AP World History Review:
Human/Environment
Interaction
Human/Environment Interaction

This theme includes:
 Demography & Disease
 Demography
is the statistical study of
human populations
Migrations
 Patterns of Settlement
 Technology

Paleolithic Era: Demography
Population growth
during the Paleolithic
Era was relatively
stagnant
Paleolithic Era: Migration
Paleolithic Era: Patterns of Settlement

Hunter-Gatherers
(Foragers)





Men hunt and/or fish;
women gather fruits
Follow migratory
patterns of animals
Need large portions of
land to support
themselves
Life expectancy was 20
years or less
Lived in groups of 2030 people
Paleolithic Era: Technology
Neolithic Era: Technology

Agriculture (10,000 BCE)




Domestication of
Animals
Technology related to
agriculture



Caused by climate change?
Slash & Burn
Irrigation, canals, etc.
Bronze metallurgy
People need nature &
nature needs people
Neolithic Era: Demography

Effects of agriculture




Increase in population
Rise of disease
Decline of life
expectancy
Environmental
degradation



Increase in pollution
Increase in
deforestation
Increase in
desertification
Intensive agriculture
caused human population
to jump from 5-8 million
to 60 to 70 million in
5,000 years
New Patterns of Settlement


Small village
communities
Pastoral societies


Nomadic herders
Rise of civilizations






Mesopotamia (3500 BCE)
Egypt (3000 BCE)
Indus River (2500 BCE)
China (2000 BCE)
Olmec (1400 BCE)
Chavin (900 BCE)
Human Migration: Indo-Europeans
Aryans
Human Migration: Polynesians
Human Migration: Bantu
New Technology: Iron


Iron use begins 1500 BCE
Effects of Iron




Population growth
Expansion of agriculture
Growth of cities
Expansion of civilization
Patterns of Settlement: Classical Era
Classical Demography

Spread of epidemic disease


Population decreases dramatically



Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc.
Europe falls 50% between 200-600 CE
Asia’s population falls from 170 to 135 million between
0-600 CE
Contributes to the decline of classical empires
Post-Classical Migration
Vikings
Mongols
Germanic
Tribes
Turkic
Groups
Chinese
Arabs
Bantu-Speaking
People of Africa
People of
Oceania
Post-Classical Demography


Population grows after
800 CE
Technology





Europe: moldboard plow
and three-field system
China: Champa rice &
terrace farming
Africa: Iron plow
Aztecs: Chinampas
Spread of crops

Rice, cotton, sugarcane,
citrus fruits, etc.
Post-Classical Demography

500
Urbanization

450
400

350
300

250

200
150

100
50
Bubonic Plague

0
3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th
c. c. c.


Hangzhou—1 million ppl.
Paris—275,000 people
Italian cities
Tenochtitlan
China’s population fell
50% from 1200-1400
Europe’s population fell
33%-50%
Population took only
100 years to rebound
Spread of Civilization
Carolingian
Parhae
Byzantine
Cordoba
Caliphate
Abbasid
Caliphate
GurjaraPratihara
Tang China
Silla
Heian
Japan
Ghana
Axum
Srivijaya
States and Empires in 800 CE
Spread of Civilization
Demography 1450-1750: Americas

Discovery of the
Americas


Decreased indigenous
American population by
as much as 90%
Replaced by two
waves of migration


African slave trade
European colonization
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Columbian Exchange
Demography 1450-1750: China

China’s population tripled from 1650-1750



Improved farming techniques
Introduction of American crops (potatoes and corn)
End of nomadic invasions
Population change in millions, 1400-1800 CE
400
300
China
India
200
100
0
Europe
Sub-Saharan Africa
1400 CE
1600 CE
1800 CE
Latin America
Demography 1450-1750: Europe

Urbanization




Agricultural Revolution



Netherlands became 1st country with 50%
urban population
London—50,000 in 1600; 400,000 by 1650
Paris—200,000 in 1350; 500,000 by 1700
Crop rotation and enclosures
American crops (corn and potatoes)
Population in every area of Europe
increased by 50-100% in the 18th century
Demography 1750-1914: Global
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Millions
1750
1850
1900
Demography 1750-1914: Europe

Tremendous population
growth


Improvements in food
supply
Application of science &
technology



Improved seeds, fertilizer,
& livestock
Refrigeration
Industrial transportation
eliminates famine
 Steamboat

Creates a greater need
for new energy sources

Coal, electricity, gas, &
petroleum
Year
Population
in Millions
% of World
Population
1750
141
19.3
1850
292
25.0
1900
482
30.0
Demography 1750-1914: Europe

Demographic transition



Rapid urbanization


High to low mortality
High to low fertility
Suburbanization
Decline in urban
mortality


Urban sanitation
Germ theory of disease
European Migration from 1750

40 million Europeans emigrated to the two
Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South
Africa, and other areas
African Slave Trade after 1750

Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the
Americas between 1750 & 1870
Demography 1750-1914: Asia

Japanese population growth increased
dramatically after 1850


Provides labor for industrialization & helps
promote imperialism
Asia’s population nearly doubled


China’s population went from 220 million to
435 million
India’s population went from 165 million to
290 million
Asian labor migration after 1750
China: Over 8 million
emigrated to Southeast
Asia (Thailand-1.5 million
& Indonesia-2.8 million)
and the Americas
Japan: Over
500,000 to the
Americas and
Pacific
India: Over 1 million
emigrated as indentured
servants to South Africa &
Caribbean
Population Explosion of 20th Century
Population
quadrupled
from 1.6
billion to 6.2
billion
Causes of Change

Public Health Measures






Attacks on disease carrying insects
Widespread vaccinations
Information campaigns
Programs to control sewage and other
contaminants
International agencies focused on health care
More dependable food supplies

New farming methods
Impacts of Population Growth

Improved Agriculture


Peasants Uprisings



Green Revolution
China, Mexico, etc.
Pressure Third World
governments
Urbanization


Parasitic cities
Urban pollution

Immigration



East Asian emigration
continued
Middle East & Africans
emigrated to Western
Europe & the U.S.
Immigrants face
prejudice
Limiting Population Growth

Many countries advocated birth control &
legalized abortion


85% of countries backed family planning
China adopted a two-child policy in 1977

Eventually became a one-child policy in 1979
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
proposed involuntary sterilization
 Return of plague epidemics


AIDS virus