Landscape
1
For full marks mention must be made of the formation of the arête.
1 mark for each valid point. 2 marks for a developed point.
Credit should be given for relevant diagrams.
Snow collected in hollows then turned to ice (1). This ice eroded the mountain on all sides
creating corries (1). The back walls of the corries were eroded back towards each other (1)
by the processes of plucking and abrasion (1) until a narrow knife-like ridge was formed
between them (1). An arête was formed where two corries formed back to back (1).
Marks 4
2.
For full marks all processes must be mentioned. Otherwise mark out of 4.
Frost shattering:
This occurs when water enters cracks in the rocks, then freezes and expands (1). Repeated
over and over, this levers fragments away from the rock (1), making the back wall steeper
(1). The fragments become part of the glacier’s load (1).
Plucking:
This occurs where ice freezes to the rock and pulls pieces away as it moves (1). This makes
the back wall steeper (1*) and provides tools for further erosion (1).
Abrasion:
This occurs where rock fragments are used as tools to scrape the floor of the corrie (1),
making it deeper/overdeepening it (1).
Or any other valid point.
* Do not credit repeated points.
Marks 5
3. A well-annotated diagram could gain full marks.
U-shaped Valley.
Credit detailed explanation of processes.
During glaciations, a glacier may move out of its source area and move downhill along a preexisting v-shaped valley (1); plucking and abrasion will take place along the sides and floor
of the valley (1); the sides of the valley above the ice may be affected by frost shattering (1);
the result will be to make the valley deeper, wider and steeper-sided (1); (interlocking) spurs
will be eroded and become truncated (1); making the valley straighter (1).
Or any other valid point.
(b)
Marks 4
Accept Yes/No answers.
If ‘Yes’:
The high rainfall is associated with lots of cloud, meaning little sunshine to grow/ripen crops
(1); the height of the land causes colder conditions and a shorter growing season, also poor
for crops (1); soils on steep slopes are thin and infertile (1); the rugged landscape makes
building and transport difficult (1); these physical difficulties discourage people from living
here (1), so these areas are remote from large population centres (1); this in turn
discourages industry and commerce, so there are few job opportunities (2).
If ‘No’:
The rugged landscape with peaks, ridges and steep slopes offers scope for a range of
leisure opportunities (1), such as climbing, hillwalking and mountain biking (1); the numerous
rivers and streams encourage water-based activities such as rafting (1); the cold conditions
often mean snow in winter, and along with varied slopes this enables winter sports to take
place (2); all of these leisure activities generate jobs (1); hill sheep farming can thrive
because sheep can withstand the difficult conditions (1), forestry is also possible on some
slopes where land is cheap (1); the spectacular scenery attracts sightseeing tourists who
bring money into the local economy (1); the plentiful water and easily-dammed valleys mean
reservoirs can be created (1), for water supply and/or HEP (1).
Or any other valid point.
Headlands and bays are most likely to be found in areas where there are bands of
alternating soft and hard rock (1) which meet the coast at right angles (1); the softer rock, for
example clay (1) will erode more quickly forming bays (1) which may have sandy beaches
(1); whilst the harder rock, for example chalk (1) will erode more slowly forming headlands
(1) which jut out into the sea (1).
Credit specific erosion process – hydraulic action, abrasion, etc.
Or any other valid point.
Credit should be given for appropriate annotated diagrams. 6 Marks
4.
Headlands and bays are most likely to be found in areas where there are bands of
alternating soft and hard rock (1) which meet the coast at right angles (1); the softer rock, for
example clay (1) will erode more quickly forming bays (1) which may have sandy beaches
(1); whilst the harder rock, for example chalk (1) will erode more slowly forming headlands
(1) which jut out into the sea (1).
Credit specific erosion process – hydraulic action, abrasion, etc.
Or any other valid point.
Credit should be given for appropriate annotated diagrams. 4 Marks
5. Glen Iorsa (9239) is an example of a
U-shaped valley.
Explain, with the aid of diagrams, the formation of a U-shaped valley.
A fully annotated diagram may score full marks. If no diagrams mark out of 3. As the glacier
moves down the valley (1) it deepens and widens the valley (1) by plucking and abrasion (1).
Weight and erosive power of ice truncated interlocking spurs (1). Rocks under ice scraped
soil and material from valley floor (1). Marks 4
Or any other valid point. Award a mark for plucking AND abrasion if each are used
Weather
1.
Answers must refer to the synoptic chart. Answers should be explanation. Allow two
marks for simple descriptions of differences in the weather.
