CHAPTER 16
WORLD WAR I & ITS AFTERMATH
(1914 - 1918)
THINGS TO CONSIDER…
• What is the 1 thing you should know about the
war? - 4 mins
• Casualties
• World War 1 Firsts – 2 mins
• Interesting Facts – 3 mins
• What is the legacy of the war? – 3 mins
An average of 6,000 soldiers died per
day during the war. The average
soldier during the war was in their
twenties. How would the deaths of
6,000 soldiers between 16-40 per day
affect a country?
-- be specific and think of things like education, economics,
women, minorities….
16.1 – ROOTS OF THE WAR
1. Emergence of Germany in
the late 1800s
a. 1871 – Prussia proclaimed
the birth of the German
Empire
b. Germany defeated France
and forced it to give AlsaceLorraine
c. Alliances were signed as
nations sought to protect
themselves
ROOTS OF THE WAR cont.
– Alliances to know
1. Triple Alliance (1870) –
made up of Germany, Italy,
Austria Hungary
2. Franco-Russian Alliance
(1894) – made up of France
and Russia
3. Triple Entente (1907) –
made up of Great Britain,
France, and Russia
ROOTS OF THE WAR cont.
2. Emergence of militarism –
aggressive build up of armed
forces to intimidate and
threaten other nations
(domino effect)
-
Arms race between Germany and
GB by the early 1900s, leads GB to
join the Triple Entente with Russia
and France
3. Emergence of nationalism –
intense pride in one’s
homeland
- leads to strong sense of
self-determination (right
to have your own gov’t)
ROOTS OF THE WAR cont.
4.
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
-
June, 1914 – heir to Austro-Hungarian Empire
killed by a Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip)
- a result of Imperialism – many groups in
Southeastern Europe wanted independence
from empires such as the Ottoman or AustriaHungary
-
This triggers the alliances to take effect (AustriaHungary asked Germany to back it up if it attacked
Serbia, Serbia looked to Russia for help…..)
-
July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declared war on
Serbia, Russia mobilized its troops to support
Serbia
August 1 – Germany declared war on Russia
August 3 – Germany declared war on France
August 4 - Germany invaded neutral Belgium so
GB entered the war
-
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Show clip from WWI: The
Complete History – Disc 1 – 6mins,
50 secs to -17 mins, 10 secs
M.A.I.N. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1
• Militarism – nations built up their militaries to ensure their own
security/power
• Alliances – agreements between countries meant that one event
could pull many countries into a conflict
• Imperialism – European nations competed to create empires,
increasing tension between them but also creating resentment
from those being ruled in those areas (ex. Slavs in Austria-Hungary)
• Nationalism – as countries competed they became more and more
intense in their pride
– National anthems
M.A.I.N. POSTER
• Title – Causes of World War I
• Militarism – define it, give one specific example, an
image to represent it
• Alliances – define it, describe the triple alliance and
triple entente, an image to represent them
• Imperialism/Nationalism – define both, describe the
situation in the Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia, AH, Ferdinand’s
assassination…), an image to represent it
THE COMBATANTS
CENTRAL POWERS
1. Germany
ALLIED POWERS
1. France
2. Austria-Hungary
2. Great Britain
3. Bulgaria
3. Russia
4. Ottoman Empire
4. Italy (joins in 1915)
EARLY FIGHTING
•
August 4, 1914 - Germany attacked
France but went through neutral
Belgium to do it
•
Russia invaded Germany from the east,
forcing Germany to send some troops
east
•
Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914) – halts
the German advance in France; the
Western Front is formed
–
•
Show clip from WWI: The Complete
History – Disc 1 – 43 mins, 30 secs t to 46
mins, 50 secs
A stalemate ensued as both sides
settled into hundreds of miles of
trenches
–
Trench video
–
Russia had 2 million casualties in 1915
alone (what were they fighting for
reading? - Strachan)
AMERICA DECLARES WAR
• President Wilson kept the
U.S. out of the war and
argued for neutrality
• Different groups emerged
on either side of the
neutrality debate
• Many Americans
supported the Allies for
cultural and/or economic
reasons
Woodrow Wilson
NEUTRALITY DEBATE
PREPAREDNESS
PEACE
Wanted to stay out of the war
but also wanted the U.S. to
prepare just in case
Wanted to stay out of the war
and keep the U.S. from
building up its military
- Jane Addams
PRO-WAR
Were very pro-British and
thought the U.S. needed to
help in order to maintain an
int’l balance of power
- most of Wilson’s cabinet
- Business leaders (a lot of
loans to the British)
WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
• You are 30 years old, married, and have two
children. Your family is on a cruise ship, there
is a terrible accident, and the ship begins to
sink. You are on a stairwell and on the deck
below you your 5-year-old son is in the ship’s
arcade/playroom while on the deck above you
your 2-year-old daughter is taking a nap in
your room. What do you do and why?
