Safety Regulation of PBN
Operations
Filippo Tomasello
Rulemaking officer
25 May 2011
“Specific” approval
is not the “normal” solution
Instrument Rated (IR) pilots normally authorized (by law):
FCL.605 IR – Privileges
ref. EASA Opinion 04/2010; 27 Aug 2010:
(a) fly aircraft in IFR with minimum DH of 200 ft
(b) In case of multi-engine IR, even lower when the
applicant has undergone specific training
(c) ….
Rule FCL.605 (and all other EASA rules for FCL) is expected to
be adopted by the European Commission during 2011
… but national rules in the EU, based on JAR-FCL are similar
Underlying assumptions: operations well established in
the community; suitable training programmes for IR;
airworthiness certification; safe radio-navigation signal; etc….
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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8 requirements behind privileges
1.
2.
3.
4.
Aircraft (and avionics) has airworthiness
approval covering the envisaged IFR operations
OPS of not challenging complexity
Concept/systems “mature” (= operationally used
since a sufficient number of years = not “new”)
Associated risk is tolerable, including
5.
6.
7.
8.
Accuracy, integrity, availability and continuity of radionavigation signals
Safety oversight of procedure designers
Accuracy and integrity of NAV data base
Suitable training standards and (periodic)
checking procedures for pilots established
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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MNPS operations were “new” in 1977
FAA AC 91-49 (23 Aug 1977)
d. Lateral separation in NAT-MNPS airspace is reduced
(1978) from 120 NM to 60 NM = more complexity
e. decided by ICAO that all operators desiring to use MNPS
must show that equipment and procedures are
capable of continuously complying with specifications
U.S. operators to FAA (= to competent authority)
Operators who have long-range navigation equipment
installed (and certified) may be issued
Letters of Authorization
to operate in NAT-MNPS airspace
The 8 requirements
were not satisfied
25 May 2011
Specific
Approval (SPA)
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Authorization, Approval or SPA?
Is the semantics sufficiently standardised?
No definitions in Annex 6 for
authorization, acceptance, approval or
specific approval
a “normal” case seems to exist:
Par. 2.2.4.7 of Part II (Intl GA) .. aeroplanes in IFR
shall comply with instrument approach procedures
approved by the State
“specific” is used in particular cases:
Par. 2.2.2.2 of Part II to … fly below aerodrome minima
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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General authorization through rules
The word
“authorization
” in Annex 6
does NOT
necessarily
mean SPA
Par 2.3.1.1 Annex 6 Part II
An aeroplane shall be operated:
a) In compliance with the terms of its
airworthiness certificate or
equivalent
b) Within the operating limitations
prescribed by the certifying
authority of the State of Registry
c) …. And of course by a pilot
enjoying sufficient privileges
Par 2.4.11 Annex 6 Part II
All turbine-engined
…authorised
to carry more
than nine passengers….
No SPA known for No of pax
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Is “approval” always “specific”?
Par. 3, Attach 3.B to Annex 6 Part II
The State should indicate through
approval of a Minimum Equipment List
(MEL) ….
Is the approval of the MEL
“specific”?
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Authorization for PBN
Par 2.5.2.2 Annex 6 Part II
For PBN operations, in addition:
a)
Equipment compliant with the PBN specification
b)
Authorized by State of Registry
Authorization can be issued:
States have
several choices
Through general rules
Through OPS spec attached to AOC for CAT operators
(of course not for G.A.)
As privilege to IR pilots (when all the other
requirements are fulfilled), including for aerial work and
general aviation
Through a Specific Approval (e.g. letter of
authorisation)
…..etc.
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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General rules in EU OPS
Regulation 859/2008 (applies only to
operators of CAT by aeroplanes):
1.175 General for air operator certification
(c) 3. satisfy Authority that can conduct safe operations
(g) 2. procedures for the supervision of operations
(l) ensure that every flight is conducted in accordance
with the provisions of the Operations Manual
(n) ensure that aeroplanes are equipped and crews
are qualified for the area and type of operation
(o) comply with the maintenance requirements
Many possibilities for approvals/oversight
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Appendix 1 to EU OPS 1.175
Contents of the Air Operator Certificate:
(c) Description of the type of operations authorised
(f) Authorised areas of operation
(g) Special limitations
Normal authorization or special
approval are almost the same x CAT?
