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～Your character？
謝秀芳 Hsiu-Fang Hsieh, RN, Ph.D
副教授 Associate Professor
輔英科技大學 Fooyin University
hsiufang_hsieh@yahoo.com
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
陳震遠案 Nature：偽造審查令人嘆為觀止！ 1/3
– 2014-11-27 16:45 〔記者湯佳玲／台北報導〕
• 前屏東教育大學副教授陳震遠論文
假審案被英國出版社SAGE 撤下
60篇論文
– 連帶波及前教育部長蔣偉寧下台
• 《自然》期刊（Nature），以7頁
專文探討同儕審查，認為陳震遠案
真令人嘆為觀止！
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
陳震遠案 Nature：偽造審查令人嘆為觀止！ 2/3
• 本期《自然》期刊的新聞專題報導刊登一篇名為
「同儕審查騙局」（The peer-review scam）的
文章。文章指出，2012年韓國學者文亨尹
（Hyung-In Moon）被發現偽造審查人員，但尚
不是「最令人嘆為觀止」的實例，陳震遠案才是。
• 陳震遠發表在《震動與控制》期刊的論文偽造
人頭帳號同儕審查自己的文章，7月被英
國SAGE出版社撤銷60篇論文，其弟陳震武也涉
入其中，陳震武研究所時期指導教授蔣偉寧，也
因掛名共同作者受波及而辭去教育部長職務。
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
陳震遠案 Nature：偽造審查令人嘆為觀止！ 3/3
• 《自然》指出，這起事件經過14個月調查，
SAGE編輯、法務和產品部門共有約20人被捲入
此事。SAGE從學者投稿的信中追查兩封email發
覺異常，並檢視審查評語用字遣詞、作者提名的
審查委員背景、參考文獻和審查間隔時間，發現
有些案例的審查時間甚至只有數分鐘，最後揪出
130個假冒帳號，而核心人物就是陳震遠。
– 該報導指出，韓國與台灣的案子皆暴露了論文自動審
查系統ScholarOne 的問題，此系統在一位審查者被邀
請審查論文後，會收到一封註冊信，有心人士可以利
用假email 帳號，且無任何額外身分確認下進入系統。
報導表示，不少國際知名期刊皆利用ScholarOne系統，
但有弱點的不止這個系統，此問題值得學術界重視。
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
STORY HIGHLIGHTS
• Federal prosecutors accuse a researcher
of falsifying HIV research
• The NIH awarded Iowa State and the
researcher nearly $15 million
• Watchdog says Iowa State repaid the
government about $500,000
• If found guilty, the researcher faces up to
20 years in prison and a $1 million fine
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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Government prosecutes alleged
scientific fraud on AIDS research 1/5
義大醫院護理部 1040331
• By David Fitzpatrick and Drew Griffin, CNN Investigations
• October 21, 2014 -- Updated 0339 GMT (1139 HKT)
• Ames, Iowa (CNN)
• If government prosecutors are right, a former top
researcher at Iowa State University is guilty of brazen
scientific fraud-actions which a criminal complaint says
have cost taxpayers nearly $15 million.
• Federal prosecutors accuse Korean-born researcher Dr.
Dong Pyou-Han of deliberately falsifying key blood
research into a possible vaccine for HIV.
• An indictment brought against Han says he falsely
showed that rabbits infected with the virus had shown
remarkable improvement. That improvement was so
advanced that the government's National Institutes of
Health awarded Iowa State and Han nearly $15 million in
federal research grants.
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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Government prosecutes alleged
scientific fraud on AIDS research 2/5
義大醫院護理部 1040331
• Prosecutors say the false results actually cleared a first
level of back-up testing but fell apart after Han's boss at
Iowa State began to get suspicious.
• According to the criminal complaint, the false results
were secretly given to the NIH as well as a senior
scientist at Iowa State after the first publication of the
scientific paper. It was then, according to the complaint,
that they discovered the rabbit blood was spiked with
human antibodies, making it appear the rabbits were
developing an immunity to the virus.
