Pig
Horse
ANIMAL
NUTRITION
Chicken
Sheep
Cow
COSTS OF PRODUCING LIVESTOCK
What are some of the major costs
Associated with producing Livestock?
COSTS OF PRODUCING LIVESTOCK
What are some of the major costs
Associated with producing Livestock?
Breeding Stock
COSTS OF PRODUCING LIVESTOCK
What are some of the major costs
Associated with producing Livestock?
Breeding Stock
Buildings and Equipment
COSTS OF PRODUCING LIVESTOCK
What are some of the major costs
Associated with producing Livestock?
Breeding Stock
Buildings and Equipment
Feed
COSTS OF PRODUCING LIVESTOCK
What are some of the major costs
Associated with producing Livestock?
Breeding Stock
Buildings and Equipment
Feed
Labor
COSTS OF PRODUCING LIVESTOCK
What are some of the major costs
Associated with producing Livestock?
Breeding Stock
Buildings and Equipment
Feed
Labor
The GREATEST expense of producing livestock is:
COSTS OF PRODUCING LIVESTOCK
What are some of the major costs
Associated with producing Livestock?
Breeding Stock
Buildings and Equipment
Feed
Labor
The GREATEST expense of producing livestock is:
FEED!!
WHY DO ANIMALS NEED FEED?
FEED contains NUTRIENTS which
are used by animals for one or more of
these purposes:
WHY DO ANIMALS NEED FEED?
FEED contains NUTRIENTS which are used by
animals for one or more of these purposes:
1.MAINTENANCE(keep what have)
WHY DO ANIMALS NEED FEED?
FEED contains NUTRIENTS which are used by
animals for one or more of these purposes:
1.MAINTENANCE(keep what have)
2.GROWTH
WHY DO ANIMALS NEED FEED?
FEED contains NUTRIENTS which are used by
animals for one or more of these purposes:
1.MAINTENANCE(keep what have)
2.GROWTH
3.PRODUCTION
WHY DO ANIMALS NEED FEED?
FEED contains NUTRIENTS which are used by
animals for one or more of these purposes:
1.MAINTENANCE(keep what have)
2.GROWTH
3.PRODUCTION
4.PREGNANCY(reproduction)
WHY DO ANIMALS NEED FEED?
FEED contains NUTRIENTS which are used by animals for one or more of
these purposes:
1.MAINTENANCE(keep what have)
2.GROWTH
3.PRODUCTION
4.PREGNANCY(reproduction)
Definition of NUTRIENTS:
All the chemical elements and compounds
needed to support the life of the
animals.
6 essential Nutrients:
1-proteins
2-water
3-carbohydrate
4-minerals
5-fats
6-vitamins
ESSENTIAL NUTRITIONAL PROCESSES
DIGESTION
ABSORPTION
METABOLISM
DIGESTION
What is DIGESTION? The Process in which food
particles are physically broken down and chemically
converted to food nutrients.
Where DIGESTION occurs?
Mouth
Esophagus
Small intestine
Stomach
DIGESTION
What is DIGESTION? The Process in which food particles are physically
broken down and chemically converted to food nutrients.
Where DIGESTION occurs?
Mouth
Esophagus
Small intestine
Stomach
PREHENSION: Act of bringing food to the mouth.
MASTICATION: Chewing
ABSORPTION
What is ABSORPTION?
DEFINITION: Process by
the bloodstream.
which nutrients enters
ABSORPTION
What is ABSORPTION?
DEFINITION: Process by
which nutrients enters
the bloodstream.
Where ABSORPTION occurs:
Nutrients are carried into the Villi by active transport
and osmosis from the small intestine into the
bloodstream.
METABOLISM
What is METABOLISM?
DEFINITION: Sum
of all the processes and changes that
take place in food nutrients after they have been
absorbed.
METABOLISM
What is METABOLISM?
DEFINITION: Sum of all the processes and changes that take place in
food nutrients after they have been absorbed.