MOVING TOWARDS WAR
• To combat the British blockade the
Germans began unrestricted
submarine warfare
– U-boats
• May 17, 1915 – Germans sank the
Lusitania, a British passenger ship
with Americans
– Lusitania leaving New York
– Show clip from WWI: The Complete
History – Disc 1 – They Sank the
Lusitania – 10 mins, 40 secs – 21 mins,
10 secs)
• To keep the U.S. out of the war
Germany developed the Sussex
Pledge
– Germany promised, with certain
conditions, not to sink merchant ships
without warning
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE LUSITANIA
•
Fastest ship of its kind at the time, too fast for submarines
– But it was not allowed to burn enough coal to go full speed (why not?)
•
The British gov’t knew about the movements of the U-boat that sank the Lusitania but did not tell the captain (why not?)
•
The U-boat captain was bout to give up the chase but, to his amazement, the Lusitania turned directly towards him, allowing
him to catch up (why?)
•
People saw the torpedo coming towards the ship but it was too late to do anything, some thought it went under the boat and
missed them at first
•
There were 1,969 passengers and crew on board
–
–
–
–
–
–
764 survived
3 of the dead were Germans spies who were captured at the beginning of the trip
33 infants were on board, only 6 survived
many dead were never supposed to be on board but had to switch ships at the last minute before leaving New York
It was sunk only a few miles off the coast of Ireland, bodies washed up on shore
Over 100 of the dead were American
•
No British military ships were allowed to go try to pick up survivors (why not?)
•
The captain survived the sinking and was put on trial but was found innocent of wrongdoing, he was captain of another ship
years later that was also torpedoed
•
The ship was carrying contraband
•
It was not the first ship sunk by the Germans that had Americans on board
•
The U.S. DID NOT declare war on Germany right after this
MOVING TOWARDS WAR
• Zimmerman Telegram – In 1917
the Germans sent a memo to
Mexico
– If Mexico became Germany’s ally,
Germany would help Mexico regain
lands lost to the U.S. (NM, AZ, TX)
– The British intercepted it and gave
it to American newspapers
– A British codebreaker, after reading
the telegram, said to his
supervisor….”d’you want to bring
American into the war?”
– Americans were furious with
Germany
U.S. DECLARES WAR
• Germany resumed unrestricted
submarine warfare in early 1917
(why did they do this? – Kennedy p.5)
• April 2, 1917 – Wilson asked Congress
to declare war on Germany
(Senator punches protestor – Kennedy p.15)
- Congress votes to declare war on April 6
– This was a complete reversal of Wilson’s
campaign to win the election of 1916 (do
you have a problem with that? Why or
why not?)
– Show clip from 20th Century – Turning
Points in U.S. History (America Prepares
for WWI – 5 mins)
“The world must be made safe
for democracy”
- W.W. on April 2, 1917
16.2 – THE HOMEFRONT
• When the U.S. entered
the war in April of 1917
Progressives were
running the gov’t
• Progressives applied
ideas of planning and
scientific management
to organize the war
effort
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?
• It is April of 1917 and you, Woodrow Wilson,
have just asked Congress to declare war on
Germany. Congress has agreed, but now you
need to plan for the war. What do you and your
advisers think are the major issues that need to
be addressed/planned for so that the United
States can effectively fight the war.
– Ex. How are you going to get all of the troops to the
front?
– Ex. With so many men going off to battle, how are you
going to fill on the jobs they leave?
WARTIME AGENCIES
• War Industries Board (WIB)
– Coordinated the production of
wartime materials
– Determined what was to be
made, gave out resources,
ordered building of new
factories…
Bernard Baruch
WARTIME AGENCIES
• FOOD ADMINISTRATION
– Responsible for increasing food
production and decreasing
civilian consumption
– Encouraged people to grow
“victory gardens”, Wheatless
Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays…
Herbert Hoover
WARTIME AGENCIES
• FUEL ADMINISTRATION
– Managed use of coal and oil
– Shortened work week for some
factories, introduced daylight
savings time, Heatless
Mondays
Harry Garfield
WARTIME AGENCIES
• NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD (NWLB)
– Sought to prevent strikes by mediating
labor disputes
– Encouraged businesses to increase wages,
improve working conditions, adopt 8 hour
work day, allow unions to organize….
– In return labor leaders agreed to avoid
disrupting production (union membership
increased greatly from 1917-1919)
– Show clip from 20th Century – A Moving
Visual History (The Great Migration – 2
mins)
Taft
PAYING FOR THE WAR
• U.S. spent about $32 billion
by war’s end
– $1 in 1918 has the same
buying power as $15.80
today!!!