There is a warm front close to Glasgow causing cloud cover and wind (1). The isobars are
close together so Glasgow will be experiencing strong winds (1) which will continue to
increase as the front gets nearer (1). In the next few hours the front will be over Glasgow
bringing steady rainfall (1). There are no fronts close to London so it will be drier and clearer
(1). The isobars are further apart so it will be less windy (1). The warm front is further away
so it will take longer to reach London, allowing the celebrations to go ahead (1). Marks 5
2.
(a)
Award 1 mark for each clear difference described. No marks for explanation.
Cape Wrath has a north wind whereas Banbury has a west wind (1). It is 35 knots at Cape
Wrath but calmer in Banbury at 15 knots (1). It is dry in Banbury but there are snow showers
at Cape Wrath (1). There is 6 oktas cloud cover at Cape Wrath but only 2 oktas over
Banbury (1). The temperature at Cape Wrath is much colder at 2C, while at Banbury it is
11C (1).
Marks 4
(b)
Accept yes/no answers (more likely to be no).
Answers could include:
Yes: After the cold front has passed there will be fewer clouds and less rain (2). If they
have the right gear they will be protected from the strong winds and cold temperatures (1).
There could be good visibility between the showers as there will be clear air coming in from
the north and this will help them find their way on the hills (2).
No:
They should not go walking in the hills as there is a cold front about to arrive in the
area (1) which will bring heavy rain showers (1). It will also cause the temperatures to drop
close to freezing point and there could be snow (2). If they are not properly equipped they
could suffer from the cold and get hypothermia (1) especially as the isobars are close
together resulting in a high wind chill (1). If there is heavy snow or low cloud they could lose
their way easily and need to be rescued (1) these conditions are life threatening and they
should wait for a better day (1).
Or any other valid point.
3.
Marks 4
1 mark per valid point, 2 for a developed statement.
1 mark for identifying Liverpool is in an anticyclone and Cagliari is in a depression.
No marks for description.
Answers must give reasons for differences between Liverpool and Cagliari.
Answers may include:
Cagliari has gale force winds but in Liverpool it is calm, because in Cagliari there are tightly
packed isobars whereas in Liverpool there aren’t (1); the wind is from the NW in Cagliari
because air moves anticlockwise around the low pressure, whereas it is from the NE in
Liverpool it is calm because it is in the centre of high pressure (1). There is a cold front
causing heavy rain in Cagliari but there is no rain in Liverpool because there are no fronts
(1); the temperature is much warmer in Cagliari because it is just leaving the warm sector
whereas in Liverpool there is high pressure which often brings very cold conditions in winter
(1); also in Liverpool there is fog which blocks out the sunshine, keeping temperatures low,
unlike in Cagliari (1); temperatures may also be warmer in Cagliari because it is over 1000
kilometres further south (1). In Liverpool there is little cloud cover which is common in high
pressure areas whereas at Cagliari there is 8 oktas of cloud because it is on the cold front
(1). Conditions are much more unsettled in Cagliari because it is in a depression whereas
Liverpool is in an anticyclone (1). Or any other relevant point Marks 5
Land Uses
1. 1 mark for a single point. 2 marks for a developed point.
Both advantages and disadvantages must be mentioned for full marks.
Answers might include:
Advantages:
South-facing slope therefore skiers will be in sunshine (1).
In a corrie into which snow will be blown by the wind (1). Slopes vary in steepness which will
cater for skiers of all ability levels (1). Most of the area has no cliffs so is safe (1). Area is
above 700m which will be cold enough for snow to lie (1).
Disadvantage:
South facing, so snow will melt in the sun and not lie long (1). There are cliffs in the NE
which will be dangerous (1). It is inaccessible (1), the nearest road being 5km away (1).
Or any other valid point
(d)
Marks 5
1 mark for a single point. 2 marks for a developed point.
Maximum 1 mark for grid references.
Answers may include:
Agree
There is a castle at 485593, a symbol stone, hut circles, field systems and a chambered
cairn (2). Tourist facilities and points of interest are the maze and museums (1). Recreational
activities include the cycle trail and golf course (1). Hill walking can be done on Ben Wyvis
(1). There is a variety of habitat due to the range of altitude from sea level to over 1000m (2)
with farmland, marsh, forest, moorland and high mountains (1). The landscape is very scenic
with mountains, rivers and lochs (1). There are so few roads that most of the area is unspoilt
(1).
Disagree
There is a lack of historic features (1). A large area is blanket planted with coniferous trees
with straight edges to the plantations which looks ugly and unnatural (2). Lack of roads will
make it difficult for the public to enjoy the area (1).
Or any other valid point. Marks 5
2.
For full marks the candidate must refer to both environmental and economic impact,
otherwise mark out of 5.