• A spokesman for Iowa State University, John McCaroll,
told CNN that the school's reaction was "disbelief,
surprise, shock, disappointment."
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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Government prosecutes alleged
scientific fraud on AIDS research 3/5
義大醫院護理部 1040331
• In a letter attached to the complaint, and before he
entered a plea of not guilty, Han said he was "foolish,
coward and not frank." He added, "My misconduct is not
done in order to hurt someone."
• The U.S. attorney for the southern district of Iowa,
Nicholas Kleinfeldt, told CNN that "just because
somebody has a PhD, just because someone's involved
in the scientific community, doesn't mean they're going
to necessarily be treated differently than anyone else
who's committed a criminal offense."
• As for the roughly $15 million in federal research grants
handed out to Han and Iowa State, most of it is gone,
spent on salaries and lab gear, the spokesman said. The
school did repay about $500,000.
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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Government prosecutes alleged
scientific fraud on AIDS research 4/5
義大醫院護理部 1040331
• According to Retraction Watch, a group that tracks
research fraud, scientists who fake research rarely go to
prison and hardly ever are forced to pay taxpayers back
for misused grants.
the NIH has
given about $58 million in funds to science
that turned out to be phony over the past
22 years.
• In all, says a prominent scientist,
• Dr. Ferric Fang, a scientist at the University of
Washington, added up the numbers but cautioned the
real number may be even higher.
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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Government prosecutes alleged
scientific fraud on AIDS research 5/5
義大醫院護理部 1040331
• As for Han, there was no answer at a Cleveland
apartment building where he was believed to be staying
until the trial. CNN did reach him on his cell phone, and
when asked what happened, time and again he said only
two words: "I'm sorry."
• If he's found guilty on all the four federal charges against
him, prosecutors say he faces
up to 20 years
in prison and a $1 million fine.
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Unit Outlines
1. 違反學術倫理之行為案件
2. 違反學術倫理之作者類型
3. 違反學術倫理之發表類型
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Unit Objectives
1. 能確定學術倫理的挑戰
– 違反學術倫理之行為類型
2. 能做出作者排序的倫理決定
– 醜話說在前
3. 能敘述論文發表的倫理責任
– 學術寫作～怎麼寫才不會犯法？
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
如何心安理得？
1. 能確定學術倫理的挑戰
– 違反學術倫理之行為類型
2. 能做出作者排序的倫理決定
– 醜話說在前
3. 能敘述論文發表的倫理責任
– 學術寫作～怎麼寫才不會犯法？
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
倫理類型
研究/
學術
護理
專業
臨床
醫療決策
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
護理倫理面向
臨床～醫療決策
專業～核心價值
研究～計畫執行
學術～論文發表
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
誰倒楣？
研究
研究對象
學術
研究人員
倫理
就是你我
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Milgram Obedience Study
(early 1960s)
• A social psychology researcher at Yale
University
– Wondered why defendants in the Nuremberg Trials
justified their actions by saying just following orders
• Study purpose was to learn about conditions of
obedience and disobedience
• Used deception to recruit participants by calling
his projects learning and memory studies
 informed consent was not obtained
• Naïve participants (Tr.) believed they were
applying punishment, escalating electric shock
(15 to 450 volts), to a “learner”, in response to
incorrect answers to word-pair matching questions
• Causing the extreme psychological stress
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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絕對好奇：險惡人心
Curiosity: HOW EVIL ARE YOU?
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The Tuskegee Study
• 1932~1973
• US federal government sponsored Syphilis Experiment
• US Public Health Service explained "Macon County is a
natural laboratory; a ready-made situation. The rather
low intelligence of the Negro population, depressed
economic conditions, and the common promiscuous sex
relations not only contribute to the spread of syphilis but
the prevailing indifference with regard to treatment."
