Organic vs. Inorganic


Inorganic lack a carbon-hydrogen
combination
Ex) water, salts (NaCl, KCl)
Organic substances always contain
both carbon and hydrogen
C6H12O6
Glucose
C12H22O11
Macromolecules (Organic)

Carbohydrates :

Lipids: Fats, Butter, and Oils

Proteins: Meats, Peanuts, Beans, and Eggs

Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
Bread, Potatoes, and Pasta
Carbohydrates

Elements that make up carbs: C H O;
Always 2:1 ratio between H and O

Function of carbs



Main energy source
Structural component: cell walls, insects
exoskeleton
Used by cells to recognize other cells:
receptors
Carbohydrate

Monomer of carbohydrates


Monosaccharides: one sugar: ex:
Glucose, fructose, galactose; chemical
formula = C6H12O6
Polymers


Disaccharides: two monomers: ex:
sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharides: many monomers: ex:
starch, glycogen, cellulose
Dehydration Synthesis
& Hydrolysis
Lipids
Examples: Fats, Waxes and Oils
(Mostly C & H); no ratio between H and O
 Function of lipids



Stored energy
Structural components
Lipids are also made of
Monomers:



1 glycerol
3 fatty acids
Two types of lipids

Saturated: contains max. # H atoms.

Unsaturated: contains some C=C bonds.
Proteins
Elements of proteins:
C, H, O, N
 Functions





Control rate of reactions
Regulates cell processes (enzymes)
Building materials (collagen & elastin,
coloration pigments)
Fight disease (antibodies)
Building blocks of proteins

amino acids (AA): are monomers or
building blocks of proteins
The protein is the Polymers:

proteins are also called polypeptides


One bonded to another AA
Peptide bonds are used to bond one amino
acid to another to form proteins
AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA
A large protein chain made
of small amino acids
http://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=aa8
18e40a6b8475f0d28
Go to
Section:
Amino Acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
The shape of Protein
molecule is influenced
by the sequence of
amino acids in it
Go to
Section:
Alanine
Serine
Nucleic Acids

Elements of nucleic acids: C, H, O, N, P
 Function of nucleic acids

Store & transmit genetic info.; the building blocks
to our genetic code (DNA)

Monomers of nucleic acids are called
Nucleotides
 Three nucleotides of nucleic acids are:
• 5-C sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate group

Polymer
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
The 2 Types Of Nucleic Acids
1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- our
hereditary info.
 directs all cell activities

1st identified as double helix 1953 by
Watson and Crick
2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)- transcribes
hereditary info. (copies DNA) to
make a protein the body needs

* this means that proteins determine
the nature and activities of the cell
The Nucleotide

All nucleotides are
identical
 The only difference is the
type of nitrogenous base
they have.


There are 4 types:
Guanine, Cytosine,
Adenine and Thymine.
These bases pair up in a
specific way to make the
rungs of the DNA Double
Helix.
Energy and Chemical Reactions
 Living
things
undergo
thousands of
chemical
reactions as part
of the life
process
 Certain
chemical
substances (catalysts)
can speed up or slow
down a reaction.
 Biological catalysts are
called enzymes
 If it ends in ase it is an
enzyme.
 Enzymes
are an important class
of catalysts in living organisms
 Mostly protein
 Thousands of different kinds
 Each specific for a different
chemical reaction
Enzyme Action
 Enzyme-Substrate



Complex
substrates – the reacting molecules; the
substance(s) that the enzyme works on,
active site – that portion of the enzyme
into which the reacting molecules fit
product – the substance that results from
the enzymatic activity
Enzyme Structure
 Enzymes
work on
substances called
substrates
 Substrates must fit
into a place on an
enzyme called the
active site
 Enzymes are
reusable!
 End in –ase
-Sucrase
-Lactase
-Maltase
Active Site
A
restricted region of an
enzyme molecule which binds to
the substrate.
Substrate
Enzyme
Active Site
26
 Lock
+ Key- refers to how the active site +
substrate fits together
 there is only one key to a lock
 there is only one substrate to an active
site
Enzyme video
 http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/conte
nt/chp06/0602001.html
Concept Map
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Go to
Section:
Lipids
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Overview of
enzymes
•Enzyme- Protein that can speed up or slow
down a reaction.
•Substrate-The reaction molecule, that the
enzyme works on.
•Active Site- Portion of the enzyme that
reacting molecules fit in. Has a specific shape.
•Lock & Key fit- A specific substrate will only fit
into a specific enzyme.
•Factors that affect enzyme action- Temperature, pH
level, and enzyme/substrate concentration.
•Enzymes become denatured with temperatures
that are too high or pH levels not 7. The active site
changes shape.
•Examples of Enzymes•Lactase, the enzyme breaks down lactose
•Protease and peptidase - A protease is any
enzyme that can break down a long protein into
smaller chains called peptides
• Amylases - breaks down starch chains into
smaller sugar molecules.
•Maltase- breaks down maltose
•Catalase- breaks down Hydrogen peroxide to
water.
Enzyme Characteristics
•Made up of proteins
•Are reusable
•Are Specific
•Required by ALL chemical processes
in organisms
•Control the rate of metabolic
(chemical reactions) in the body.
•Weaken chemical bonds so
molecules can be made or broken
down by the body
•Many end is ~ase