Where METABOLISM occurs:
Nutrients are carried by the bloodstream to every cell in the body
the be used for one more of the following:
MAINTENANCE, GROWTH, PRODUCTION, PREGNANCY
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
MONOGASTRIC
(Non-ruminant)
1
Section
To stomach
POLYGASTRIC
(ruminant)
4,
Sections
To
stomach
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
1 Section
To stomach
MONOGASTRIC
(Non-ruminant)
Swine
Horse
Poultry
POLYGASTRIC
(ruminant)
4,
Sections
To
stomach
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
MONOGASTRIC
(Non-ruminant)
1
Section
To stomach
Swine
Horse
Poultry
Human
Dog
Cat
POLYGASTRIC
(ruminant)
4,
Sections
To
stomach
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
1
Section
To stomach
MONOGASTRIC
(Non-ruminant)
POLYGASTRIC
(ruminant)
Swine
Horse
Poultry
Human
Dog
Cat
Beef Cattle
Dairy Cattle
Sheep
Goat
Deer
4,
Sections
To
stomach
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF A SOW
One section stomach….
(non ruminant)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF A COW
four sections to stomach…
*sheep and goats are similar.
(RUMINANT)*
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF A HORSE.
(NON-RUMINANT)
MAJOR PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
RUMINANT AND NON RUMINANT
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ruminant
Non-Ruminant
Four sections to stomach:
Rumen or “paunch”
Reticulum or
“honeycomb”
Omasum or “many plies”
Abomasums or “true
stomach”
One section to stomach:
True stomach
1.
SOME FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
RUMINANTS AND NON-RUMINANTS
Non-ruminant
Ruminant
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Complex digestive tract
Rumen micro flora
manufacture B-complex
vitamins
Utilizes low-quality
protein and non-protein
nitrogen.
Digests large quantities
of roughages
Can utilize a wider
variety of feeds.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Simple digestive tract
Cannot manufacture Bcomplex Vitamins
Cannot utilize nonprotein nitrogen.
Cannot digest large
quantities of roughages
(except horses)
Rations need to be
carefully formulated.
APPROXIMATE AVERAGE CAPACITIES OF
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
:
CAPACITIES IN QUARTS
Rome
Reticulum
Omasum
abomasums
Cattle
210
8
20
25
Total Stomach
263
8
70
10
30
10
1
10
Small
Intestine
Mecum
Large
intestine
TOTAL INTESTINE AND
CECUM
TOTAL
363
110
Swine
8
21
29
Horse Sheep
25
2
1
20
4
20
32
70
35
100
10
1
5
205
225
16
48
FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Rumen
1.
Storage
2.
Breaks down larger particles
3.
Fermentation Vat
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Approximately 75% of the
digestion of dry matter in feed
occurs here.
Starches, sugars, cellulose,
proteins, and urea are changed into
volatile fatty acids (VFA), bacterial
protein, and ammonia/
Bacteria, protozoa, and yeasts are
found here.
Proteins are synthesized from nonprotein nitrogen.
B-complex vitamins and Vitamin K
are manufactured here
Reticulum
1.
Primarily acts as a screening
device.
2.
Regulates the flow of a material
from rumen to omasum.
3.
Assists the passage of the bolus
up the esophagus.
4.
Collects nails, wire, and other
hardware(metal).
FUNCTIONS
Omasum
1.
2.
Reduces the water
content of feed
particles.
Exerts a regrinding
and squeezing action
on feed particles
Abomasums
1.
2.
3.
4.
True digestive
stomach
Secretes gastric
juices containing
acids and enzymes.
Breaks down
proteins
Passes material into
the small intestine.
FUNCTIONS
(CONTINUED)
The following parts have the same functions in ruminants and non-ruminants.
DUODENUN
1.
Bile from the gall bladder enters here to emulsify fats.
2.
The pancreas releases enzymes to help break down proteins and carbohydrates.
SMALL INTESTINE
1. The major site of
absorption of nutrients
through villi into the
bloodstream
FUNCTIONS
(CONTINUED)
The following parts have the same functions in ruminants and
non-ruminants.
DUODENUN
1.
2.
Bile from the gall bladder enters here to emulsify fats.
The pancreas releases enzymes to help break down proteins and
carbohydrates.
SMAL INTSTINE
1.
The major site of absorption of nutrients through villi into the bloodstream
LARGE INTESTINE
1. Receive undigested material from the small
intestine.
2. Water is conserved by re-absorption from
undigested material
3. Bacterial break down of undigested feed occurs.
FUNCTIONS
(CONTINUED)
The following parts have the same functions in ruminants
and non-ruminants.
DUODENUN
1.
2.
Bile from the gall bladder enters here to emulsify fats.
The pancreas releases enzymes to help break down proteins and
carbohydrates.
SMAL INTSTINE
1.
