CH 10 Part 2 RQ
pp.210-220
Visuals
1 p 200 Map – Title?
Name one fort that the British still occupy on U.S. soil?
Name the one battle mentioned, against whom, when?
2 p.202 Asterisk – What “inharmonious” relationship is this referring to this never
happening again due to the passage of the 12th Amendment in 1803?
What does this amendment change?
3 p. 202 Portrait – Who?
Why is his portrait here, context?
4 p 203 political cartoon & p 204 bbox – Title(s)?
Which country does “John Bull” represent?
Which countries representatives are shown plundering the USA and are
called X, Y, & Z?
Why is John Adams upset with France?
5 p 205 Brown Box & p 206 political cartoon – what Act is James Callander
prosecuted for violating?
Which part of which Amendment should protect him?
From which Point of view is the Brown Box and political cartoon?
6 p 208 Chart**** which two political parties features are listed in this chart?
Which party is Pro-French, wants a weak national government, supports
state supremacy, and favors Agriculture and the South, generally?
Which party is Pro-British, wants a strong national government, Federal
supremacy, and favors manufacturing and the North, generally?
7 p209 portrait and brown box – who?
What 3 things does TJ want to be remembered for achieving?
Does he favor a USA that supports manufacturing or agriculture more?
Reading Questions
Embroilments with Britain
From 1783 and the end of the revolutionary war Britain had retained possession of
a chain of northern frontier forts on US soil…of course in defiance of the Treaty of
Paris, 1783 which ended the war.
Why? Britain wanted to continue to control the lucrative fur trade in this region and
to do so had to influence the Native tribes in the area…
Br. Actions: they hoped to create an Indian Buffer State to contain American
expansion in the area by selling firearms to the Miami Confederacy of tribes led by
“Little Turtle.”
Native Actions: Little Turtle and the Miami’s in 1790 and 91 defeat armies of the US
killing hundreds of soldiers in the area from the Ohio River NW…
US Response: US General “Mad Anthony” Wayne in 1794 attacks the Miami’s at the
Battle of Fallen Timbers …The US army defeats the Miami’s and the Treaty of
Greenville is signed with the Miami Confederacy in 1795 in which the USA acquires
most of present day Indiana and Ohio… in return the USA pays the Miami’s 20,000$
and an annual fee of 9,000$, the right to hunt the land they had given the USA, and
recognition of their Sovereignty on the rest of their lands. ( a hope that from this
point forward they would be at peace on the land that they still held)
Britain and France were at War… and on the Oceans the British were attempting to
starve the French on their small sugar islands in the West Indies…they naturally
expected the USA to help the French due to their treaty of alliance signed in 1778…
8 What action do the British take against American shipping, even though America
had already declared its neutrality? (3)
9 What action(s) (2) do the Jeffersonians (Dem.-Rep.) want the USA to take in
response?
10 Do the Federalists (Hamiltonians) agree? Why not?
Jay’s Treat*** and Washington’s Farewell
11 What action does GW take due to this conflict described above?
12 What does AH do to undermine John Jay?
13 What 2 things do the British promise?
What 3 things do they not promise?
What does John Jay have to promise the British (1)?
14 What more than any other issue vitalizes the new Democratic-Republican
(Jeffersonian) Political Party?
To the JDR’s the Jay Treaty with GB seemed like a surrender… and a betrayal of the
South …. Southern Planters would have to pay their debts to Great Britain while
Northern Shippers were being compensated for their losses…. Even GW”s popularity
suffered….
Other consequences/effects of the Jay Treaty:
15 A Positive was the Pinckney Treaty, 1795…with which nation?
What does this treaty grant the USA? (2)
Washington’s retirement:
16 GW’s decision to retire after two terms contributes powerfully to what tradition?
Who is the only President to serve more than two terms (he is elected to 4)?
Which Amendment makes this it impossible to do that after 1951?
GW’s Farewell Address is seen as one of the Most Important Documents in our
History….this was not spoken but was printed in newspapers…
Two Main Points:
1 Beware Political Parties…they cause disloyalty and division
2 Beware “entangling permanent Foreign Alliances”… they could lead the USA to
lose its freedom that it had fought so hard to obtain… and led to the “ISOLATIONIST”
description of our Foreign Policy until the Post WW2 era… (not completely accurate
but…)
GW’s Contributions as President:
1 The Central (Federal-National) Gov’t was now secure and stable.
2 The West was expanding.
3 Our Foreign Trade was now solid (merchant marine)
17 And Above All….Washington had kept the Nation out of ? (2)
John Adams Becomes President
18 Who is the best-known member of the Federalist Party in 1796 as the USA
prepares for the 3rd Presidential Election?
19 Who are the two main candidates for President in the Election of 1796 and what
political party does each person represent?
Historians have a difference of opinion about which election was the first to be
affected by political parties… some say it is the Election of 1796…some say the
election of 1800… To me…it is the former, 1796…. Due to the critical and
contemptuous statements made during the election which signifies that a
“competition” existed… and that when Jefferson comes in 2nd…and becomes VP he
does undermine some of Adams policies which would not happen necessarily if he
was of the same political party…
20 Who wins the election of 1796? Who comes in 2nd? What occurs never again in
American History and certainly portends trouble for J Adams?
21 Within Adams own party, the Federalists, was he universally loved?
What “faction” forms and who leads this group?