• 399 black men with syphilis & a control group of 201
• 1947, a miracle drug – penicillin
• 28 men died of syphilis, 100 others were dead of related
complications, 40+ wives had been infected, 19 children
contracted the disease at birth
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
President Clinton apologizes on
behalf of the nation
May 16, 1997
• The United States Government did
something that was wrong, deeply,
profoundly, morally wrong. It was an
outrage to our commitment to integrity
and equality for all our citizens. We can
end the silence. We can stop turning our
heads away. We can look at you in the
eye and finally say on behalf of the
American people what the United States
Government did was shameful, and I am
sorry.
• Bad Blood, James Jones
Hsieh,
Hsiu-Fang,
PHD,
Department
of Nursing,
Fooyin
University
Hsieh,
Hsiu-Fang,
PHD,
RN, RN,
Department
of Nursing,
Fooyin
University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
President Obama Apologizes
• to Guatemalan President for 'Shocking,' 'Tragic,'
'Reprehensible' Syphilis Study
• October 01, 2010 6:56 PM
– http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/10/01/us.guatemala
.apology/index.html
– Video: U.S. gave STDs to Guatemalans
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
The Sneaky Kid and Its Aftermath
• is a first-person account of the (sexual)
intimacy between a researcher (Harry
WOLCOTT) and his research participant
(Brad)
• He and the Sneaky Kid had become
– "intimately involved, psychologically at first
and, in time, physically. After that there
seemed no topic that we could not discuss, no
aspect of his (or my) life about which we did
not talk freely" (p. 110).
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
性愛趴～拿捏界線
1/2
– 方佳怡 2012/02/29 蘋果日報
• 針對許女為寫碩士論文，參與性愛趴擔任
助理，學者看法分歧。
• 在場實際記錄者，並不涉入
– 樹德科技大學人類性學研究所助理教授簡上淇
認為，研究者應是不涉入活動的「記錄者」，
許女在現場遞水或保險套，作法並不妥。
– 國內針對集體性愛、多P性愛及換妻等研究的
田野調查，「研究者多半不會到場參與，只要
訪問有經驗者就行。」
– 台灣性學會祕書長徐慶璋也說，做研究不應深
入其境，此舉有待商榷。
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
性愛趴～拿捏界線
2/2
• 另派觀點認同參與
– 性別研究專家、中央大學哲學研究所教授甯應
斌認為，做研究就是要親身參與，否則淪為隔
靴搔癢。他認同許女的作法。
– 他認為，若沒親身參與，怎能得到感同身受的
調查研究結果？
– 他表示，國內一直有研究者進入色情場所觀察，
包括10多年前東海大學女研究生到KTV當公關
小姐，將內容集結出書，近期也有女研究生為
一窺北市萬華區茶室，不惜下海賣淫，將經過
寫成論文發表，他呼籲不應以有色眼光來看這
類研究。
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Definition of Ethics
• “the principles of conduct governing
an individual or a group.”
– Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
– http://www.acfe.com/ethics-and-compliance.aspx
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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為什麼要研讀倫理?
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Scandal: Which one is worse?
Clinical
Medicine
Medical
Research
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Not met scientific criteria
Poor medical Research
Unethical?
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
What do we need in research?