The major site of absorption of nutrients through villi into the
bloodstream
LARGE INTESTINE
1.
2.
3.
Receive undigested material from the small intestine.
Water is conserved by re-absorption from undigested material
Bacterial break down of undigested feed occurs.
ANUS
The passageway for feces from the large intestine to the outside of the body.
FUNCTIONS
(CONTINUED)
The following parts have the same functions in ruminants
and non-ruminants.
DUODENUN
1.
2.
Bile from the gall bladder enters here to emulsify fats.
The pancreas releases enzymes to help break down proteins and
carbohydrates.
SMAL INTSTINE
1.
The major site of absorption of nutrients through villi into the
bloodstream
LARGE INTESTINE
1.
2.
3.
Receive undigested material from the small intestine.
Water is conserved by re-absorption from undigested material
Bacterial break down of undigested feed occurs.
ANUS
The passageway for feces from the large intestine
to the outside of the body.
FUNCTIONS
(CONTINUED)
CECUM
1. It is small and has limited functions in the
ruminant and swine.
2. It is very important in horses and rabbits.
3. It contains microorganisms which aid in
digesting roughages and fibrous materials.
4. It serves a somewhat similar function to the
rumen in ruminants.
5. It is large in the horse.
Cecum
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
OF THE HORSE
PATHWAY OF FEED IN BOTH DIGESTIVE
SYSTEMS
Ruminant
Non-Ruminant
SUMMARY OF DIGESTIVE TERMS
NUTRIENTS: The chemical substances found in feed materials that
can be used and are necessary, for maintenance, growth, production,
pregnancy, and health of animals. The six basic feed groups are:
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, minerals, and vitamins.
DIGESTION: the process in which feed particles are physically broken
down and chemically converted into simple nutrients that can be
absorbed. It includes all activities of the digestive tract and its glands.
ABSORPTION: The process by which food nutrients enter the animals
blood stream.
OSMOSIS: Process whereby a substance passes through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of
less concentration.
METABOLISM: The sum of the processes and changes that happen to
nutrients after then have been absorbed from the digestive tract.
PREHENSION: The act of bringing food into mouth.
MESTICATION: The act of chewing food.
VILLI: Tiny fingerlike projections lining the small intestine that absorb
food nutrients.
MONOGASTRIC: An animal having only one stomach: a nonruminant.
POLYGATRIC: An animal having more than one compartment o the
stomach: a ruminant which has four compartments.
THE FEED GROUPS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
A.
SOURCES OF ENERGY!
CARBOHYDRATES(CHO)
-The main energy source in feed
-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
-over 80% of the dry matter (DM) in grains is
CHO
-Approximately 75% of the DM content of
roughages is CHO
-Carbohydrates are divided into two groups:
SOURCES OF ENERGY!
A.
CARBOHYDRATES(CHO)
-The main energy source in feed
-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
-over 80% of the dry matter (DM) in grains is CHO
-Approximately 75% of the DM content of roughages is CHO
-Carbohydrates are divided into two groups:
Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)
-The most soluble and easily digested starches and
sugars.
-Quickly available source of energy to both ruminants
and non-ruminants.
-Found in cereal grains such as corn, wheat, Sorghum
etc.
Crude Fiber(CF):
-the more woody parts of plants, sometimes called cellulose.
-The horse is the only non-ruminants farm animal that can efficiently use CF.
Bacterial action in rumen allows ruminants to utilize CF.
A high percent of the CHO found in roughages is CF
QUESTION: if you want your steers to gain rapidly, would you feed a high NFE feed of a high CF
feed?
SOURCES OF ENERGY!
A.
CARBOHYDRATES(CHO)
-The main energy source in feed
-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
-over 80% of the dry matter (DM) in grains is CHO
-Approximately 75% of the DM content of roughages is CHO
-Carbohydrates are divided into two groups:
Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)
-The most soluble and easily digested starches and sugars.
-Quickly available source of energy to both ruminants and non-ruminants.
-Found in cereal grains such as corn, wheat, Sorghum etc.
Crude Fiber(CF):
-the more woody parts of plants, sometimes called
cellulose.
-The horse is the only non-ruminants farm animal that
can efficiently use CF.
-Bacterial action in rumen allows ruminants to utilize
CF.
A high percent of the CHO found in roughages is CF
QUESTION: if you want your steers to gain rapidly, would you feed a high NFE feed of a high CF
feed?
