Academic Citation Style
Learning Objectives
You will be able to:
1.
2.
Determine what information needs to be
cited
Demonstrate ability of cite a source in
one of the citations formats
Using APA Format to
Document Sources
Why Cite Information?
Three Important Reasons
1.
So the reader can locate and read the exact
same sources
2.
To give credit to the original author
3.
To give you credibility as a writer and protect
you from being accused of plagiarism
Where Do I Find APA Format?

Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, 5th ed.
– Library Call Number: REF BF76.7 P83 2001

Websites
http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html
http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html

AS Bookstore
APA Style: Two Parts
Parenthetical
Citations
–in the body of the paper

Reference Page
–at the end of the paper
When Should You Use
Parenthetical Citations?
 When
quoting any words that are not
your own
– Quoting means to repeat another source
word for word, using quotation marks
When Should You Not Use
Parenthetical Citations?

When summarizing facts and ideas from a
source
– Summarizing means to take ideas from a large
passage of another source and condense them,
using your own words

When paraphrasing a source
– Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another
source but change the phrasing into your own
words
When Do You Cite?
Don’t fall into the trap of plagiarism!
If the idea or information you are using did
not originate in your own mind . . .
CITE IT!
Paraphrasing activity
Example #1
During the last 60 years the development of
effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial
infections has revolutionized medical treatment,
and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
disease has been dramatically reduced.

Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and
safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized
medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
disease has been dramatically reduced.
Example #2
During the last 60 years the development of
effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial
infections has revolutionized medical treatment,
and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
disease has been dramatically reduced. (Rang et
al, 1999)

Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and
safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized
medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
disease has been dramatically reduced.
Example #3
“During the last 60 years the development of
effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial
infections has revolutionized medical treatment,
and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
disease has been dramatically reduced.” (Rang
et al, 1999)

Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and
safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized
medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
disease has been dramatically reduced.
Example #4
In the 4th edition of their textbook Pharmacology
(1999), Rang, Dale and Ritter state that: “During the
last 60 years the development of effective and safe
drugs to deal with bacterial infections has
revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity
and mortality from microbial disease has been
dramatically reduced.” Such a bold assertion
understates the ongoing threat posed by microbial
infection. It is estimated, for example, that worldwide
there were over 8 million cases of tuberculosis in
1998 (WHO, 2000).

Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and safe drugs to deal with
bacterial infections has revolutionized medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from
microbial disease has been dramatically reduced.
Example #5
The development of safe and effective drugs to
deal with bacterial infection has dramatically
reduced the death rate arising from microbial
diseases.

Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and
safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized
medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
disease has been dramatically reduced.
Example #6
During the post-war years, the development
of effective and safe drugs to deal with
bacterial infection has transformed
medical treatment, and death and illness
resulting from microbial disease has been
dramatically reduced.

Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and
safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized
medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
disease has been dramatically reduced.
Example #7
The availability of antimicrobial compounds
has transformed healthcare in the period
since the second world war. People are far
less likely to die or even be seriously ill
than they had been prior to the
introduction of these drugs.

Original: During the last 60 years the development of effective and
safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections has revolutionized
medical treatment, and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
disease has been dramatically reduced.
Paraphrasing

To paraphrase is to put ideas expressed by
someone else into your own words.
– Should not simply replace words with
synonyms
– Should not follow the same sentence
structure of the original
– Must be cited or accompanied by an in text
reference to the original source even if the
source is in your bibliography
Keys to Parenthetical
Citations
Readability!
Keep references brief
 Give only information needed to identify
the source on your reference page--crossreferencing!
 Do not repeat unnecessary information

Handling Quotes in
Your
Text
 Author’s last name, publication year, and
page number(s) of quote must appear in the
text
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic
response frequently entails a “delayed,
uncontrolled repetitive appearance of
hallucinations and other intrusive
phenomena” (p.11).
A traumatic response frequently entails
a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive
appearance of hallucinations and other
intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996,
p.11).
Handling Parenthetical Citations
Sometimes more information is necessary

Example: more than one author with the same
last name
(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)

Example: Two or more works in the same
parentheses
(Fussell, 1975; Caruth, 1996; Showalter, 1997)