(h) Special authorisations/approvals e.g.:
CAT II/CAT III (including approved minima)
(MNPS) Minimum navigation performance specifications
(ETOPS) Extended range operation twin engined
aeroplanes
(RNAV) Area navigation
(RVSM) Reduced vertical separation minima
Transportation of dangerous goods
Authorisation to provide cabin crew safety training
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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PBN in EU OPS 1.243
Operation in areas with specified
navigation performance requirements
(a) Operator shall ensure that an aeroplane
operated where navigation performance
requirements have been specified, is
certified according to these requirements, and
Possible non-uniformity
if required, that the Authority has
granted the relevant operational approval
(b) Operator shall ensure that all contingency
procedures, specified by the authority, have
been included in the Operations Manual
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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EASA OPS Rules
Apply to:
CAT (by aeroplane or helicopter)
SPO (= aerial work)
NCC = Non-Commercial Operators of “Complex” aircraft
(e.g. business or corporate aviation)
NCO= Non-Commercial Operators of “non-complex”
aircraft (e.g. light and sport private aviation)
Much larger scope than
EU OPS (= JAR OPS 1)
NPA 2009-02b proposed SPA
(of unlimited validity)
for certain types of operations, including:
PBN
B-RNAV (RNAV 5)
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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NPA 2009-02b (January 2009)
OPS.SPA.001.SPN Operations in areas with specified
performance based navigation (SPN)
(a), (b) only if the operator has been approved by
the competent authority
Uniform common rules
(c) To obtain approval operator shall:
(1) demonstrate navigation equipment functionality …
(2) training programme for the flight crew
(3) establish operating procedures specifying:
(i) equipment to be carried, including MEL
(ii) crew composition and experience
(iii), (iv) normal and contingency procedures
(v) incident reporting
(vi) specific regional procedures, in case of MNPS
(vii) navigation database integrity, in case of PBN
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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CRD 2009-02b.4 (November 2010)
Part SPA
SPA.PBN.100 PBN operations
Aircraft shall only be operated where
performance-based navigation (PBN) is
established, if the operator has been granted an
approval by the competent authority
No specific approval is required for
RNAV5 (basic area navigation, B-RNAV)
Opinion to be delivered during 2011
Adoption expected in 2012
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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SPA for PBN in EASA OPS (CRD)
Operation
AMC
Specific Op. Approval
RNAV 10
RNAV 5 (B)
20-12
20-4
CAT
Y
No
RNAV 2
RNAV 1 (P)
RNP 4
//
20-16
//
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Basic RNP 1
APCH/LNAV
APCH/L/VNAV
20-XX
20-27
20-27
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
APCH/LPV
RNP AR
20-28
20-26
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
25 May 2011
SPO
Y
No
NCC
Y
No
NCO
Y
No
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Data providers contracted
ICAO SARPs
Regional/National safety rules
National competent authority
Safety
oversight
Safety
oversight
Air Operator
Air Operator
Safety
oversight
Safety
oversight
Contracted NAV Data Provider
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Evolution RNP APCH in Europe (excluding AR)
Requirement
No
Topic
1 Airworthiness
2 Complexity
2009
Year
2011
2013
No AMC
AMC 20-27
+AMC 20-28
No more complex than ILS Cat I
3
Maturity
4
5
Risks
GNSS Signal
in Space
No clear legal
responsibilities
EGNOS SSP
certified
6
Procedure
designers
No common EU
provisions
Art 2.2(c)(ii) Reg. 73/2010
7
8
Data bases
Responsibility of operator
EASA rules
Competence
of pilots
No common EU provisions
EASA FCL
amended
+ OSD
25 May 2011
PBN not explicit
in EU OPS
PBN in draft
EASA SPA
EASA OPS in
force
RNP also includes on board monitoring
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
EASA
oversight
17
The will of the EU legislator
Whereas:
In its Communication of 15 November 2005
entitled “Extending the tasks of the European
Aviation Safety Agency – an agenda for 2010”,
the Commission announced its intention to
progressively extend the tasks of the European
Aviation Safety Agency ("the Agency"), with a
view towards a
"total system approach",
to aerodrome/airport safety and interoperability,
Air Navigation Services ("ANS") and Air Traffic
Management ("ATM")
Recital 1 EASA BR
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Certification of avionics not sufficient
Segment
Constituents/Elements
Responsibility of
State aviation authority
Airspace
Classification and borders
of airspace volumes
ATS routes (including
instrument procedures)
Airspace designers**
Published AIS
AIS Providers*
Navigation Data
Data providers**
Integrated Nav. (avionics)
Navigation receiver(s)
Manufacturers &
Air Operators
Nav. Signal in Space (SIS)
NAV SP*
Airborne
Space
Ground segment
Ground
25 May 2011
Information to ATCOs
ATS provider*
Airport Lights
Aerodrome operators**
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Navigation Service in SES
Regulations 549 and 550/2004
Facilities and services that provide aircraft with
positioning and timing (Art. 2.30; 549)
GNSS clearly fells into this definition
NAV providers (= NSP) can be individually certified
(Art. 7.3; 550)
 No identical requirement exist for other transport modes
 EGNOS initiated before (…. unfortunately!!!!)
 Planning for certification of Galileo NSP should
initiate as soon as possible
…. EASA available to advise
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Certified NAV data providers
ICAO SARPs
Regional/National safety rules
Regional/National competent authority
Safety
over
sight
Safety
over
sight
Safety
over
sight
SATNAV
SP
Certified
Data
Provider
Air Operator
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Operational Suitability Data (OSD)
GNSS has changed NAV
NAV has a tradition for “specific approval” (SPA)
SPA has unlimited validity
Even COM is evolving (e.g. data link)
But for COM no SPA is required
OSD allows to define (and mandate) specific
training requirements:
Whenever there is a relevant change
“key elements” under responsibility of the (S)TC holder
Implementation of said requirements is checked through
regular oversight of pilots/operators
http://www.easa.europa.eu/rulemaking/docs/crd/2009/CR
D%20200901%20(EN,%20comment%20response%20summary%20a
nd%20resulting%20text).pdf
Rules for OSD in force in 2012
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Conclusion
All aviation operations require
approval/authorization (“normal” or “specific”)
For CAT operators several ways (AOC, OPS Spec,
Manual, etc…)
For G.A. the easiest way is through pilot’s
privileges
When the 8 safety requirements …
…. are not satisfied
SPA
Opinion for EASA OPS will follow CRD (= only
BRNAV exempted from SPA)
…but EASA is drafting Pre-RIA for new task
MDM.062 in order to replace the SPA for some
PBN OPS (e.g. straight in RNP APCH)
OSD is an emerging concept, possibly safer than
SPA
25 May 2011
ICAO EUR – PBN Workshop
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Thanks for the attention
Questions?