DETERMINING ENERGY VALUES OF A FEED.
1. THE TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS (TDN) SYSTEM:
-TDN is the traditional method of measuring energy content
of feed material in the united states.
-TDN is the sum of the digestible crude protein (DCP):
digestible crude fiber (DCF): digestible nitrogen-free extract
(DFE): and fat (digestible either extract: DEE) Y. 2.25
-TDN is computed by the following formula:
TDN=DCP + DCF + DNFE + (DEE x 2.25)
-TDN is usually expressed as a percent of the ration of
weight (pounds or kilograms)
-Because of several limitations to the TDN method, it is
gradually being replaced by another energy evaluation system
FATS AND OILS
-Fats and oils are also energy sources.
 -They also contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
 Fats are solids at room temperature and oils are
liquid at room temperature.
 They contain 2.25 times more energy than
carbohydrates
 One gram of fats or oils contains 9000 calories of
energy
 Feed composition tables to fat and oil content of
feed as percentage of “ether extract”
 Most livestock feeds contain only small amounts
of fats and oils.

DETERMINING ENERGY VALUES OF A FEED
(CONTINUED)
2. THE CALORIE SYSTEM:
-This system results in a net fat energy (NE) value for a feed.
- Because NE is more accurate the TDN, its use in ration
formulation for ruminants is increasing.
-GROSS ENERGY (GE) is the total amount of the energy in a feed.
-DIGESTIBLE ENERGY (DE) is the amount of GE that remains
after the energy lost in the feces is subtracted. It is roughly comparable
to TDN.
-METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (ME) is the amount of energy GE
that remains after the energy lost in the feces, urine, and combustible
gases, is subtracted.
-NET ENERGY(ne) Is the amount of GE that remains after the energy
lost in the feces, urine, combustible gases, and heat increment is
subtracted.
CALORIE is used to designate amount of energy. A calorie is the
amount of energy as heat required to raise the temperature of 1
gram of water 1’C
OTHER FEED GROUPS
C. PROTEINS
-Formed from amino acids
-Contain Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Usually also Sulphur and phosphorus
-Used to build and repair muscles, organs, skin,
hair, wool, hooves, feathers, and horns.
-Used in production of body regulators (enzymes
and hormones)
-Crude Protein (CP) is the nitrogen content of a
feed multiplied by 6.25. As such, the value gives
a rough idea of the idea of the actual protein
content of the feed.
-Digestible protein (DP) is the percent of protein
in a feed that an animal can digest.
OTHER FEED GROUPS
C. PROTEINS
-Formed from amino acids
-Contain Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Usually also Sulphur and phosphorus
-Used to build and repair muscles, organs, skin, hair, wool, hooves,
Feathers, and horns.
-Used in production of body regulators (enzymes and hormones)
-Crude Protein (CP) is the nitrogen content of a feed multiplied by 6.25. As such, the value gives a
rough idea of the idea of the actual protein content of the feed.
-Digestible protein (DP) is the percent of protein in a feed that an animal can digest.
-Two sources of proteins with examples :
Plant Protein:
Soybean meal
Cottonseed meal
Linseed meal
Animal Protein:
Tankage
meat and bone scraps
blood meal
fish meal
dairy by-products
-an animal’s requirement for protein is actually a requirement for amino acids that make
up the protein.
AMINO ACIDS
Amino acids are the “building blocks” of protein.
Amino acids are classified as ESSENTIAL and NONESSENTIAL.
ESSENTIAL
M- Methionine
A- Arginine
T- Tryptophan
T- Threonine
H- Histidine
I- Isoleucine
L- Lysine
L- Leucine
V- Valine
P- Phenylalanine
NON-ESSENTIAL
Glycine
Glutamic Acid
Crystine
Aspartic Acid
Glutamine
Hydroxyproline
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine
Alanine
Asparagine
OTHER FEED GROUPS
(CONTINUED)
D. MINERALS
-Minerals are inorganic elements essential for proper body functioning.
-Minerals are divided into two categories depending on the amount
needed in the diet.
MACRO(major)
Sodium
Chlorine
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Potassium
sulfur
MICRO(Trace)
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Flourine
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Silicon
Zinc
OTHER FEED GROUPS
(CONTINUED)
D. MINERALS
-Minerals are inorganic elements essential for proper body functioning.
-Minerals are divided into two categories depending on the amount
needed in the diet.