(i)
Leisure and recreation
Economic
Visitors to the area for recreational purposes may hire equipment such as skis in the local
area (1) this brings money to the local economy (1) and provides jobs for local people (1)
although these are likely to be seasonal in the case of winter sports (1); it is likely that
recreational visitors such as those for winter sports will spend a few days in the area and
therefore require accommodation in the local area (1); many services will be provided for
recreational visitors, for example specialist equipment shops (1) but this may be at the
expense of services for local residents (1), goods sold in these shops may also be at higher
prices (1).
Environmental
Recreational visitors may cause footpath erosion in upland areas (1) and also those
undertaking winter sports create scars on the landscape as vegetation and soil is trampled
during the winter season (1). Equipment erected for winter sports is unsightly eg chairlifts
(1); recreational visitors may drop litter in the upland area which is unsightly (1) and can
cause harm to animals (1); they may also leave farmer’s gates open which can cause
animals to escape from fields (1); walker’s dogs may worry sheep (1); visitors using the area
for recreation may park their cars at the side of the road causing erosion to the grass verges
(1) and also traffic congestion on narrow country roads (1).
Or any other valid point.
(ii)
6 Marks
For example, industry stone extraction
Quarries and cement works can be filled in and landscaped once they have closed (1).
Vegetation and trees can be used to shield the quarry from view (1); quarries can be turned
into water features (1) and these can be used for recreational purposes (1); levy schemes
have been introduced to reduce the impact on communities (1); these include the provision
of safe play areas (1) and insulation and double glazing for local housing (1); government
money has been given to organisations such as English Heritage to repair monuments etc
which have been damaged by stone extraction (1); environmentally friendly methods of
transportation such as nets on lorries are also used (1). Industrial buildings are made from
local materials and are low level (1) this helps them to blend in with the surrounding
landscape (1).
Or any other valid point.
4 Marks
3.
(d)
For full marks the candidate must refer to both environmental and economic impact,
otherwise mark out of 5.
(i)
Leisure and recreation
Economic
Visitors to the area for recreational purposes may hire equipment such as skis in the local
area (1) this brings money to the local economy (1) and provides jobs for local people (1)
although these are likely to be seasonal in the case of winter sports (1); it is likely that
recreational visitors such as those for winter sports will spend a few days in the area and
therefore require accommodation in the local area (1); many services will be provided for
recreational visitors, for example specialist equipment shops (1) but this may be at the
expense of services for local residents (1), goods sold in these shops may also be at higher
prices (1).
Environmental
Recreational visitors may cause footpath erosion in upland areas (1) and also those
undertaking winter sports create scars on the landscape as vegetation and soil is trampled
during the winter season (1). Equipment erected for winter sports is unsightly eg chairlifts
(1); recreational visitors may drop litter in the upland area which is unsightly (1) and can
cause harm to animals (1); they may also leave farmer’s gates open which can cause
animals to escape from fields (1); walker’s dogs may worry sheep (1); visitors using the area
for recreation may park their cars at the side of the road causing erosion to the grass verges
(1) and also traffic congestion on narrow country roads (1).
Or any other valid point.
(ii)
6 Marks
For example, industry stone extraction
Quarries and cement works can be filled in and landscaped once they have closed (1).
Vegetation and trees can be used to shield the quarry from view (1); quarries can be turned
into water features (1) and these can be used for recreational purposes (1); levy schemes
have been introduced to reduce the impact on communities (1); these include the provision
of safe play areas (1) and insulation and double glazing for local housing (1); government
money has been given to organisations such as English Heritage to repair monuments etc
which have been damaged by stone extraction (1); environmentally friendly methods of
transportation such as nets on lorries are also used (1). Industrial buildings are made from
local materials and are low level (1) this helps them to blend in with the surrounding
landscape (1).
Or any other valid point.
4 Marks
4) a
Military/Tourism or Leisure and Recreation – Tourists/visitors may be restricted from visiting
certain areas (1); noise from military operations may disturb visitors (1); military vehicles and
tourist traffic may result in serious traffic congestion (1).
Farming/Tourism or Leisure and Recreation – walkers with dogs may worry sheep (1);
tourists leave gates open allowing animals to escape (1) and drop litter which animals may
eat (1). Farmers may restrict access (1).
Farming/Industry – noise from industry could disturb farm animals (1); outputs from industry
could damage crops (1).
Accept any other relevant point
5 Marks
b. RSPB – protect and manage habitats for birds and other wildlife (1); recovery projects for
threatened species (1); own and manage nature reserves (1); tackle wildlife crime and
habitat loss (1).
Heritage Coasts – to protect coastlines of special scenic and environmental value from
undesirable development (2).
SSSI’s – protect wildlife and geology sites (1); eg wetlands, heathlands etc (1).
NNR’s – protect a range of wildlife and landscapes, including rare species and habitats (2).
