The Federalist Era
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SWBAT
• Describe the Internal and External troubles of
the Federalist era (both GW and JA’s
administrations).
• Contrast
– Hamilton’s “Federalist” party with
– Jefferson’s “Democratic-Republican” party.
• Explain two suggestions of GW gave upon his
leaving office. Do we follow them today?
• Explain the “Alien and Sedition Acts,”
– Why they were created
– Who opposed them.
GW takes Charge
• 30APR1789 First
Presidential swearing-in
• To Do List:
– Create Bureaucracy to carry
out laws
– Create Judicial System
– Raise money (TAXES!) to
run federal govt.
– Create Precedents
I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I
will faithfully execute the office of
President of the United States, and
will to the best of my ability,
preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution of the United States.
--Presidential oath of office, Article II, Section 1, United States
Constitution
Bill of Rights
• By SEP1789 twelve amendments to the
Constitution were submitted to the states.
• It took until 1791 for the ten amendments to
be passed becoming the BORs.
• Main purpose of the BORs was to protect
people (individuals) from the government.
– How does it do that?
First Two AmendmentsREJECTED!
•
•
"After the first enumeration required by the first
article of the Constitution, there shall be one
Representative for every thirty thousand, until the
number shall amount to one hundred, after which
the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress,
that there shall be not less than one hundred
Representatives, nor less than one
Representative for every forty thousand persons,
until the number of Representatives shall amount
to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be
so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be
less than two hundred Representatives, nor more
than one Representative for every fifty thousand
persons."
Had the amendment been ratified, the number of
members of the House of Representatives could
by now be over 6,000, compared to the present
435. As apportioned by the 2000 Census, each
member of the House currently represents about
690,000 people.
•
"No law, varying the
compensation for the
services of the Senators
and Representatives,
shall take effect, until an
election of
Representatives shall
have intervened.“
•
Though not ratified at the
time, the original second
amendment finally made
its way into the
Constitution in 1992,
ratified as the 27th
Amendment, a full 203
years after it was first
proposed.
Bill of Rights –
The real short version
1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
2. A militia is important to a free state so citizens rights to own
weapons can not be hindered.
3. No quartering of soldiers during times of peace.
4. Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.
5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination and
double jeopardy.
6. Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial.
7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases.
8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments.
9. Other rights of the people – Just because it’s not in the constitution
doesn’t mean it’s not a right.
10. Powers not specifically given to the Federal govt. are reserved for
the states or to the people.
Scenario 1
• Jay was stopped by a police officer on his
way home from school. The police officer
wanted to search Jay’s backpack because
a “teenage boy” had just robbed the candy
store.
– Rights and amendments involved?
– Response?
Scenario 2
• Michael is upset over a new curfew
effecting teenagers in Newtown.
– Rights and amendments involved?
– Response?
Scenario 3
• Sally was arrested for trespassing on her
neighbor’s property. When she appeared
before the judge, bail was set at
$1,000,000 and the date for trial was set
for 2 ½ years from now.
– Rights and amendments involved?
– Response?
Scenario 4
• Kim was told she could not wear her
favorite shirt to school.
– Rights and amendments involved?
– Response?
Scenario 5
• Michelle and Martin wrote an
article for the school newspaper
complaining about certain
conditions and suggesting
changes. The principal told them
they could not publish the article
in the school newspaper.
– Rights and amendments involved?
– Response?
Bill of Rights –
The real short version
1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
2. A militia is important to a free state so citizens rights to own
weapons can not be hindered.
3. No quartering of soldiers during times of peace.
4. Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.
5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination and
double jeopardy.
6. Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial.
7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases.
8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments.
9. Other rights of the people – Just because it’s not in the constitution
doesn’t mean it’s not a right.
10. Powers not specifically given to the Federal govt. are reserved for
the states or to the people.
Judicial System
• Judiciary Act of 1789
–
–
–
–
Established Supreme Court
Chief Justice and five associates
Sixteen lower federal courts
Also Attorney General, Prosecuting Attorneys &
Federal Marshalls
The very first Supreme Court Justice, John Jay,
Executive Branch
• Three most important
Departments, each headed by
a Secretary
– Department of State – Foreign
Affairs – Thomas Jefferson
– Department of War – Military
matters – Henry Knox
– Depart of the Treasury –
Financial Problems – Alexander
Hamilton
• Originally thought to be
individual advisors, came to
be a council of advisors,
including the Attorney
General, called the Cabinet.
Hamilton’s Policies
• Pay off foreign debt ($80 million!)
• “Funding” Buy up Rev bonds & issue new
– Most Bonds not w/original purchasers
– Had been sold at <value to speculators
– Ham’s plan would benefit the speculators
• Assume all State debts
• Establish a National Bank
Origins of the Two Party System
• Two parties
developed around the
leadership and
opinions of
– Thomas Jefferson,
Republican-Democrats
– Alexander Hamilton,
Federalists
Origins of the Two Party System
• Divide class in half.
• One half will look at
Hamilton and his policies.
• One half will look at
Jefferson and his policies.
• The two halves of the
class will help each other
learn the about their
person.
?
?
The Beginnings of Political Parties:
Compare
Hamilton and Jefferson
Red Text p. 253
Red Text
pp. 243-46
Blue Text pp. 289-91
Red Text p. 253
Red Text
pp. 243-46
Blue Text pp. 289-91
3. Given good information,
the “common man” will
make wise decisions.