Example: Work with six or more authors
(Smith et al, 1998)

Example: Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
Handling Parenthetical Citations

A reference to a personal communication:
Source: email message from C. Everett Koop
Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication,
May 16, 1998)

A general reference to a web site
Source: Purdue University web site
Citation: (http://www.purdue.edu)
Handling Parenthetical
Citations
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by
Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to
include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its
resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It
is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have
been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely
on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the
masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and
Bergonzi (1996).
However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his
study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere
beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p.
6).
Handling Quotes in Your
Text
There are many different combinations and
variations within APA citation format.
If you run into something unusual, look it up!
Example of a Reference Page
Shell Shock
References
Fussell, P. (1975). The Great War and modern memory.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Marcus, J. (1989). The asylums of Antaeus: Women, war,
and madness—is there a feminist fetishism? In H. A. Veeser (Ed.),
The New Historicism (pp. 132-151). New York: Routledge.
Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the
central nervous system. The Lancet, 1, 331-38.
Showalter, E. (1997). Hystories: Hysterical epidemics and
modern media. New York: Columbia University Press.
36
Reference Page

A list of every source that you make “reference
to” in your paper

Provides the information necessary for a reader
to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your
essay

Each retrievable source cited in the essay must
appear on the reference page, and vice versa-cross-referencing!
Reference Page Details
Starts on a new page
 Type the word “References” centered at the top
of the page
 Use hanging indent form.
– The first line of each reference is set flush left
and subsequent lines are indented on half
inch.
 Arrange alphabetically, not by format of
publication (ex.. Book, journal, etc.)

What to Include in a
Reference Citation
Most citations should contain the following
basic information:
Author’s name
 Title of work
 Publication information



book: date, place, publisher name, etc.
article: date, volume, page numbers, etc.
References: Some Examples

Book
Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat
trauma and the undoing of character. New
York: Touchstone.

Article in a Magazine
Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. The
New Yorker, 40-45.
References: Some Examples

A newspaper article
Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27).
Master teachers whose artistry glows in
private. New York Times, p. B2.

A source with no known author
Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises.
(1999, September 14). New York Times,
p. A17.
References: Some Examples

Web page citations need 2 additional
pieces of information:
URL
2. Accessed (retrieved) date
1.
Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot button.
Roughcut. Turner Network Television.
Retrieved October 28, 1998 from
http://www.roughcut.com
Citing a book
LaFollette, M.C. (1992). Stealing into print:
Fraud, plagiarism, and misconduct in
scientific publishing. Berkeley: University
of California Press.
How would you cite this
newspaper article?
Citing a newspaper article
McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dog
wrote it. New York Times Book Review, p.
7.
OR:
McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dog
wrote it. New York Times Book Review, p.
43.
Citing an article from a
library database
Plagiarism: The Internet makes it easy.
(2004, September 1). Nursing Standard,
18, 40-43. Retrieved November 16, 2004,
from Academic Search Elite database.
OR
Plagiarism: The Internet makes it easy.
(2004, September 1). Nursing Standard,
18, 40-43.
Citing a WWW page
Leland, B.H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and the
web. Retrieved September 21, 2004, from
http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfbhl/wiu/plagiarism.htm
Final Reference List
References
LaFollette, M.C. (1992). Stealing into print: Fraud, plagiarism, and
misconduct in scientific publishing. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Leland, B.H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and the web.
Retrieved September 21, 2004, from
http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfbhl/wiu/plagiarism.htm
McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dog wrote it. New York Times
Book Review, p. 7.
Plagiarism: The Internet makes it easy. (2004, September 1).
Nursing Standard, 18, 40-43. Retrieved October 21, 2004,
from Academic Search Elite database.
The Reference List:
Final Words of Advice
There are many different types of materials you
could cite
If you run into something unusual, look it up!
Final words of advice
Realize that plagiarizing is always the
worst solution to any academic
problem
When in doubt, ask for help.
People and places and things
that can help you

The Writing Center
http://www.csuchico.edu/uwc/students/index.html
Your Instructor
 The Librarians

http://www.csuchico.edu/library/ask.htm

A Style Manual