I.
Fishes - Behavior
B.
Migration
1.
Anadromous
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Spawn in fresh water
Spend most of life in ocean
Ex – Salmon (seven species) in Pacific Ocean
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Spawn in shallow areas of rivers/streams
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Semelparous (adults die after spawning)
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Young migrate downstream to ocean after 0-5
years
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Spend 3-7 years in ocean before returning to
home stream
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Homing behavior enabled by olfactory imprinting
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Habitat degradation and loss has greatly reduced
salmon populations
Fig. 8.22
I.
Fishes - Behavior
B.
Migration
2.
Catadromous
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Spawn in ocean
Spend most of life in fresh water
Ex – Eels (16 species) in Atlantic Ocean
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Spawn in Sargasso Sea (400-700 m or deeper)
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Semelparous
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Eggs hatch into leptocephalus larvae
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Larvae spend a year or more as plankton then
undergo metamorphosis into juveniles
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Adults spend 10-15 years in fresh water before
migrating to Sargasso Sea to spawn
Fig. 8.24
Fig. 9.1
II.
Marine Reptiles
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A.
Secondarily marine
Ectotherms and poikilotherms
Sea Turtles
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Unable to retract head or legs into shell
Legs modified as flippers for swimming
Eight species – Mainly warm water
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Some migrate or may appear in temperate waters
Diet varies among species
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Benthic invertebrates – Kemp’s ridley, loggerhead, flatback
(also jellyfish)
Sponges – Hawksbill
Jellyfish – Leatherback
Sea grasses – Green, black (also jellyfish)
Diverse – Olive ridley (crustaceans, jellyfish, algae)
II.
Marine Reptiles
A.
Sea Turtles
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Mate offshore
Lay eggs on land at night
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Dig hole in sand and lay up to 160 eggs
Incubation period ~ two months
Gender of hatchlings determined by incubation
temperature
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Warm  Females
Cool  Males
Females return to same beach each year
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DNA evidence that site fidelity spans generations
Require 10+ years to reach sexual maturity
All species endangered or threatened
1)
2)
3)
Overhunting – shell, meat
Development – Loss of beaches
Accidents – Collisions with boats, entanglement in nets, etc.
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Use of TEDs
II.
Marine Reptiles
B.
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Sea Snakes
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55 species – Mainly tropical (Indian, Pacific)
Coral reefs, open ocean
Bodies flattened laterally (3-4 feet long at maturity)
Paddle-shaped tail
Immense lungs (extend into tail)
Can dive to 150 m (typically ~5 m)
Can hold breath for 2+ hours!
Ovoviviparous
Few species lay eggs on shore
Venomous
Closely related to cobras
Venom typically used to kill small prey (fishes, squids)
May hunt in schools
Some actively trap prey; others lie in wait
Not aggressive – humans rarely bitten
Few natural predators (seabirds, sharks, saltwater
crocodiles) – threatened by humans
II.
Marine Reptiles
C.
Marine Iguana
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One species – Galápagos Islands
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Males colored more brightly than females
Different populations (different coloration) on various islands
Feed on algae
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Can dive to 15+ m
Can hold breath for 30-60 minutes
Eliminate salt through salt glands near nostrils
Good swimmers
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Long, laterally flattened tail
Territorial
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Males fight to establish territories
Males maintain harems
Females dig nests in sand for eggs
II. Marine Reptiles
D.
Saltwater Crocodile
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One species – E Indian Ocean, W Pacific,
Australia
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Mostly inhabit mangrove forests
Largest crocodile species - Males larger than females
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May reach 23+ feet and 1000+ kg
Diverse diet
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Crustaceans, snakes, birds, mammals
Aggressive and potentially dangerous to people
Slow to reach sexual maturity
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Males mature at 15-16 years; females at 10-12 years
III.
Seabirds
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About 300 species
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Spend a significant part of life at sea
Feed on marine organisms
Webbed feet for swimming
Gannet
Endotherms and homeotherms
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Allows seabirds to live in a wide variety of conditions
Need considerable food to maintain body temperature in cold
regions
Feathers help conserve body heat
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Gland above base of tail produces oil that birds add to feathers
with preening
Trapped air provides insulation and buoyancy
Hollow bones
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Facilitate flight
Nest on land
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Often colonial
Frequently mate for life
III.