FUNCTIONS
-Gives strength and rigidity to bones and teeth
-Necessary for building body tissues
-Aid in regulation of body processes
-Aid in digestion of food
-Interact with Vitamins
-Influence oxygen carrying capacity of blood
OTHER FEED GROUPS
(CONTINUED)
E. VITAMINS:
-Vitamins are complex organic compounds that are required in very small
amounts for normal growth, maintenance, production, and pregnancy.
-There are two categories of vitamins.
FAT SOLUBLE
A
D
E
K
Water Soluble
B1 (Thiamin)
B2 (Riboflavin)
B6 (pyridoxine)
B12 (cyabocobalamin)
Biotin
C (ascorbic Acid)
Chloine
Folacin
Inositol
Niacin
Pantothenic Acid
Para-aminobenzoic
Acid
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin
A
D
E
K
One of
many
functions
Night vision
Deficiency
symptoms
source
Night
blindness
Green leafy hays,
pasture, corn
Bone
development
Rickets
Direct sunlight,
sun cured hay
Cell
maintenance
Reproductive
problems
Green plants and
green hay
Blood clotting
Hemorrhaging
Green pasture,
good hay
EXAMPLES OF WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin
One of many
functions
Deficiency
Symptoms
Source
B1
Energy
metabolism
Reduction in
appetite
Cereal grains, green
pastures, good hay
B2
Amino Acid
Metabolism
Slow growth
Green pastures, good
hay
Enzyme systems
Reproductive
failure
Tankage, fish meal
Enzyme systems
Skin problems
Milk and synthetic
biotin
Increases
resistance to
infection.
Loose teeth, weak
bones
Green pasture,
citrus fruit
B12
Biotin
C*
OTHER FEED GROUPS (CONTINUED)
F. WATER
-One of the most important of all nutrients.
-Newborn pigs are 80% water: a fat market
hog is
40% water.
-Animals will usually consume 3 to 4 times
more water then feed.
-Animals can live longer without feed then
without
water.
-Some factors affecting water consumption:
•
•
•
•
•
TYPE OF FEED
WEATHER
AGE OF ANIMAL
BODY WEIGHT
PRODUCTION(lactation, etc.)
FUNCTIONS:
-Helps regulate water temperature
-Helps transport nutrients in bloodstream
-important part of other body fluids
-helps digestion, absorption, metabolism.
-Helps maintain cell and body shape
Helps elimination of waste products from the body.
OTHER FEED GROUPS (CONTINUED)
F. WATER
-One of the most important of all nutrients.
-Newborn pigs are 80% water: a fat market hog is
40%
-Animals will usually consume 3 to 4 times more
water then feed.
water.
-Animals can live longer without feed then without water.
-Some factors affecting water
consumption:
• TYPE OF FEED
• WEATHER
• AGE OF ANIMAL
• BODY WEIGHT
• PRODUCTION(lactation, etc.)
FUNCTIONS:
-Helps regulate water temperature
-Helps transport nutrients in bloodstream
-important part of other body fluids
-helps digestion, absorption, metabolism.
-Helps maintain cell and body shape
Helps elimination of waste products from the body.
OTHER FEED GROUPS (CONTINUED)
F. WATER
-One of the most important of all nutrients.
-Newborn pigs are 80% water: a fat market hog is
40%
-Animals will usually consume 3 to 4 times more
water then feed.
water.
-Animals can live longer without feed then without water.
-Some factors affecting water consumption:
• TYPE OF FEED
• WEATHER
• AGE OF ANIMAL
• BODY WEIGHT
• PRODUCTION(lactation, etc.)
FUNCTIONS:
-Helps regulate body temperature
-Helps transport nutrients in
bloodstream
-important part of other body fluids
-helps digestion, absorption,
metabolism.
-Helps maintain cell and body shape
-Helps elimination of waste products
from the body.
FEED CLASSIFICATION
1.CONCENTRATES
3. PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS
High in NFE and TDN
Added to ration of concentrates
and/or roughages to provide a
higher amount of protein.
Example:
a) SBOM(soybean oil meal)
b) Blood meal
c) Fish meal
Low in CF content
Examples:
a)
Corn
b)
Oats
c)
Wheat
2. ROUGHAGES
Bulky feeds with high CF content
Low utilizable TDN.
Examples:
a)
Alfalfa
b)
Corn Silage
c)
Clover