– Altman, 1994, p. 283
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
我國當今學術發表
集點
拚
業績
務虛
不
掛名
造假
務實
倫理議題
派閥
壟斷
功利
思維
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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Carlson & Ross, 2010
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
88-99年科技部處理違反學術倫
理案件彙整表 1/2
序號
1
2
3
4
違反態樣
發表之著作涉及抄襲他人發表之著作，引用已發表論文之
理論模型等作為論文之依據，未於論文中適當註記引用原
著，且未列入參考文獻。
於學術研討會發表之演講摘要與他人發表之論文摘要，除
小部分不同外，其餘完全相同，且未引述出處；其所提供
之簡報資料，其中幾個圖形係由他人發表之著作內之圖形
加以修改而成，未註明出處且未經原作者之同意。
專題研究計畫申請書內容有大量文字與所指導學生之碩士
論文相同，未以自己的文字敘述，且未引註該學生之碩士
論文。
所提專題研究計畫申請案，將本部補助其他年度專題研究
計畫研究成果之專書列入個人資料表著作目錄，該專書大
量文字夾譯夾作，雖有部分註明出處，但極多篇幅未依學
術慣例適當地加以引註及以譯代作，難以區別。
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
88-99年科技部處理違反學術倫
理案件彙整表 2/2
5 獲本部研究獎勵費之代表作與國外某專書雷同之處甚多，
該著作未依學術慣例適當地加以引註，且未符合學術著作
體例。
6 於國外期刊發表之2篇論文有許多相同或相似之處，研究
資料雖有更新，惟未適當引述，不符合學術慣例。
7 個人歷年著作抄襲國外碩士論文及博士論文。
8 發表之著作絕大部分抄襲他人之博士論文，並將該著作列
為個人著作目錄，申請本部專題研究計畫。
… 31
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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科技部學術倫理案件處理及審議要點 1/2
• 研究人員違反學術倫理之行為類型
本要點所稱違反學術倫理，指研究人員有
下列情形之一，致有嚴重影響本部審查判
斷或資源分配公正之虞者：
(一)造假：虛構不存在之申請資料、研究資
料或研究成果。
(二)變造：不實變更申請資料、研究資料或
研究成果。
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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科技部學術倫理案件處理及審議要點 2/2
(三)抄襲：援用他人之申請資料、研究資料
或研究成果未註明出處。註明出處不
當情節重大者，以抄襲論。
(四)隱匿其部分內容為已發表之成果或著作。
(五)未經註明而重複發表，致研究成果重複
計算。
(六)研究計畫或論文大幅引用自己已發表之
著作，未適當引註。
(七)以違法或不當手段影響論文審查。
(八)其他違反學術倫理行為，經本部學術倫
理審議會議決通過。
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Publishing your Research Study?
•
•
•
•
A requirement for promotion?
A obligation to your boss?
A duty to nursing profession?
A achievement of your scientific growth?
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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Authorship
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Authorship
• Author: derived from the Latin
auctor
 implication of power
 Authority
– Authoritative: a deserved position of
strength and respect
– Authoritarian: a position relying on
force alone
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
「作者」vs.「貢獻者」
• 最近，高能物理學（High Energy Physics）
的期刊Nuclear Physics B中一篇論文
– 作者名單已經飆升到3,000位（作者中包括工程
師和研究人員
• Taylor與 Thorisson（2012）指出使用「貢
獻者」（contributorship）會比使用「作者」
更能提供豐富的理解
– 期待所有對人類知識有所貢獻的人，都能被精
確地記錄，進而讓全體有功人員的名字都能占
有一席之地
• http://epaper.naer.edu.tw/index.php?edm_no=66&
content_no=1759
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Abuse of authorship
1. 非理所當然 Undeserving authors
2. 名譽 Honorary or courtesy authorship
–
assigned on the basis of some leadership position
3. 景仰 Admiration Authorship
4. 掛名 Guest authorship
– Payment for a service
5. 幽靈 Ghost authorship/Ghostwriter
–
Contributors not named as coauthors
–
Words or works not been given proper credit
6. 脅迫 Coercion Authorship
7. 禮物 Gift Authorship
8. 否定 Denial of authorship
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Problems
vs.
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
System of Scientific Authorship
No inherent control mechanism
No independent of outside control
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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義大醫院護理部 1040331
Deciding on authorship
• A prior communication
• Ordering of authorship
– Attribution of credit
• Formal guidelines
– Journal’s author guidelines
• Systematic process
• Peer review
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, PHD, RN, Department of Nursing, Fooyin University
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Determining Authorship: A Team Decision
• Carlson & Ross, 2010, P.266
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當局者迷，旁觀者清
• No one is wise in his own affairs.
• One directly involves lacks objectivity, but
a spectator sees it through.
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Rigorous Peer Review System
• "To maintain our edge . . . we've got to protect our
rigorous peer review system and ensure that we only
fund proposals that promise the biggest bang for
taxpayer dollars . . . that's what's going to maintain our
standards of scientific excellence for years to come."