National Trust – protection of forests, woods, beaches etc… (1). Educating public (1)
SNH – promote care for the environment (1); help people to enjoy the environment
responsibly (1).
Or any other relevant point.
4 Marks
c. Higher ground allows people to go hill walking (1); steep slopes allows people to ski (1);
limestone allows people to go caving or pot holing (1); steep limestone faces allow rock
climbing (1); the river could be used for boating activities (1); people may wish to view the
limestone scenery (1); woodland for forest walks (1).
Accept any other relevant point
5 Marks
Population
1)
1 mark per valid point, 2 marks for a developed point.
The number of births per woman is low where GDP per capita is high because:
Women have access to family planning and contraception (1). Women are better
educated and able to follow careers (1) this means they marry later and delay children
until they are older (1) therefore having smaller families (1). Material aspirations means
women work instead of staying at home to look after children (1). Infant mortality rates
are low therefore less need to have so many children (1).
The number of births per woman is high where GDP per capita is low because:
There is a lack of birth control and family planning (1). Poverty/lack of health care
means many children die in infancy (1) so parents have more in the hope that a few will
survive (1). In poor countries children are viewed as part of the labour force and earn
money for families (2). A lack of pensions and social services means children are
needed to provide for their parents in old age (2). Religious or social pressure
encourages people to have more children (1). Women marry young and have larger
families (1). Marks 5
Or any other valid point.
1 mark per valid point, 2 marks for a developed point.
2.
1 mark per valid point, 2 marks for a developed point.
No marks for description.
Reasons for the changes are:
People are moving from rural to urban areas (1) because
they hope to improve their standard of living (1). In the
cities there are better jobs with higher wages (1). There is
education for their children (1) and better health care
facilities (1) which may lead to a longer life (1). Life in the
countryside is hard (1) and there are high levels of poverty
(1). There is little employment outside agriculture (1) and
wages are low (1). The countryside lacks services such as
schools and health care (1). Marks 5
Accept any other valid point.
3.
Mark 4 × 1
(a)
As a percentage of the population there are fewer babies being born in 2050 (1)
about 2% less (1) there are fewer children under the age of 15 (1) there is a smaller working
population (1) there are far more people over the age of sixty (1) there is a great increase in
the over 80’s (1) especially females (1).
Or any other valid point.
Mark 4 × 1
Marks 4
(b)
More care will need to be provided for the elderly (1) eg care homes (1). There may
not be enough carers for the elderly (1). There will be a higher percentage of people in
retirement with less working population to support them (1). The government will struggle to
find the extra money needed for the increased elderly population (1). Increased strain on the
already limited health services (1). A reduction in the labour force will affect the economic
growth rate (1). Many buildings will be too big for the smaller number of school children (1).
Or any other valid point.
Marks 4
4.
(a)
Some areas may be too steeply sloping for building on (1). In some areas there may
be fertile soils (1); which allows people to grow enough food to feed themselves (1). Some
areas may be too high for people to live comfortably (1). Temperate climate would make for
a suitable place to live (1). Lack of water may prevent people from living in certain areas (1).
High humidity could be a problem (1). Other areas may be too cold (1). Areas with many
natural resources are usually attractive places for people to live (1).
Areas with good transport links usually attract people (1); such areas usually attract industry,
thus giving employment opportunities (1). Remote/isolated areas do not usually attract many
people (1).
Or any other valid point. 5 Marks
Both physical and human factors must be mentioned for full marks, otherwise mark out of 4.
(b)
Few children are being born which could result in a shortage of working adults in
years to come (1). This will result in fewer people paying tax which could affect the nation’s
economy (1). Jobs could be lost in nurseries, schools etc (1). The country will start to
develop an ageing population (1). More money will need to be spent on pensions (1). The
cost of health care for the elderly will rise (1). More demand for care services such as meals
on wheels (1). More demand for sheltered housing and old people’s homes (1).
Or any other valid point.
5 Marks
5. (a) For full marks reference to both human and physical must be made,
otherwise mark out of 4.
Some areas have rich natural resources to be used (1) and this attracts
people in (1). Some areas have many jobs available (1). Some areas have
very good transport and are easy to get to (1). Some areas have a temperate
climate (1), which allows many crops to be grown (1). High birth rate (1).
Or any other relevant point 5 Marks
(b) China used the one child policy to help reduce growth (1). Indonesia
introduced more free contraception (1). Some countries have used sexual
education (1). Some countries use tax incentives to encourage smaller
families (1). Increased level of education (1).
Or any other relevant point
4 Marks
6. (a) Some countries are more developed than others because they have a better
education system (1). This will mean that they have a more skilled
workforce (1) and so greater production levels (1) feeding into the economy.