Seabirds
A.
Diversity
1.
Body Form
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2.
Flightless penguins with rudimentary wings
Albatrosses with 12+ foot wingspans
Except for gulls, most seabirds are adapted to life in/on the ocean,
can’t walk well on land and are vulnerable to mobile land predators
Lifestyle
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3.
Flightless cormorants
Frigatebirds that depend completely on extensive flight
Diet
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4.
Small zooplankton – Prions
Fishes – Penguins
Squids – Petrels
Benthic invertebrates – Razorbill
Other birds – Petrels
Resource partitioning is common (minimizes competition)
Geographic Range
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Restricted to limited region – Storm petrels
Traverse thousands of kilometers – Albatrosses
III. Seabirds
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Beak Shape
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Short, heavy, hooked beak
Holding and tearing prey too large to be eaten whole
Best for shallow feeding and eating other birds
Ex - Petrels
Short, heavy, streamlined beak
Grabbing prey, usually to ingest whole
Streamlined shape doesn’t interfere with swimming
Ex – Penguins, razorbills
Straight, narrow beak
Grabbing prey to ingest whole
Used by plunge divers – doesn’t interfere with dive
Ex – Boobies, terns
Elongated lower beak
Used for feeding while flying
Lower beak used to catch prey
Ex - Skimmers
Fig. 9.7
III. Seabirds
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Beak Shape
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Short, heavy, hooked beak
Holding and tearing prey too large to be eaten whole
Best for shallow feeding and eating other birds
Ex - Petrels
Short, heavy, streamlined beak
Grabbing prey, usually to ingest whole
Streamlined shape doesn’t interfere with swimming
Ex – Penguins, razorbills
Straight, narrow beak
Grabbing prey to ingest whole
Used by plunge divers – doesn’t interfere with dive
Ex – Boobies, terns
Elongated lower beak
Used for feeding while flying
Lower beak used to catch prey
Ex - Skimmers
Fig. 9.7
III. Seabirds
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Beak Shape
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Short, heavy, hooked beak
Holding and tearing prey too large to be eaten whole
Best for shallow feeding and eating other birds
Ex - Petrels
Short, heavy, streamlined beak
Grabbing prey, usually to ingest whole
Streamlined shape doesn’t interfere with swimming
Ex – Penguins, razorbills
Straight, narrow beak
Grabbing prey to ingest whole
Used by plunge divers – doesn’t interfere with dive
Ex – Boobies, terns
Elongated lower beak
Used for feeding while flying
Lower beak used to catch prey
Ex - Skimmers
Fig. 9.7
III. Seabirds
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Beak Shape
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Short, heavy, hooked beak
Holding and tearing prey too large to be eaten whole
Best for shallow feeding and eating other birds
Ex - Petrels
Short, heavy, streamlined beak
Grabbing prey, usually to ingest whole
Streamlined shape doesn’t interfere with swimming
Ex – Penguins, razorbills
Straight, narrow beak
Grabbing prey to ingest whole
Used by plunge divers – doesn’t interfere with dive
Ex – Boobies, terns
Elongated lower beak
Used for feeding while flying
Lower beak used to catch prey
Ex - Skimmers
Fig. 9.7
III.
Seabirds
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Prey Capture
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Aerial pursuit
Chase other birds; harass them into dropping prey
Ex – Jaegers, frigatebirds
Surface plunging
Dive to capture near-surface prey
Ex – Pelicans, boobies
Dipping
Snatch near-surface prey
Ex – Gulls
Pattering
“Walk” along surface, grabbing near-surface prey
Ex – Storm petrels
Pursuit plunging
Shallow dive with some pursuit of prey underwater
Ex – Shearwaters
Pursuit diving with wings
Pursue prey underwater using wings to swim
Ex – Penguins, puffins
Pursuit diving with feet
Pursue prey underwater using feet to swim
Ex – Cormorants
Fig. 9.8
III.