– Remarks by President Barack Obama on the 150th Anniversary
of the National Academy of Sciences, April 29, 2013
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Peer review in science –
“politically” correct?
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http://genomicenterprise.com/blog/2010/09/03/peer-review-of-articles-in-science-politically-correct/
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Publication
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Ethical Writing
“Ethical writing is clear, accurate,
fair, and honest. Ethical writing is a
reflection of ethical practice”.
– Kolin (2002)
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Fraudulent Practice
• “Deceptive practices in which an author
with forethought sets out to deceive other”
(p. 20)
– Claxton, L. D. (2005a). Scientific authorship.
Part 1. A window into scientific fraud?
Reviews in Mutation Research, 589(1), 1730.
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Coin of Publication
• A Fair Reward?
1.Credit
– Graduation/Degree
– Academic muscle
– Promotion
2.Publication Responsibility
– Accountability
– Faithful
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Academic Dishonesty or Misconduct
• Plagiarism
• Fabrication
• Deception
– Providing false information to an instructor concerning
a formal academic exercise—e.g., giving a false
excuse for missing a deadline or falsely claiming to
have submitted work.
• Cheating
– Any attempt to give or obtain assistance in a formal
academic exercise (like an examination) without due
acknowledgment.
• Sabotage
– Acting to prevent others from completing their work.
This includes cutting pages out of library books or
willfully disrupting the experiments of others.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dishonesty
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Abuse of Publication
• Salami publication
–
data fragmentation
–
Academic Self-plagiarism or ‘double dipping’
–
Reported studies never done
• Redundant or Duplicate publication
• Falsification of Data
• Fabrication of Data
• Scientific Fraud
• Plagiarism
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版權 Copyright
• Copyright is a legal status to protect
“original works of authorship.”
– Your publication, the fruit of your unique ideas
and personal labor, is your intellectual
property.
– Copyright protects against plagiarism by
assuring that these creative ideas, research,
and illustrations are correctly attributed to the
original author(s).
• Carlson & Ross, 2010
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Copyright
• Copyright, an “exclusive license (sic)”in
publication, permits the copyright holder to
control how published content is
disseminated, adapted, and reproduced.
• According to the US Copyright Law, the
intent is to protect authors of both
published and unpublished material and
ideas.
– Carlson & Ross, 2010
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Copyright
• Before publication, the author
typically transfers, or “assigns,”
copyright to the publisher by signing a
copyright release document.
• Therefore, although the author
remains listed as the author, the
publisher now “owns” the publication.
– Carlson & Ross, 2010
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Copyright
• Copyright restricts an author from
simultaneously publishing the
same data in more than one
journal “without full cross
reference in the text” and without
explicit permission.
– Carlson & Ross, 2010
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抄襲 Plagiarism
• is defined as the use of the words, ideas,
diagrams, etc., of publicly available work
without appropriately acknowledging the
sources of these materials.
– This definition constitutes plagiarism whether it is
intentional or unintentional and whether it is the
work of another or your own, previously published
work.
• is a very serious offense that the University
of Washington does not tolerate. Evidence of
plagiarism may prevent granting of your
degree.
– http://www.grad.washington.edu/students/etd/
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Plagiarism
• Taking over the ideas, methods, or written
words of another, without acknowledgment
and with the intention that they be taken
as the work of the deceiver
– American Association of University Professors
(September/October, 1989)
• Appropriation of another person’s ideas,
processes, results, or words without giving
appropriate credit,
– including those obtained through confidential
review of others’ research proposals and
manuscripts
• (Office of Science and Technology Policy, 1999)
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Plagiarism = Crimes in Academia
• “Don’t plagiarize. Express your
own thoughts in your own
words…. Note, too, that simply
changing a few words here and
there, or changing the order of a
few words in a sentence or
paragraph, is still plagiarism.
Plagiarism is one of the most
serious crimes in academia.”
(Pechenik, 2001; p.10).
