
1886: Spain abolished slavery in Cuba
1893: In Barcelona, Spain 23 people were killed by French bomber
1898: The Spanish-American War began
1899: A peace treaty between the United States and Spain was signed,
ending the Spanish-American War
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1912: Spanish steamer "Principe de Asturias" sank near Spain and 500
people died
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1919: Madrid opened a subway system
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1926: Spain threatened to leave the League of Nations if Germany was
allowed to join
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1931: Spanish voters rejected the monarchy; Spain became a republic;
The King was overthrown; The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed
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1937: Franco became the dictator of Spain
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1938: British, France, and Austria recognized the Franco government in
Spain
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1939: The Spanish Civil War ended as Madrid fell to Francisco Franco;
France executed more than 100,000 people who had opposed him; The
United States recognized the Franco government in Spain
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1946: Spain was suspended from the United Nations
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1950: Spanish dictator Franco ended war in Gibraltar
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1953: United States and Spain signed a defense treaty with four United
States bases to be set in Spain
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1961: Spain accepted equal rights for men and women
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1966: Jews were no longer discriminated against or killed
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1975: Juan Carlos became King
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1975: Cervantes Prize was established; This prize is Spain’s highest
literary prize
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1984: Nuclear facilities were permanently shut down
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1986: Spain entered the European Union
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1987: The Bank of Spain agreed to join the European Monetary System
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1989: Camilo Jose Cela received the Nobel Prize for literature
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1996: The unemployment rate was 22.5% at the time
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1997: The parliament made attempts and formed plans to reduce the
22.5% unemployment rate
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2000: About 1.1 million people marched in Madrid to protest the recent
car-bomb attack
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2003: Spain arrested suspected al-Qaeda terrorists
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2004: Spain has agreed to allow United States intelligence agents in Iraq
Born: 1451 and Died: 1504
 Occupation: royalty; Queen
 Henry IV, current King of Castile, dies and leaves
the throne open
 Isabella becomes Queen of Castile in 1474
 Married King Ferdinand of Aragon to create a
more unified Spain
 Drove out Muslims and Jews from Spain
 Sponsored Columbus on his voyage to the New
World
 Wealth is brought to the Spanish crown from the
riches brought back from Columbus’s voyage to
the New World
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Born: 1452 and Died: 1516
 Occupation: royalty; King
 Married Queen Isabella of Castile to unite the
two crowns
 Founded Spain alongside Queen Isabella
 Increased the territory of Spain
 Expelled Jews from Spain and sponsored
Columbus on his voyage to the New World
 Great commander and fighter who led Spain in
multiple wars
 After death of Queen Isabella, King Ferdinand
gained control of Castile
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Born: 1451 and Died: 1506
Occupation: Spanish explorer of the West Indies,
South America, and Central America
The first voyage took place on August 3, 1492
Impossible to reach Asia from Europe by land and was
long journey to sail around Africa
Therefore, Columbus thought to sail west across the
Atlantic Ocean
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella sponsored his
voyage
Columbus wanted the fame and fortune and King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted to spread
Catholicism
Sailed in the ships the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa
Maria
Born: 1485 and Died: 1547
 Occupation: Spanish conquistador and explorer
 Conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico in 1521
 Gained control of the territory from the
Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean
 Collected gold and jewels found in the now
conquered Mexico
 Appointed to general and became the general
leader of Mexico by the King of Spain
 Continued to attack territories and attempted to
gain more control in the Americas
 Spain feared Cortes would establish Mexico as an
independent kingdom and the majority of his
power was stripped from him

Born: 1471 and Died: 1541
 Occupation: Spanish explorer, soldier, and
conquistador
 Sailed from Panama and found treasure and
evidence of the Inca Army in 1526 on his second
expedition
 When denied by the Governor of Panama, Pizarro
spoke to the Queen of Spain who signed the
Capitulacion de Toledo, giving him permission to
go on another expedition
 Conquered the Inca Empire in 1532 on his third
expedition
 Ruled Peru for almost ten years
 Founded the city of Lima on January 8, 1535
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Signed: 1494
Pope Alexander VI divides the New World land
between Spain and Portugal with the line of
demarcation
The line of demarcation was a north to south line
declaring all lands west of the Cape Verde Islands to
Spain and all lands east to Portugal
Representatives of Spain and Portugal met in
Tordesillas, Spain to discuss the boundary line