Some countries have manufactured goods which are worth more money (1).
Some countries have higher literacy levels which indicates better education
(1) and may result in the population having better paid jobs (1). Some
countries are more developed as they have better health care (1) which
results in fewer endemic diseases (1) and so the majority of the population
can work and contribute to the economy (1) or farm the land to produce
food (1). More developed countries tend to have less extreme climates
which are more suited to farming (1) and so do not have to import food (1).
Countries may be more developed because they do not suffer from floods or
drought which would affect farming and food production (1). Some countries
have natural resources (1) such as oil (1) which can be sold to other
countries (1). Other countries are very large which makes areas of the
country difficult to access and so will not attract infrastructure or roads (1), eg
Brazil which has rainforests (1). 6 Marks
Or any other relevant point.
7.
a Look at Diagram Q2A. Marks 3
Diagram Q2A: Projected Urban Growth
i) Describe the trends shown on the graph.There has been a steady slow rise in the
number of people living in urban areas in developed countries (1). Increasing from
just under 500 million in 1950 to around 1,100 million in 2050 (1). There has been a
rapid rise in the number of people living in urban areas in developing countries (1).
Increasing from around 300 million in 1950 to 2500 million in 2010 (1) and will rise to
about 5,200 million in 2050 (1). Or any other relevant answer.
a ii) Explain why some people in developed countries move from urban to rural areas.
Marks 4
People may move from urban areas to rural areas seeking a quieter life (1) with less air
pollution from traffic (1). The cost of housing in cities has increased and it is cheaper to
buy housing in rural areas (1). Families can have much larger houses with gardens in
rural areas (1) As transport services have improved it can be easy for families to travel to the
city for shopping and entertainment (1). Rural areas have lower crime rates (1). People can
work from home using computers (1).
Or any other relevant answer.
b.
Birth rate has decreased in developing countries due to improvement in medical care which
can be provided (1). This means that more babies are surviving beyond birth (1) and parents
are less inclined to have more children as replacements for those who die (1). Contraception
is more widely
available (1) and more families are planning how many children to have (1). As education
levels increase and more people have jobs, there are less children required to work on
family farms (1). Marks 4
Or any other relevant answer
8.
Mark 2/2; 3/1; or 1/3
Examples:
Percentage population employed in agriculture.
Countries with a low percentage population employed in agriculture are usually more
developed. This means that there are more people employed in industry (1), which normally
means people have a higher standard of living (1), due to higher wages (1). Population per
doctor. Countries with a low population per doctor are usually more developed. This means
a better health care system (1) with more doctors to treat fewer patients (1). More developed
countries likely to be able to afford a better health care system (1). Marks 4
Or any other relevant answer
Urban Areas
1. 1 mark per valid point, 2 marks for a developed point.
Answers may include:
The new museum will create jobs (1) reducing unemployment (1) and giving some people a
higher standard of living (1). There will be a multiplier effect (1), giving business to hotels,
shops and other services (1). Jobs will also be available during construction (1). The
appearance of the waterfront will be improved (1). The education of schoolchildren and
students will be enhanced from the learning opportunities provided by the museum (2). The
city will enjoy a higher national/international profile (1).
Marks 4
2. 1 mark for a valid statement, 2 marks for a developed point.
Accept negative/positive points about the other locations.
Location 1 – Inner City
Close to the CBD for work (1) and very close to a regional shopping centre where they could
do most of their shopping (1) reducing travelling cost (1). The houses here are mostly
terraced housing so could be cheaper (1). There is a secondary school nearby for their
teenage children to attend (1). They are near main roads and a train station for easy travel to
the countryside (1). They will have a good riverside view (1).
Location 2 – Inner Suburbs
There is a secondary school close by for their teenage children to attend (1). The
environment would be nicer because of more open space (1). Houses are likely to be more
modern than those in location 1 (1). There is a mixture of council and private housing to
choose from (1). Some of the houses will be detached or semi-detached (1) with gardens
suitable for families (1). Near main road for easy access to the CBD and the countryside (1).
There is likely to be less traffic as there are fewer main roads compared to location 1 (1).
Marks 5
3. 1 mark per valid statement, 2 for a developed point.
Answers must be fully explained.
This is a good location because there are universities nearby with which companies could
cooperate in their research (1); they will also provide highly trained workers for companies
(1). Transport facilities are excellent as there is
a dual carriageway and motorway giving very good accessibility for imports/ exports (1).
Edinburgh Airport is also nearby allowing scientists or businessmen a convenient place to
travel from (1). The City of Edinburgh will provide a good pool of labour and a large local
market for products helping to keep transport costs down (2). Marks 5
Or any other valid point.
4.
1 mark per valid statement, 2 for a developed point.