Seabirds
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Prey Capture
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Aerial pursuit
Chase other birds; harass them into dropping prey
Ex – Jaegers, frigatebirds
Surface plunging
Dive to capture near-surface prey
Ex – Pelicans, boobies
Dipping
Snatch near-surface prey
Ex – Gulls
Pattering
“Walk” along surface, grabbing near-surface prey
Ex – Storm petrels
Pursuit plunging
Shallow dive with some pursuit of prey underwater
Ex – Shearwaters
Pursuit diving with wings
Pursue prey underwater using wings to swim
Ex – Penguins, puffins
Pursuit diving with feet
Pursue prey underwater using feet to swim
Ex – Cormorants
Fig. 9.8
III.
Seabirds
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Prey Capture
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Aerial pursuit
Chase other birds; harass them into dropping prey
Ex – Jaegers, frigatebirds
Surface plunging
Dive to capture near-surface prey
Ex – Pelicans, boobies
Dipping
Snatch near-surface prey
Ex – Gulls
Pattering
“Walk” along surface, grabbing near-surface prey
Ex – Storm petrels
Pursuit plunging
Shallow dive with some pursuit of prey underwater
Ex – Shearwaters
Pursuit diving with wings
Pursue prey underwater using wings to swim
Ex – Penguins, puffins
Pursuit diving with feet
Pursue prey underwater using feet to swim
Ex – Cormorants
Fig. 9.8
III.
Seabirds
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Prey Capture
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Aerial pursuit
Chase other birds; harass them into dropping prey
Ex – Jaegers, frigatebirds
Surface plunging
Dive to capture near-surface prey
Ex – Pelicans, boobies
Dipping
Snatch near-surface prey
Ex – Gulls
Pattering
“Walk” along surface, grabbing near-surface prey
Ex – Storm petrels
Pursuit plunging
Shallow dive with some pursuit of prey underwater
Ex – Shearwaters
Pursuit diving with wings
Pursue prey underwater using wings to swim
Ex – Penguins, puffins
Pursuit diving with feet
Pursue prey underwater using feet to swim
Ex – Cormorants
Fig. 9.8
III.
Seabirds
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Prey Capture
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Aerial pursuit
Chase other birds; harass them into dropping prey
Ex – Jaegers, frigatebirds
Surface plunging
Dive to capture near-surface prey
Ex – Pelicans, boobies
Dipping
Snatch near-surface prey
Ex – Gulls
Pattering
“Walk” along surface, grabbing near-surface prey
Ex – Storm petrels
Pursuit plunging
Shallow dive with some pursuit of prey underwater
Ex – Shearwaters
Pursuit diving with wings
Pursue prey underwater using wings to swim
Ex – Penguins, puffins
Pursuit diving with feet
Pursue prey underwater using feet to swim
Ex – Cormorants
Fig. 9.8
III.
Seabirds
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Prey Capture
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Aerial pursuit
Chase other birds; harass them into dropping prey
Ex – Jaegers, frigatebirds
Surface plunging
Dive to capture near-surface prey
Ex – Pelicans, boobies
Dipping
Snatch near-surface prey
Ex – Gulls
Pattering
“Walk” along surface, grabbing near-surface prey
Ex – Storm petrels
Pursuit plunging
Shallow dive with some pursuit of prey underwater
Ex – Shearwaters
Pursuit diving with wings
Pursue prey underwater using wings to swim
Ex – Penguins, puffins
Pursuit diving with feet
Pursue prey underwater using feet to swim
Ex – Cormorants
Fig. 9.8
III.
Seabirds
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Prey Capture
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Aerial pursuit
Chase other birds; harass them into dropping prey
Ex – Jaegers, frigatebirds
Surface plunging
Dive to capture near-surface prey
Ex – Pelicans, boobies
Dipping
Snatch near-surface prey
Ex – Gulls
Pattering
“Walk” along surface, grabbing near-surface prey
Ex – Storm petrels
Pursuit plunging
Shallow dive with some pursuit of prey underwater
Ex – Shearwaters
Pursuit diving with wings
Pursue prey underwater using wings to swim
Ex – Penguins, puffins
Pursuit diving with feet
Pursue prey underwater using feet to swim
Ex – Cormorants
Fig. 9.8