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Plagiarism even Citation
• “You plagiarize even when you do
credit the author but use his exact
words without so indicating with
quotation marks or block indentation.
You also plagiarize when you use
words so close to those in your
source, that if your work were placed
next to the source, it would be
obvious that you could not have
written what you did without the
source at your elbow.” (Booth,
Colomb, & Williams, 1995; p. 167)
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Two Types of Plagiarism
Global
• copy everything from an
article
Patch-work
• patch from different articles
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Two Types of Plagiarism
1. Plagiarism of Ideas
 properly acknowledged in a
footnote or a reference citation
2. Plagiarism of Text
• Copying a portion of text from
another source without giving
credit to its author and without
enclosing the borrowed text in
quotation marks
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The Lesser Crimes of Writing
1.Ethically questionable citation practices
1. Carelessness in citing sources
2. Relying on an abstract or a preliminary
version of a paper while citing the published
version
3. Citing sources that were not read or
thoroughly understood
4. Borrowing extensively from a source but
only acknowledging a small portion of what
is borrowed
2.Ethically inappropriate writing practices
1. Selective reporting of literature
2. Selective reporting of methodology
3. Selective reporting of results
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Plagiarism
• is a punishable offense that may
result in fines and professional
embarrassment.
– http://coyotechronicle.net/students-and-professors-respond-toplagiarism/
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http://classguides.lib.uconn.edu/content.php?pid=50827&sid=386249
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既使是常識，也要有文獻出處
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Paraphrasing
• To prevent plagiarism
1
• read it
2
• understand it
3
• put it aside
4
• write it in your own words
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Standing on the shoulders of giants
without breaking regulations/rules
• Choose only the most sage and unique
words to include as a quotation and
restate ~ not copy ~ the remainder.
– After all, why bother to write a new article
when sections are merely quoted from
another source?
– Carlson & Ross, 2010
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CANNOT
• interesting diagram in an online article
 This author CANNOT download the
diagram, convert to a PowerPoint slide,
and incorporate it into a lecture for a
component seminar, a film, or display on a
poster without written permission from the
diagram’s owner or creator.
– Carlson & Ross, 2010
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Quoting Sizeable Portions
• Quoting Sizeable Portionsof text may
require written permission, not merely a
reference citation.
• Psychological Association (APA) style
– Requires specific formatting for a quote
exceeding 40 words.
• A wise author investigates the
requirements of the target journal.
– Carlson & Ross, 2010
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Written Permission Required to
1. Use or adapt a published research tool
developed by another researcher
2. Include sections of text written by another
author in your article
3. Reprint copies of chapters from a book, or a
journal article for a seminar
4. Reuse figures, diagrams, graphs, or data tables
from an article or book chapter
5. Copy, use, or distribute Web site content,
unless a clearly stated comment indicates
copyright is not needed (public domain)
– Carlson & Ross, 2010, P.265
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Information for Permission Request
• Carlson & Ross, 2010, P.265
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Data
• Massage of data
• Data torture
– Babbage, 1830
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Duplicate or Redundant Publication
• If the results of a single complex study are best
presented as a ‘cohesive’ single whole, they
should not be partitioned into individual papers.
• If there is any doubt as to whether a paper
submitted for publication represents fragmented
data, authors should enclose other papers
(published or unpublished) that might be part of
the paper under consideration.
– Angell & Elman (1989)
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Salami publication
• salami slicing of research findings into an
excessive number of publications
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Salami Slicing
• Criterion of “least publishable unit”
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publon
• In academic publishing, the
least publishable unit (LPU), also
smallest publishable unit (SPU) or
minimum publishable unit (MPU), colloquially
"publon" - the smallest measurable quantum of
publication, is the minimum amount of
information that can generate a publication in a
peer-reviewed journal.
– Maximum publishable unit and
optimum publishable unit are also used.
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Integrity & Character
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Guidelines 1/3
1. An ethical writer ALWAYS acknowledges
the contributions of others and the
source of his/her ideas.