4. Anglo - phile
5. Agrarian economy,
learned gentlemen farmers
6. Democratic Republicans
7. Aliens have
rights too!
4. Franco - phile
5. Industry,
factories
6. Federalists
7. Shut up those Aliens! Put
them in jail or deport them!
2. Weak Federal Government,
Strong States, power to voters
at lower levels of community
1. Born Poor
3. The “Common man” will
always make selfish decisions
therefore needs the elite to
lead them.
2. Strong Federal
Government, Power to Elite
Rulers
1. Born Rich
Compare Hamilton’s Federalists
with Jefferson’s Demo-Republicans
Name: _________________
Class: ________
17
18
2
1
States:
1.__________________
Bodies of Water
17. _______________
2.__________________
18. _____________
3.__________________
19. ____________
4.__________________
20. ____________
5.__________________
21. ____________
6.__________________
22. ____________
7.__________________
23. ____________
8.__________________
24. ____________
9.__________________
Cities
19
6
21
20
A
5
3
4
7
8
B
D
10
22
9
C
E
11
24
12
14
13
23
15
10.__________________ A. _____________
11.__________________ B. ____________
16
12.__________________ C. ____________
1790’s
E
13.__________________ D. ____________
14.__________________ E. ____________
15.__________________ F. ____________
16.__________________
Whiskey Tax
• Levied specifically against Western PA
– Corn too bulky to transport, convert to whiskey
– Western Pa Refused to pay taxes
• Washington wanted to assert Fed power
– Gathered 15,000 militia, GW & Ham at the lead
• Rebellion scattered, Fed power asserted
Indian Relations
• NW territory claims
• Indians had not been
represented at Treaty
of Paris 1783 (ending
Rev War)
– GB gave land W of
Apps, E of Mississippi
to U.S., Indians lived
there but were not
considered at the
treaty negotiations
Indian Relations
• Battles in 1790, 1792 won by Indians
• In 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers won by
“Mad” Anthony Wayne
Foreign Relations
• French Revolution
– Initially popularly
supported, esp.
Jefferson
– As anarchy & blood
reigned, opinion shifted
• French declared war on
GB 1793, American
opinion divided
Foreign Relations
• GW stayed
Neutral
• America had
problems with
both countries
• “Quasi War” with
France
Difficulties of 1st Administration
•
•
•
•
•
Pass Bill of Rights
Establish Fed Court system
Select Executive Advisors, the Cabinet
Fund the new govt.
Foreign relations
– Internally with Indians
– Externally, France and England
Foreign Affairs
• The French
Revolution caused
what in the US?
• The Fr & Br reactions
to GWs declaration
were:
• Issues w/Indians were
settled by –
George Washington’s
Farewell Address
• Handout, abridged address & questions
• Homework (?):
– Question #1: Together as a class
•
•
•
•
Read the question
Mark up – especially vocabulary!
Discuss
Answer the question
– Group work as above.
• Answer assigned question
• What event is approaching?
• What is GW announcing?
• What “Name . . . Belongs to you in your
national capacity”?
• Which term best describes the problem of
#3,:
– Geographical Regionalism
– Ethnic racisim
– Religious bigotry
George Washington’s
Farewell Address
Summarize advice.
Do we follow it today?
Write a short essay
“Referring to GW’s
Farewell Address,
discuss two pieces of
his advice considering
21st century affairs.”
Explain WHAT his
advice is and WHY we
should or should not
follow it.
• Minimally 2 paragraphs
• Each paragraph should
– Quote GW’s advice
– Explain it if necessary
– Do we follow it? Explain and
give example if necessary
– Give your opinion on GW’s
advice.
John Adams’ Administration
• Election of 1796 very close
– Northern Federalist - 70 electors
– Southern Republicans - 68
electors
• Adams President (Federalist)
– Jefferson Vice-President
(Republican – Democrat)
Bush Elections 2000 & 2004
Red = Republican Bush
Blue = Democrat Gore/Kerry
John Adams’ Foreign Affairs
• War? With France?
– Fr outraged over Jay Treaty w/Br
– Fr began seizing Am ships, “Quasi War”
– Federalists wanted War
– Republicans were generally considered “Francophiles”
• Adams sent negotiators to Fr
– Informed Adams a bribe was demanded
– Adams kept it secret to NOT enflame war fever
• Reps thinking he wanted war and was keeping the “peace
offer” secret demanded release of letter.
– Letter released Fr listed as X, Y, Z (XYZ Affair)
– “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”
• Much War fever but no actual outbreak
John Adams’ Domestic Affairs
• Loudest Critics of
Adams/Federalists were
foreign born Republicans
• Dissent viewed by Federalists
as unpatriotic
• Created Alien & Sedition Acts
– p. 290 Blue Text P. 253 Red Text
• Republican response
– VA & KY Acts
– Said that XXXXX could XXXXX
laws within their own borders.
John Adams is
a Jerk!
Election of 1800, War of Words
• Adams not being
Federalist enough,
lost votes in the N
• Final Electoral Tally
– TJ – 73
– Aaron Burr – 73
– JA – 65
• Hamilton hated AB
more than TJ, so
supported TJ
JA & the Federalist’s Last Word
• The outgoing Adams’
administration and
Federalist’s Congress
increased the number of
federal judges and all of
those appointed were
FEDERALISTS.
• The courts consistently
interpreted laws as
FEDERALISTS for next
couple of decades.
• Most famous, Marbury v.
Madison: established
Judicial Review.