• Photosynthesis
is the process
by which plants
use sunlight,
carbon dioxide
and water to
produce high
energy
carbohydrates
such as sugars
and starches.
ATP
• Universal Energy
Molecule
• Adenosine
Triphosphate
(ATP)
• Consist of
– a sugar called
ribose
– N containing
Adenine
– Three phosphate
groups
DRAW A SKETCH!
ATP
ADP
• ADP-Adenosine Diphosphate
• The Phosphate groups in ATP are VERY HIGH
ENERGY.
• When a phosphate group is removed-energy is
released.
• So, energy is STORED in the bonds of ATP.
• This energy can be used to do cellular activities.
• To obtain
energy to do
cellular work,
the cell
hydrolyzes the
ATP, releasing
the stored
energy and
forming ADP
and phosphate
once again.
• The energy can
then be used
to drive
reactions.
• Cell can make ATP
from ADP by using the
energy from
carbohydrates.
• This means that the
energy in carbohydrates
is then stored in ATP
until needed by cells
• This process is known
as phosphorylation.
• Phosphorlation:
The process of
adding a
phosphate group
to ADP to create
ATP.
• Draw it!
ATP
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
• ATP is converted into ADP
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery
The Internal Structure of a Leaf
Section 23-4
CO2 enters
through the
stomata
Epidermis
Chloroplasts
Stomata
Guard
cells
• Chloroplasts are only found in photosynthetic, eukaryotic
cells. Chloroplasts are capable of harnessing energy from
the sun's rays of light.
• Using this energy from
the sunlight, chloroplasts
are able to form ATP as
well as synthesizing
sugars from water
and carbon dioxide.
Chloroplast
• Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
Stroma
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
Thylakoid
Granum
Thylakoid
Thylakoid Membrane
Granum
Thylakoid Space
• Chloroplast Picture
Things to know about
Chloroplasts
• have a double membrane the inner membrane the outer
membrane
• have their own DNA this carries the information to make
the enzymes
• have their own ribosomes more like the ribosomes of
prokaryotes than eukaryotes these are used to synthesize
proteins (the enzymes) from amino-acids
• make their own enzymes required for photosynthesis
require carbon dioxide and water produce glucose
• contain chlorophyll this green chemical "traps" sunlight
energy
• The chloroplast is made up of 3 types of
membrane:
1.A smooth outer membrane which is freely
permeable to molecules.
2.A smooth inner membrane which contains
many transporters
3.A system of thylakoid membranes
• Plants absorb
certain
wavelengths of
light
• ______ and
_______.
• ______ are
molecules that
absorb light.
• The main
pigment is
___________.
• Two types: ____
______.
• When they
absorb light, they
are absorbing
_________.
b
a
Photosynthesis Products and Reactants
• Products and reactants
of photosynthesis are:
• Reactants: _______
_______ ________
• Products: ________
________
CO2 + H2O
Light Energy
Chloroplast
Sugars + O2
Formula For Photosynthesis
• 6 _____ + 6 ______
• Write it in words here:
______ + ______
The Process of Photosynthesis does NOT Happen all at
Once; rather it occurs in TWO STAGES:
STAGE 1: LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS.
– Energy is Capture from Sunlight. Water is Split into
Hydrogen Ions, Electrons, and Oxygen (O2). The O2
Diffuses out of the Chloroplasts (Byproduct).
– The Light Energy is Converted to Chemical Energy,
which is Temporarily Stored in ATP and NADPH.
STAGE 2: DARK REACTION (CALVIN CYCLE).
– The Chemical Energy Stored in ATP and NADPH powers
the formation of Organic Compounds (Sugars), Using
Carbon Dioxide, CO2.
– This is a light Independent reaction. It can happen during
the daylight, it just does NOT need to light be completed.
Photosynthesis: An Overview
LIGHT
REACTION
Section 8-3
DARK REACTION
Thylakoid Membrane
Stroma
Light
CO2
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
O2
Go to
Section:
Sugars
Photosynthesis Overview: Concept Map
Photosynthesis
Occurs in two Steps
Light
Reaction
Produces
Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Occurs
(location)
Thylakoid
Membrane
Dark
Reaction
Produces
Glucose
Occurs
(location)
Stroma
Photosynthesis Concept Map
Photosynthesis
includes
Lightdependent
reactions
use
Energy from
sunlight
Go to
Section:
NADPH
takes place in
take place in
Thylakoid
membranes
to produce
ATP
Dark Reaction
Stroma
of
O2
Chloroplasts
uses
ATP
NADPH
to produce
Glucose
Cellular Respiration
• We get our energy from the _____ we eat.
• The unit for energy is the ______.
• _______ are producers and make ______ by the
process of photosynthesis.
• Heterotrophs breakdown glucose for energy.
• There are two important ways a cell can harvest
energy from food: fermentation and cellular
respiration.
Glycolysis
• Means “_________________”
• Both pathways start with
Glycolysis.
• Glycolysis starts with ________.
• Glucose is broken down into 2
molecules called Pyruvate.
Cellular Respiration
• (Aerobic) In the presence of oxygen: Glycolysis
and Electron Transport.
• (Anaerobic) In the absence of oxygen: Glycolysis
• Glycolysis literally means "splitting
sugars." Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is split
into two molecules of a three carbon sugar
called _______.
• In the process, two molecules of ATP and
two "high energy" electron carrying
molecules are produced called NADH.
• Glycolysis can occur ______ or
_________oxygen.
• Summary of Glycolysis
• 1. One glucose (6C) converted into 2
pyruvates (3C).
• 2. Net yield of 2 ATP for use by cell.
• 3. Two NAD+ are converted into 2 NADH
& 2H+. (Are used later)
REVIEW
• Glycolysis is the first step of reactions that
break glucose apart to liberate the energy it
holds in its C-H bonds.
• Glycolysis occurs in the_______________.
• As a set of reactions, Glycolysis does not need
___________________.
• Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic (_________)
and anaerobic (____________) respiration!
Aerobic Respiration
• Glycolysis does not need oxygen as part of
any of its chemical reactions.
• It serves as a first step in a variety of both
aerobic (______)and anaerobic (_______)
energy-harvesting reactions.
• Glycolysis happens in the _______of cells,
not in some specialized organelle.
Cellular Respiration: the
process which occurs
within mitochondria in
which cells use oxygen to
burn sugar for fuel
With
oxygen
Section 9-1
Respiration
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Fermentation
(without oxygen)
With out
oxygen
Go to
Section:
Electron
transport
Alcohol or
lactic acid
• In the presence of oxygen: Pyruvate is
converted into carbon dioxide and water in
the Krebs cycle.
• After the Krebs cycle, 36 ATP are created in
the electron transport chain.
Section 9-2
Flowchart
Cellular Respiration
Glucose
(C6H1206)
+
Oxygen
(02)
Go to
Section:
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2)
+
Water
(H2O)
• Without oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into
Lactic Acid or Alcohol during
Fermentation.
• Lactic Acid-Muscle cells
• Alcohol- Yeast
Section 9-2
Flowchart
Anaerobic Cellular
Respiration
Glucose
(C6H1206)
Go to
Section:
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Lactic Acid
Or
Alcohol
Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Section 9-1
Glucose
Go to
Section:
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
Respiration Formula
• 6_______ + _________ forms _______ and
6________ + 6_________ + 36 ATP