2. Any verbatim text taken from another
author must be enclosed in quotation
marks.
3. We must always acknowledge every
source that we use in our writing;
whether we paraphrase it, summarize it,
or enclose it quotations.
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Guidelines 2/3
4. Authors are strongly urged to double-check their
citations. Specifically, authors should always
ensure that each reference notation appearing in
the body of the manuscript corresponds to the
correct citation listed in the reference section
and vice versa and that each source listed in the
reference section has been cited at some point
in the manuscript.
In addition, authors should also ensure that all
elements of a citation (e.g., spelling of authors’
names, volume number of journal, pagination)
are derived directly from the original paper,
rather than from a citation that appears on a
secondary source. Finally, authors should
ensure that credit is given to those authors who
first reported the phenomenon being studied.
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Guidelines 3/3
5. Always consult the primary literature.
Avoid relying on secondary sources.
6. Generally, when describing others’ work,
do not rely on a secondary summary of
that work. It is a deceptive practice,
reflects poor scholarly standards, and
can lead to a flawed description of the
work described.
–
http://facpub.stjohns.edu/~roigm/plagiarism/I
ndex.html
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Principles of Ethical Publishing in the
International Journal of Cardiology 1/2
1. That the corresponding author has the approval of all
other listed authors for the submission and publication
of all versions of the manuscript.
2. That all people who have a right to be recognised as
authors have been included on the list of authors and
everyone listed as an author has made an independent
material contribution to the manuscript
3. That the work submitted in the manuscript is original
and has not been published elsewhere and is not
presently under consideration of publication by any
other journal. The oral or poster presentation of
parts of the work and its publishing as a single
page abstract does not count as prior
publication for this purpose.
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Principles of Ethical Publishing in the
International Journal of Cardiology 2/2
4. That the material in the manuscript has been acquired
according to modern ethical standards and does not
contain material copied from anyone else without their
written permission
5. That all material which derives from prior work,
including from the same authors, is properly attributed
to the prior publication by proper citation
6. That the manuscript will be maintained on the servers
of the Journal and held to be a valid publication by the
Journal only as long as all statements in these
principles remain true
7. That if any of the statements above ceases to be true
the authors have a duty to notify the journal as soon as
possible so that the manuscript can be withdrawn.
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Academic Success = ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Grants money?
Publication?
Authorship?
Popularity?
Teaching?
Administrative position?
Research Productivity?
Scientific advancement?
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Game Playing
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INTEGRITY IN RESEARCH
1. Institutions
– a matter of creating an environment that promotes
responsible conduct by embracing standards of
excellence, trustworthiness, and lawfulness that
inform institutional practices
2. Individual researchers
– an aspect of moral character and experience
– integrity embodies above all a commitment to
intellectual honesty and personal responsibility for
one’s actions and to a range of practices that
characterize responsible research conduct.
• Integrity in scientific research
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Practices Characterized
Responsible Research Conduct 1/2
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1. intellectual honesty in proposing,
performing, and reporting research
2. accuracy in representing contributions to
research proposals and reports
3. fairness in peer review
4. collegiality in scientific interactions,
including communications and sharing of
resources
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Practices Characterized
Responsible Research Conduct 2/2
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5. transparency in conflicts of interest or
potential conflicts of interest
6. protection of human subjects in the
conduct of research
7. humane care of animals in the conduct of
research
8. adherence to the mutual responsibilities
between investigators and their research
teams
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8 Guiding Principles for Program
1.Accountability 克盡職責
2.Consistency 一致性
3.Efficiency 效率化
4.Feasibility 實用性
5.Objectivity 客觀性
6.Responsiveness 呼應性
7.Scientific rigor嚴謹科學
8.Transparency 透明化
Check
– Knowing What Works in Health Care: A Roadmap for
the Nation, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12038.html
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Future Readings
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– Albert Einstein
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現代工具
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105
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一分鐘報告
• 匿名方式簡短回答兩個題目
1.你從今天課堂上學到
什麼？
2.你內心最大的疑惑是
什麼？
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