For full marks both advantages and disadvantages must be mentioned.
No marks for straight lifts.
Advantages
More flights will be able to land and take off at Heathrow (1) and this will mean that there will
be a greater choice for people wishing to travel by air (1). It will provide an economic boost
to the region by creating more jobs during construction (1) and once the terminal is up and
running (1). The airport will be able to function better as it will have more room and existing
facilities will not be as crowded (1).
Disadvantages
There will be a lot of disruption to people’s lives as over 700 houses will be demolished in
Sipson (1); Animal habitats will also be destroyed (1).
Further damage will be caused to the atmosphere by increased emissions from aircraft
which increase the threat of global warming/climate change (2). Some green belt land
around London will be built on which defeats the whole purpose of having green belt (1).
Or any other valid point.
Marks 5
5. Accept negative statements about the alternative site.
Also accept answers that refer to both sites.
Brownfield:
Building here would rid the area of a derelict eyesore (1). Old industrial land is usually cheap
to buy (1). Infrastructure such as road and power supplies would already be present (1).
There would be easier access to services in the city (1)
such as shopping, entertainment and schools (1). It would be difficult to get permission to
build on the greenfield site (1) which could disturb natural habitats
and wildlife (1) and the developer could face protests from environmentalists (1). Building on
brownfield sites helps prevent urban sprawl (1).
Greenfield:
Out of town location means land will be cheap (1) and there will be plenty of space to build
(1). There is a pleasant environment which may make it easier to sell the houses (2). The
land has not been built on before so will be easier to develop (1). Brownfield area would be
expensive to clean up and would increase building costs (2). People may not want to buy
houses on brownfield sites as there will be more noise, congestion and pollution in the city
(1).
Or any other valid point. Marks 5
6.
Cost of car parking has been made very expensive (1). In some cases there is now
no free parking (1). Some cities have introduced congestion charges (1). A lot of
investment has been put into public transport systems (1). Fares have been reduced
in order to encourage greater use by the public (1). Bus lanes have been introduced
to try to speed up the service (1). Some cities have invested heavily in underground
rail systems.
Or any other valid point.
For full marks there must be some sort of
statement indicating the success of the
methods. (Maximum of 5 marks for either
part, but accept evaluative points
mentioned in part (i) ie mark holistically).
6 marks
7. Many shanty towns have had their residents evicted and the houses bulldozed (1). Some
of these people have been relocated into new areas with better services and amenities (1).
These areas have houses made of concrete blocks (1), with better toilets(s) and more
standpipes for water (1). In some cases people are given the legal rights to the land their
home is built on (1). Some self help schemes have been put in place (1) where building
materials are provided and the residents build the houses themselves (1).
Or any other relevant answer. Marks 5
8. If no named city mark out of 4.
Glasgow has landscaped older housing areas (1). They have renovated old
tenements (1). New housing such as at Glasgow Harbour (1) has been put
in place. Transport has been improved like the Partick Interchange (1).
Tourist developments have been put in (1). Small industrial units have
replaced the older industry (1).Marks 5
Or any other valid points
Rural Areas
1. 1 mark for valid point. 2 for a developed point.
Most of the land is high and cold so only hardy animals like sheep can survive (1).
Mostly rough grazing due to steep slopes making it difficult to use machinery (1).
Thin acid soils and cold wet climate make it difficult to grow crops (2). Short growing
season due to high altitude also makes it difficult to grow crops (1). Flat land in valley
floor enables machinery to be used to harvest crops like barley and turnips (1) which
can be used as winter fodder for livestock (1). The limited amount of lowland has
deeper soil and warmer climate enabling crops to grow (2). High rainfall means grass
grows better than other crops, so there is more improved pasture than arable land
(2). Marks 6
Or any other valid point.
2.
1 mark for a valid point, 2 marks for a developed point. At least two developments must be discussed for full
Mark 4:2, 3:3 or 2:4
Answers may include:
Mechanisation
Mechanisation has increased farm efficiency (1) allowing crops to be harvested
quicker (1) and delivered to markets fresher (1). Fewer workers are needed
reducing wage bills (1) although this means that jobs have been lost in farming (1)
contributing to rural depopulation (1) and run-down of rural services (1).
Mechanisation has resulted in bigger fields as large machines need lots of room to
work (2) meaning hedgerows have been removed spoiling the look of the
countryside (1) and reducing wildlife habitats (1).
Scientific Advances
Yields have increased through selective breeding/genetic modification (1) and
through increased use of fertilisers/pesticides (1). This means farmers’ profits have
increased (1), although there are public concerns over food safety (1) which means
more people have turned to organic produce creating new markets for farmers (1).