Unofficial Fighting with France
John Adams inherits a growing problem with France…
Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain angered France…they saw it as a violation of their
treaty with the USA signed during the revolutionary war in 1778…
22 How does France respond on the Oceans by mid-1797?
When Adams sends a new ambassador to France…they continue to show their
displeasure by not officially recognizing him and threatening him with arrest….
Adams, following, GW’s patience and reluctance to go to war, decides to send a
diplomatic group to France in an attempt to work out their differences and avoid
war… The leader of this group was John Marshall, TJ’s cousin, former Rev War
officer, and Future Chief Justice of the Supreme Court****most sig. leader of the
court ever***,
XYZ Affair - This above described group sent to France to improve our
relationship… is met by unnamed representatives from France, and prime minister
Talleyrand, and these reps are known in history as person X, person Y, and person
Z…. these 3 men demand a BRIBE OF 250,000$ from Marshall and the US Reps
…JUST TO MEET WITH TALLEYRAND…
US Response: The US Group, led by Marshall, returns to NYC without speaking with
the French and clearly offended by the demand for a bribe just to speak….a slogan
becomes popular… “millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute,” America was
preparing for WAR with France over this offending incident….
This turn of events upset the public in the USA very much…and gave the Federalists,
who were anglophiles anyway, a huge measure of popularity…. The Dem-Rep.’s on
the other hand were seen as treasonous in their support for France and suffered
popularity, TEMPORARILY….
23 In preparation for a possible War with France…what Department is created
officially?…as well as building three ships, establishing the US Marine Corp and
raising the ARMY to 10,000men.
24 How long did the Quasi (fake?) War with France last ?
25 How did this quasi-war affect John Adams and the Federalists popularity?
26 In 1799, Adams, fully realizing that war must be avoided, appointed a new what?
27 This 3 person committee that was sent to Paris in 1799 met with the new French
leader, who?
28 Convention of 1800 – (explain) & explain effects?
29 What is Adams signal contribution to the Nation…also the possible subject of his
epitaph?
The Federalist Witch Hunt ****huge****
30 What series of 4 Acts do the Federalists pass through Congress in 1798 that
attempts to limit SEDITION and affects ALIENS?
31 Which political party generally was supported by newly naturalized citizens of
the USA?
32 Which parts of which Amendment was seemingly violated by Congress?
33 Newspaper editors would most likely be jailed if their writings favored which
political party?
34 Why does the Supreme Court NOT rule these laws unconstitutional?
35 Does the “public” generally support or oppose these acts?
36 What effect do these acts have on the congressional elections of 1798-99?
The Virginia,1798 (Madison) and Kentucky,17999 (Jefferson –secretly)
Resolutions
(Response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798)
In response to above mentioned acts….Jefferson and Madison, leaders of the
opposition party, the Democratic-Republicans, individually write a response to the
Alien and Sedition Acts, called the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions which explain
why they believed the Acts were UNCONSTITUTIONAL and supply a solution: THAT
THE STATES NULLIFY THESE LAWS….in these resolutions, sponsored by the State
Legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky, they provide a DANGEROUS rationalization
for NULLIFICATION AND States Rights that is eventually used by other politicians
over the next 70 years and eventually even to support ideas such as SECESSION
(Civil War)**** impact is monstrous****
Both Jefferson and Madison propose theories to explain their proposed ideas in
their resolutions… Both stress the COMPACT THEORY – that the 13 sovereign
independent states created the new federal gov’t…these states created a “compact”
or contract (a kind of social contract) thus the national or federal government was a
creation of the states… since they were the creator, they (the 13 states individually)
were (or should be) the final judges of whether or not the fed gov’t had broken the
contract by going beyond their power limited by the constitution…and that the
rightful solution to whenever the fed gov’t goes beyond its limited authority is for
the states to NULLIFY the law or action taken by the fed gov’t…..(similar to the
power that the british parliament had when it could nullify laws passed by the
colonial legislatures)
According to Madison and Jefferson…The Compact theory WOULD ALLOW STATES
to INTERPOSE AND NULLIFY LAWS PASSED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT…
Imagine today if each of the 50 states could individually choose to follow whatever
federal laws it chose…can you say chaos….or 50 countries…
The ideas behind Nullification, Compact theory and Interposition, are used by
STATES RIGHTS supporters often after this…. And although both Madison and
Jefferson deny that their ideas could be used for secession or to radically change the
country….these ideas are used this way …and are at best irresponsible rhetoric to
stimulate political support for the Democratic-Republicans…(which does work)
which clearly rips the fabric of our nation several times in the next 70 years…
37 How many other State legislatures, other than Virginia and Kentucky, endorse or
support these resolutions?
38 Why does Jefferson secretly publish the Kentucky resolution?
The Federalists and later Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, and Dwight
Eisenhower, all answer these theories with one statement of evidence that I believe
ends the debate….simply…”WE THE PEOPLE.” THE PEOPLE NOT THE STATES
MADE THE “COMPACT” OR “CONTRACT”…END OF DISCUSSION. AND ACCORDING
TO THE CONTSTITUTION, THE POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW (deciding the
constitutionality of the laws or actions of government) are given only to the
SUPREME COURT (This will later be solidified by the court case Marbury v. Madison,
1803)
Federalist Versus Democratic-Republicans (great chart p. 208)
39 List the 5 most important characteristics of the Federalists from the chart.
40 List the 5 most important characteristics of the Democratic-Republicans from the
chart.