• To fund:
– Raised income tax rates
– Imposed new taxes
– Borrowed money through the
sale of Liberty and Victory
Bonds
SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION
• What does the term “public
opinion” mean?
• Progressives did not think
organizing for war was
enough, they felt they need
to shape public opinion and
“sell” the war to the
American public
SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION cont.
• The government did this
by….
a. Committee on Public
Information – used
journalists, artists, ad
agencies to sell the war
b. Passed laws to limit
opposition to the war
- ex. Espionage Act of 1917
- ex. Sedition Act of 1918
are you OK with laws like this?
SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION PROJECT
(you choose which one)
BOND POSTER
1.
A clear title/caption that
conveys a message
COMMERCIAL
1. At least 2 people
2. At least 60 seconds long
2.
A powerful image(s) that
relates to that message
3.
A subtle historical reference
that you really need to pay
attention to “get”
4.
Colored
3. Has a clear story/message
about what people can do to
help
4. Each person must speak at
least 3 times
5. G-rated!
BUILDING THE MILITARY
• Selective Service Act of 1917
– All men 21-30 registered for
the draft
– Lotteries determined order in
which they were called
– About 2.8 million were drafted
WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
• It’s 1918 and you have not been drafted for
the war. Would you volunteer? Why or why
not?
BUILDING THE MILITARY
• Volunteers
– About 2 million volunteered
– Why?
a. Despised Germany
b. Duty to their nation (calling)
c. Fight for democracy
d. Great adventure
BUILDING THE MILITARY
• African Americans
– 42,000 served as troops
overseas
– Faced discrimination
– Segregated units
– Fought with distinction
– Hypocritical treatment?
BUILDING THE MILITARY
We must not eat with them, must “I cannot commend too
not shake hands with them, seek
highly the spirit shown
to talk to them or to meet with among the colored combat
them outside the requirements of troops, who exhibit fine
military service. We must not
capacity for quick training
commend too highly these troops, and eagerness for the most
especially in front of white
dangerous work.” —General
Americans”
- John J. Pershing
—General John J. Pershing, in a
secret communiqué concerning
African-American troops sent to
the French military stationed
BUILDING THE MILITARY
• Women
– First war in which woman
formally served in the armed
forces
– Noncombatant positions
– Met clerical needs
– Army Nursing Corps – 20,000
– Electricians, pharmacists,
chemists, photographers…
Show Clip from WWI: Complete Collection
(Over Here – 24-30mins; 32mins, 40 secs –
34mins, 30secs; )
16.3 – A BLOODY CONFLICT
• New technology and
strategies led to
massive casualties
– A machine gun or
plane can kill a lot
more people than a
sword
• First “modern” war
Show Clip from WWI: Complete
Collection (Daredevils – 2430mins; 48mins, 30 secs –
54mins, 30secs; )
TRENCH WARFARE
•
Dug trenches to protect
themselves from artillery
•
Machine gun was used to
ward off attacking soldiers
•
No-Man’s Land – space
between; obstacles to
prevent crossing
•
Results of TW were horrific,
massive casualties on both
sides
•
•
•
Video
Video 2
Trench art
NEW TECHNOLOGY
• Soldiers needed new
technology/weapons to
break through the lines
• New weapons led to
brutal warfare and more
casualties
• New
weapons/technologies
included:
– Gas, gas masks, armored
tank, airplanes (life
expectancy of 2 weeks!),
machine guns
CASUALTIES
AMERICA ARRIVES
• American troops
were nicknamed
“doughboys”
• Entry of American
troops boosted the
morale of the Allied
forces and
demoralized the
Germans
John Pershing
HOW WOULD YOU DO IT?
• The U.S. used ship to get its troops to the
front, but a major problem was how to get
them there safely as the German submarines
were getting better and better at sinking
ships.
• How would you safely get American ships
across the Atlantic?
AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR
• America used
convoys to get ships
across the Atlantic
– Greatly reduced the
loss of ships and lives
– Convoys were also
extremely important
to get food to the
British
AMERICANS ENTER COMBAT
• American Expeditionary
Force (AEF) arrived in
Paris on July 4, 1917
• Refused to be integrated
and fight under British
and/or French command
• 93rd Infantry – first to
enter combat (African
Americans); transferred
to French control
(why???)
RUSSIA LEAVES THE WAR
• March of 1917 – Tsar
Nicholas II abdicated his
throne
– Beginning of the Russian
Revolution
• Bolshevik party
eventually gained
control, established a
communist gov’t
– Led by Vladimir Lenin
– Lenin pulled Russia out of
the war in 1917
– Effect for Germany?
GERMANY’S LAST OFFENSIVE
• March 21, 1918 –
Germans launched a
major offensive on the
Western Front
• American troops
played a key role in
eventually stopping the
German advance in
France in the summer
of 1918
GERMANY’S LAST OFFENSIVE cont.