The new line of demarcation was agreed to be moved
slightly west of the Cape Verde Islands
Portugal expanded their empire into Brazil, past the
line of demarcation, but Spain was kind enough not
to object
Spain then gained little wealth from their land and
unfortunately discovered disease instead
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Began: 1475 and Ended: 1479
When King Henry IV of Castile died he left two contestants,
Joanna and Isabella, to become the Queen of Castile
War broke out between Aragon, supporting Isabella, and
Portugal, supporting Joanna
Alfonso V, supporting Joanna, refused to attack Burgos,
supporting Isabella, without the support of France
The Battle of Toro
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The Portuguese surrounded Ferdinand and his troops in Zamora
Due to the harsh winter, Alfonso V, supporting Joanna, was forced
to retreat to Toro
Ferdinand’s troops chased Alfonso and his troops and forced them
into battle
Most of the Portuguese left to go back to Portugal and Joanna’s
supporters abandoned Castile
France and Portugal made an alliance and teamed up against
Ferdinand and his troops
Alfonso V signs a truce with Ferdinand and Isabella and
Isabella becomes Queen of Castile
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Began and Ended: 1557
Took place in Saint Quentin, France
Spain, with the help of England, fought against
France
Spain defeated France
Spain was under the rule of King Philip II and was
allied with England
The French forces were outnumbered and
overwhelmed and were captured by the Spanish and
English forces
Spanish forces invaded northern France from the
Netherlands
The first sovereign bankruptcy took place in 1557
after the battle due to the expense of the war
Spain was allied with England at this time but will
later fight multiple wars against England
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Began: 1585 and Ended: 1604
Reasons for hostility between England and Spain:
England was against Roman Catholics and Spain strongly
supported this religion
 Spain had obtained much of the New World land which caused
jealousy in England
 England supported the protestant rebellion in the Netherlands
against Spain
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The Spanish Armada
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In 1588
Spain had 130 ships and England had 197 ships
A failed attempt by Spain to invade England
Took place at the English Channel
Many of Spain’s ships were destroyed and about a half of them
escaped back to Spain
Spain lost and England won
The Treaty of London signed in 1605 offered a brief break
in the fighting between England and Spain
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Signed: 1763
Ended the Seven Years’ War
Signed between Spain, France, and Great Britain
The Seven Years’ War began in 1756 between England
and France, with Spain assisting France
War triggered by Great Britain inhabiting land already
claimed by France
Great Britain defeated France and Spain and gained
many lands in the Treaty of Paris, extending its
territory
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Major territory gained from France: Canada, lands east
of the Mississippi River
Became more powerful due to greater amount of land
Marked the beginning of the British dominance
War ended with Great Britain proving its power and
ability and gaining lands due to the Treaty of Paris
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Fighting over territory:
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England and Spain fought multiple wars over territory and
what lands belonged to who
Both nations wanted to expand their individual territory
and were willing to fight to obtain it
The location of Spain resulted in it fighting with England
over differences rather than fighting with other countries
Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604)
The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
Exploration:
The location of Spain allowed for easy access of exploration
 When Christopher Columbus sailed in 1492 to explore new
possible routes to reach Asia he ended up finding the
Americas
 Allowed Spain to then expand its territory to the Americas
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Political interactions:
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Spain tended to interact mostly with France and England,
two nearby countries
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Spain supported the Roman Catholic religion
Catholicism is monotheistic, meaning its members worship
one God
The Roman Catholic Church was established in 1478
Jews and Muslims were being targeted against and driven
from Spain in 1480
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Jews were not considered equal to Catholics and everyone else
until 1966
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand were strong supporters of
Catholicism and openly executed anyone who was not a
supporter
Columbus’s voyage was sponsored by Queen Isabella and King
Ferdinand because they were interested in spreading
Catholicism to new territories
In 1699, all wine production was banned in the Americas
except for that made by the church
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Even when a product was banned, the church had immunity
The church was allowed to use the product as long as it was only
for religious reasons
 Five
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Themes of Geography: Location
Spain will have another war with France or
England over territory disagreements
France or England will attempt to colonize in
Spain territory, causing a war between the
countries involved
 Seven
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Elements of Culture: Religion
Spain will become more accepting of other
religions besides Catholicism
Religious temples for other religions will be built
and accepted because of freedom of religion
Catholicism will still be practiced but will no
longer be the sole dominant religion of Spain
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