Diversification
Diversification has helped farmers increase profits (1) and means many now make
money from tourists such as renting out cottages (1) or by using land for pursuits
like golf/quad biking (1). Some have diversified by keeping exotic animals such as
wild boar/bison (1). This means that farmers have had to learn new skills (1).
Marks 6
3.
1 mark per valid statement, 2 marks for a developed point.
Accept yes/no answers.
No marks for straight lifts.
Y
e
s
:
Fuel prices have gone up a lot and so it will be much dearer to run farm
equipment and for farmers to import or export products (2). As there
are less EU subsidies, farmers will have to work doubly hard to make
up the shortfall (1) so some farmers may go bankrupt as a result (1). A
rise in insect pests due to global warming may reduce yields (1) or
increase farmers’ costs as they have to buy more insecticides (1).
Increasing tourist numbers in the countryside could cause problems for
the farmer if they leave gates open and allow livestock to escape (1) or
drop litter which could harm the animals (1).
No:
There are lots of opportunities for farms to increase their profits eg
farms
could diversify and run bed and breakfast in the farmhouse or rent out
old farm workers’ cottages as holiday chalets (2). Extra income could
be gained by offering pony trekking to increase numbers of tourists in
the countryside (1). A well run farm shop would give farms the chance
to bring in extra profit (1). There are extra grants available for looking
after the environment, so farms might benefit by planting hedgerows
and improving wildlife habitats (1). Global warming could mean that
new crops could be produced that were not possible before (1).
Marks 5
4. Choose any two EU policies shown in the diagram and explain why they are necessary.
Mark 3:1, 2:2, 1:3
eg Quotas are necessary to prevent the over production of food (1) and so prevent
prices for food stuffs from plummeting (1) and thus not providing an adequate income for the
farmer (1). In reducing the amount of food produced this also frees up farm land for other
activities (1). eg Animal Health Inspections are necessary following outbreaks of disease
such as foot and mouth (1). These diseases cause many animals to be slaughtered (1) and
so farmers lose money (1). It can also result in other countries not buying meat products
from the UK (1).
Or any other relevant answer.
Marks 4
Climate Change
1. For full marks both physical and human factors must be given.
Mark 3/3 2/4 4/2.
Areas with high population density puts pressure on land for farming (1) which can
lead to soil erosion (1), monoculture depletes the soil’s nutrients (1). Areas with
drought can lead to soil drying up (1) and blowing away (1). Areas with heavy rainfall
can lead to sheet erosion (1). Trees being cut down can lead to erosion (1) as there
5 ESb
are no roots to bind the soil (1). Steep slopes can lead to soil erosion and gullying
(1).
Or any other relevant answer.
Marks 6
Impact of human activity on the natural environment
1. 1 mark per valid point. 2 marks for an extended point.
No marks for straight lifts from diagrams.
Accept both yes/no answers.
Agree
Indonesia has a huge international debt and palm oil will bring in money which may help to
pay off part of the debt (1). The income generated from the sale of palm oil may mean that
Indonesia does not have to borrow more money and go deeper into debt (2). The
development of palm oil plantations will provide jobs for many people (1). The income from
palm oil is used to improve the standard of living of the local people (1). The demand for
products made from palm oil is rising so Indonesia is guaranteed income in future years (1).
Disagree
More than 40 million hectares of rainforest has been lost in the last 45 years (1) and the
amount of rainforest loss is still increasing (1). The rainforests are home to many animals
which could become extinct (1) as logging and burning destroy their habitat (1). The native
way of life of the rainforest people is threatened (1) as destroying the rainforest restricts the
land available for hunting (and farming) (1). Large areas are cleared by burning which
increases the amount of CO2 emissions (1) leading to increase of greenhouse gases and
global warming (1).
Accept any other valid point Marks 5
2.
1 mark per valid point, 2 for a developed statement.
Credit answers which partly agree and partly disagree.
If ‘Yes’:
Logging is best because the land is not suitable for other uses: clearing land for crops is not
a success for long because leaching washes the nutrients from the soil and the trees are
not there to replenish them (1); ranching is also not much good because grass doesn’t grow
well and grazing is poor (1); rainforest areas are remote and it is difficult to set up other
industries (1) whereas logs can be transported easily by floating them down the rivers (1).
Some logging companies harvest only selected trees, leaving the rest of the rainforest
undisturbed (1). This type of forestry is sustainable and doesn’t cause long term damage to
the forests (1). Logging provides a source of income for people in the area (1); exports of
timber can boost the economy of rainforest countries (1).