• Battle of the
Argonne Forest
(Sept. 1918)
– Allies launch a
massive
counterattack
– By early November
the Germans were
retreating along the
Western Front
END OF THE WAR
• By November of 1918
the Ottoman and
Austro-Hungarian
Empires surrendered
• Nov. 11, 1918 –
Germany signed an
armistice (truce) and
fighting ended
END OF THE WAR
• Jan. 1919 – countries meet in France to
discuss a treaty that would officially end
the war; meeting lasts months
• 14 Points – Wilson’s plan for peace (he
brings this to the meeting in Versailles)
– Focused on eliminating causes for future
war and supported self-determination
– Called for the creation of the League of
Nations (see page 571)
– Wilson was popular with many in Europe,
but Allied leaders were not in full
agreement with his plan; they wanted to
punish Germany
TREATY OF VERSAILLES (p.571)
• Signed on June 28, 1919
(Big 4 – U.S., France, GB,
Italy; why no Russia?)
– Germany military was
reduced
– No German troops west of
the Rhine River
– Blamed Germany for the
cause of the war
– Germany paid reparations
– Some German land
returned to other nations
(ex. France, Belgium)
END OF THE WAR
WHAT WILSON GOT
• Self-determination in
Europe
• Creation of the League of
Nations
WHAT HE DIDN’T GET
• Did not address freedom of
the seas or free trade
• No independence for colonies
in Africa and Asia
• Freedom of the seas (which
European country was REALLY
opposed to this and why?)
DID THE HARSH APSECTS OF THE TREATY SET THE STAGE FOR A FUTURE WAR?
WHY DID THE U.S. CONGRESS REFUSE TO RATIFY/APPROVE THE TREATY?
END OF THE WAR
END OF EMPIRES
• Russian
• German
• Ottoman
• Austro-Hungarian
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
NEW COUNTRIES
Austria
Czechoslovakia
Estonia
Finland
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
Yugoslavia
ALVIN YORK
HOW DO YOU THINK THE WAR
IMPACTED AMERICA….
During the War?
After the War?
16.4– THE WAR’S IMPACT
•
Soldiers returned home to parades
and celebrations, but they needed
jobs
•
People raced to buy rationed goods,
led to increases in the cost of living
•
Economy slowed as wartime
production of goods decreased
•
Wages were increased during the
war, companies resisted that after
the war
•
Unions had increased in power
during the war, this scared business
leaders
CREATE A POSTER FOR BOSTON POLICE STRIKE,
SEATTLE GENEARL STRIKE, STEEL STRIKE, OR RACIAL
UNREST
1. Title
2. At least 2 images with captions
3. Information to fill in the graphic organizer
----- use pages 576-578
STRIKES
• Seattle General
Strike (1919)
– What is a “general
strike”???
– Involved more than
60,000 workers for 5
days
– Demanded higher
wages, shorter hours
– Union didn’t get
them, but it scared
business leaders
around the country
STRIKES
• Boston Police
Strike(1919)
– 75% of police walked off
the job
– Calvin Coolidge (gov.) had
to call in the National
Guard to deal with riots
– Police Commissioner
fired the strikers and
hired a new police force
– Coolidge supported the
Commissioner (why?);
helped him become Rep.
presidential candidate in
1920
RACIAL UNREST
• Some blamed African
Americans for their own
inability to find work
• 25 race riots in the
summer of 1919
• Chicago- Nat’l guard
brought in, riots killed 38,
over 500 injured
• NAACP gained many new
members; created
momentum for equality,
federal laws against
things like lynching….
RED SCARE
• By 1919 there was a
growing concern about
the spread of
communism:
– Communist takeover of
Russia
– Increased immigration
– Increase in strikes; are
the “reds” responsible?;
trying to start a
revolution in the U.S.?
PALMER RAIDS
• Several bomb explosions in
1919 within minutes of each
other, one at A. Mitchell
Palmer’s house
– U.S. Attorney General
• Mitchell created an agency,
led by J. Edgar Hoover, to
pursue communists
responsible for the explosions
• Raids were carried out
against suspected
communists
– Deportations, arrests, new
laws passed
– Violations of civil rights?
(searches without warrants,
indefinite jailings…)
A. Mitchell Palmer
ELECTION OF 1920
DEMOCRATS
• P – James M. Cox
• VP – Franklin Roosevelt
• Ignored Wilson’s advice to
focus on the Treaty of
Versailles and League of
Nations
REPUBLICANS
• P – Warren Harding
• VP – Calvin Coolidge
• “Return to normalcy”- simpler
days prior to the Progressive
Movement
• Harding won in a landslide
• People wanted an end to labor
unrest, violence, economic
problems, racial
tension…..thought Harding could
provide these things
Warren G. Harding