QuickTime™ et un décompresseur
Photo - JPEG sont requis pour visualiser
cette image.
QuickTime™ et un décompresseur
Photo - JPEG sont requis pour visualiser
cette image.
QuickTime™ et un décompresseur
Photo - JPEG sont requis pour visualiser
cette image.
QuickTime™ et un décompresseur
Photo - JPEG sont requis pour visualiser
cette image.
by André MONACO
CEFREM - CNRS / U.Perpignan.fr
Account of 25/60 years of Greek Marine Research
(from personal experience)
Athens, May 2005
Step 1
From Geomarine Science…
…< 1985
Centers of scientific interest…
-Geotectonic
- geology
-palaeoenvironment
+ oil exploration
+ non living resources
+ development of coastal areas
Geotectonic
-a semi-enclosed basin inherited from the Tethys
- between two plates =>Northward drift of Africa
- subduction => deep trenches, earthquakes, volcanism
Geology
sel massif
gypse
-6 MY ago « Messinian crisis »Deposition of evaporites
- then the Plio-Quaternary sedimentary filling
Algeria
Examples of evaporites in
Sicily
Palaeoenvironment
Sedimentary record of
the last 500 000 years!
(EasternMediterranean)
CLIMAT d 18O
0
-10
-20 ‰
Age ka
0
LITHOLOGY
3500
Minoean
tephra
100
Sapropel
T
S
200
S
S
300
T Tephra
S
400
cold
warm
(Schackelton & Emiliani, 1974 ; Keller et al., 1978)
Atlantide?
-Origin of the last téphra, volcanic ashes
-End of the minoean civilization
3500 ans year ago = minoean tephra
The Santorini
eruption
QuickTime™ et u n dé com press eur
Cine pak son t req uis pour vi sual iser
cette ima ge.
Quick Time™e tun d écomp res seur Cin epak s ont req uis pour visionne r cette image.
Step 1 =
Physiographical & monodisciplinary investigations
of the Mediterranean Basin
==> Greek scientist? An observer!
Step 2
to Interdisciplinary research
…steps towards European collaboration…
1985 - 1993
« Eurecomarge »
supported by
- C I E S M (Monaco)
- « Action de Stimulation », supported by E. C.
- Bi - lateral collaborations
GREECE
ITALY
SPAIN
FRANCE
SWITZERLAND
EURECOMARGE
ALGERIA
Ecosystems of coastal zones
Links with
Vertex programme
NE Pacific
SEEP programme
Mid-Atlantic Bight
Lamont Doherty N.Y.
From sediment record
To Origin and fate of the matter and elements
0
depth (m)
500
1000
1500
2000
The system become living
Step 2 =
- An euro-mediterranean group set up, promoting interdisciplinary
Research in marine science
- First International workshop on biogeochemical fluxes
==> Greek marine research emerges
:
IROH =>NCMR 1985
R/V Aegaeo 1985
The Odyssey 1 : Greek vessel moves westward
May 1987
Step 3
to Integrated Approach of a Regional
Sea, within the frame of the European
Marine Research (MAST programme)
1993 - 2000
==> The MTP I - pilot phase (1993-1996)
==> The MTP II - MATER programme
(1996-1999)
+ METROMED, INTERPOL…
Researches on Bio-geo-chemistry and Ecosystem Analysis
The Mediterranean Sea, Test Zone of Global and Anthropogenic Changes
3 interrelated domains : physics, biology, geochemistry
Large scale Oceanic circulation
(after Pinardi,1997)
Biological production & bio-geo-chemical cycles
« an oligotrophic body »
Is the Mediterranean changing ?
PSU
38,46
°C
12,80
38,45
Temperature
12,75
38,44
= 0,13°C
38,43
12,70
38,42
Salinity
12,65
S = 0,04 PSU
(D’après Bethoux, 1995)
12,60
1950
1960
1980
1970
Année
1990
38,41
38,40
38,39
2000
Temperature & Salinity increase !
Sea Level ?
TOPEX-POSEIDON Altimeter
Global Mean Sea Level Variations
Mediterranean Sea Level Variations
==> Sea level rises !
Water mass circulation is changing :
dense water formation in the Aegean
Year 0
Year 2
40°N
40°N
38°N
38°N
36°N
36°N
34°N
34°N
32°N
32°N
30°N
30°N
20°E
25°E
30°E
20°E
Year 4
25°E
30°E
Year 7
40°N
40°N
38°N
38°N
36°N
36°N
34°N
34°N
32°N
32°N
30°N
30°N
20°E
38.75
25°E
30°E
38.8
20°E
38.85
Salinity
25°E
38.9
30°E
µM
0,48
The Mediterranean Sea registered
Industrial, agricultural and urban activities
Phosphate
==> Metals and Radioactivity increase
0,40
0,35
0,30
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Nutrient concentrations increase
1965-1995 : N, P + 0,5 %/year
10
9
µM
Nitrate
8
7
After Galgani (Ifremer)
6
1960
1970
1980
1990
(after Bethoux, 1996)
2000
Human wastes at 1000 m depth
A better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms
and their variability in the Mediterranean Basin
=> First level ecosystem model
Atmospheric
inputs
Water
circulation
Sediment-water
exchanges
A complex ecosystem
…Man enters the ecosystem
Hêurêka !
In the multidisciplinary approach of the functioning
of the Mediterranean Sea
•Greek research became competitive
. Greek research contributes at all
Scientific Activities (field, laboratory,
Modeling, data banking…
. Greek research contributes at the same scientific
and technological level
as other Euro-mediterranean countries
The Odyssey 2 : Greek vessels moved in the overall Mediterranean
- May & Dec. 1994
- Transmediterranean cruise 1999
97 - R/V AEGAEO refitted
and NOW?
==>to assess and forecast environmental changes
In the Mediterranean & Black Seas
==> to develop the basin scale approach initiated during the
MTPs, integrating the Black Sea to the overall semi-enclosed
Basin system
==> to integrate atmosphere and continent interfaces
==> to serve the sustainable management and policy
==> M & B Seas areas of European Research
Mediterranean and Black Seas in the global environment
Ocean/ atmosphere coupling
NAO
Cold front
+/- Gulfstream
+
outflow
-
Mediterranean and Black Seas in the regional environment
Ocean/watershed coupling
60 -10
0
10
(Semi-enclosed basin)
20
30
40
Black Sea Continent/sea areas : 5,20
50
50
40
40
30
20
30
Med. Sea
Continent/sea areas : 2,20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
SeaWifs Chlorophyll a, April 1999
50
The Odyssey 3 : Greek vessels move in the Black and White Seas
==> Greece has to play a major role in driving the international collaboration
and in exporting now its scientific and technological experience
It is the first Institute in Greece conducting multidisciplinary marine research
It raised the marine research to a priority in Greece
It combines basic research, technological development, Data Banking,
operational activities, in relation with national economy and public policy
It put its competence at national’s disposal
It has developed and participates in numerous international collaborations with
EU- and non-Eu countries
==>Although Greek marine research began to grow in the late 1980s,
it has grown exponentially during the last years
==> An explosion of development…
Sea Our Future ?
To encourage the HCMR to continue its effort to secure a center of
Excellence in marine research for the benefit of the European
Research
Particular tributes to the Président of HCMR
and to NCMR and IMBC teams for their scientific Odyssey