If ‘No’:
Rainforests are valuable for far more than just logging, because there are lots of other
resources which could be used such as minerals (1) or crops from the trees such as nuts
and rubber (1). Logging usually destroys the forest and this is disastrous because it ruins
the homes of countless species of wildlife, many of which could become, or already are
endangered (2). Also indigenous people such as the Baka rely on the rainforest for their
whole way of life and cutting it down for trees destroys their land and their entire culture (2).
Many plants in the rainforest have provided us with medicines and cutting the forest down
will prevent us from discovering more useful plants (1). Most of the profits from logging don’t
remain in the local area, so it does not benefit local people who already use the land (1).
Or any other relevant point. Marks 6
3.
a) To find pasture (1). However, overgrazing in an area can leave the soil vulnerable to soil
erosion (1) and the lack of vegetation no longer provides prif the rains fail the vegetation
doesn’t grow and this can lead to over grazing 1)otection for the soil (1). The animals also
compact the soil by trampling (1)which reduces the amount of infiltration (1), and also
increase soil runoff and erosion (1). This leads to nomads farming marginal land which
leads to land degradation (1) As arable farmers are forced to increase yield for growing
populations (1)there is less fallow time (resting time for soils) (1) which reduces the amount
of nutrients in the soil (1). With unreliable rainfall crops fail and become susceptible to
erosion and degradation (1)
any other valid point
b (i)
Or any other
valid point.
(ii)
Marks 6
Deforestation can lead to the
loss of resources (1) from the
forest, for example the loss
of hardwood timber, rare
plants, animals, birds and
insects (1). Animal and plant
habitats will be lost (1) and
this could damage the
ecosystem of the rainforest
(1). The loss of plants could
jeopardise future possible
cures for diseases such as
cancer (1). The native
peoples of the rainforest will
be displaced from their
homes (1) and may end up
living in reserves or forced
out of the rainforest
altogether (1). Indigenous
people could also fall ill from
diseases and infections
brought in by the fellers (1),
this could lead to death (1).
Traditional customs and
cultures could be lost (1).
5 marks
The consequence of deforestation can be
reduced in many ways. For example,
selective tree felling allows only trees which
have matured fully to be cut down (1), this
means that rather than a whole area being
felled only single trees are felled and so
young trees survive (1). Afforestation of
areas which have been felled helps to
replace trees which have been cut down (1).
Or any other
valid point.
Reservations have been created in protected
areas of forest, tree felling is banned (1) and
these provide a safe place for native peoples
to live (1). Crops can be grown amongst
forested areas to prevent soil erosion
through clear felling for agriculture (1) this is
known as agroforestry (1). Fines can be
placed on those who fell areas which are
protected (1) and education helps to make
people aware of the consequences of clear
felling (1).
4 marks
4.
(a) Large areas are being cleared by timber companies (1); timber is being sold
for export (1); forest is being cleared for settlement (1) and farmland (1) due
to expanding populations (1) to increase food production (1); forest also
destroyed due to mineral extraction (1) and for HEP schemes (1).
Or any other valid point
4 marks
(b) (i) People – unable to grow any food (1); may become too weak to
work (1); more susceptible to disease (1); may result in migration to
other areas (1).
Landscape – land may become useless for farming (1); soil gets
eroded (1) winds can blow it away (1).
Or any other valid point
For full marks both people and landscape must be mentioned.
5 marks
(ii) Methods might include – contour ploughing (1); stone lines (1) to
reduce run-off (1); crop rotation to retain nutrients (1); planting drought
resistant species (1); fencing off overgrazed areas (1); re-afforestation
to reduce soil erosion (1).
Or any other valid point
6 marks
5.
South America has many countries with a loss of forest cover (1). eg Brazil has a large
loss of forest (1). Australia (1) and Indonesia have a loss of forest (1). Many African
countries have a loss (1) including Nigeria (1). USA has gained forest (1) also Russia (1)
and South East Asia (1). Loss and gain must be mentioned for full marks, otherwise mark
out of 3. Marks 4
ii
For full marks effects on people and environment must be mentioned. eg In Amazonia
people may have to move away from their tribal homes (1). People may lose their traditional
way of life (1). There may be danger of injury in areas of conflict (1). Animals lose their
habitat (1). There can be increase in soil erosion (1). Country may lose tourist revenue (1).
Large areas are destroyed due to mineral extraction (1). The country will make more money
from timber, minerals etc (1) and people may have better paid jobs (1).
Or any other relevant answer Marks 5
6. Demand is high along the River Yobe because there are several urban areas in
which domestic water supplies would be needed (1). The catchment area has 41% of
Nigeria’s livestock and water will be required for the animals (1). There are several areas of
industry which would require water for manufacturing (1) and for power (1). There is also an
irrigation project which would require water (1) to ensure a reliable supply for crop growing
(1) as there are five months of zero rainfall (1).
Or any other relevant answer
Marks 5