Good Neighbor Policy
• Was the United States a “Good Neighbor”
toward Latin America in the 1930s?
– Step 1: With your group members complete your
assigned portion of the “Double Bubble” Thinking
Map analyzing the main arguments in your article.
– Step 2: Exchange information with one of the
group’s with the opposing article
– Step 3: As a group, come to a conclusion regarding
the question above and write a thesis statement
stating your position.
– Step 4: Add your group’s information to the class
Double Bubble on the front board
WWI: THE WAR TO END ALL
WARS, NOT QUITE
THE ROAD TO WWII
DRAWING CONNECTIONS
CAUSE:
EFFECT:
• The Treaty of Versailles: • A growing desire for
revenge among
– The War Guilt Clause
Germans after their
– Forced Reparations
treatment at the end of
– Large territorial losses
for Germany
WWI
– Dismantling of the
German military.
DRAWING CONNECTIONS
CAUSE:
• Technological
innovation in WWI;
– Mass production/
assembly line
– Advent of mass
advertising
– General rise in wages
EFFECT:
• Development of
widespread consumer
goods/consumer
economy in the U.S.
DRAWING CONNECTIONS
CAUSE:
EFFECT:
• A growing acceptance
• Decreasing Consumerism
of debt in 1920s
as credit debt amassed
America through the
• Instability of banks and
use of installment plans
the stock market in the
• Risky investment
U.S.
practices such as
• Ultimately led the U.S.
buying on margin and
into a depression
stock speculation.
DRAWING CONNECTIONS
CAUSE
• A shut down in
international trade due
to tariff wars
• Massive debt incurred
by Europeans during
WWI
• “Drying up” of U.S.
credit to nations
overseas.
EFFECT:
• The depression became
a global affair
DRAWING CONNECTIONS
CAUSE:
• Severe economic
depression in Germany in
the 1930s
• Humiliation over the terms
in the Treaty of Versailles
• German government’s lack
of an effective response to
economic and political
problems.
EFFECT:
• Rise of the nationalistic,
NAZI Party and Adolf
Hitler in Germany
WWII
The Road to War
Italy: The Rise of Benito Mussolini
and Fascism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2YEUh
HFMHY
Hitler’s Ideology
Mein Kampf
Lebensraum
• Hitler’s autobiography, written • “Living Space”
while in prison, in which he
• Hitler’s foreign policy: Eastern
outlines his political ideology
Europe had to be conquered to
and future plans for Germany.
create a vast German empire for
• Extreme Anti-Semitism…uses
more physical space, a greater
Jews as scapegoat for all of
population, and new territory to
Germany’s problems.
supply food and raw materials.
– “Here he stops at nothing, and in
his vileness he becomes so
gigantic that no one need be
surprised if among our people the
personification of the devil as the
symbol of all evil assumes the
living shape of the Jew.”
– “Without consideration of traditions
and prejudices, Germany must find
the courage to gather our people and
their strength for an advance along
the road that will lead this people
from its present restricted living
space to new land and soil, and
hence also free it from the danger of
vanishing from the earth or of
serving others as a slave nation.”
Lebensraum
• "The external security of a people in largely
determined by the size of its territory."
• “Therefore we National Socialists have purposely
drawn a line through the line of conduct followed by
pre-War Germany in foreign policy. We put an end to
the perpetual Germanic march towards the South
and the West of Europe and turn our eyes towards
the lands of the East. We finally put a stop to the
colonial and trade policy of pre-War times and pass
over to the territorial policy of the future. When we
speak of new territory in Europe today we must
principally think of Russia and the border states
subject to her.”
Mein Kampf
• “Slowly fear and the Marxist weapon of Jewry descend like a
nightmare on the mind and soul of decent people.”
• “With satanic joy in his face, the black-haired Jewish youth lurks in
wait for the unsuspecting girl whom he defiles with his blood, thus
stealing her from her people. With every means he tries to destroy
the racial foundations of the people he has set out to subjugate. Just
as he himself systematically ruins women and girls, he does not
shrink back from pulling down the blood barriers for others, even on
a large scale. It was and it is Jews who bring the Negroes into the
Rhineland, always with the same secret thought and clear aim of
ruining the hated white race by the necessarily resulting
bastardization, throwing it down from its cultural and political height,
and himself rising to be its master.”
Mein Kampf
• “Culturally, he contaminates art, literature, the theater, makes
a mockery of natural feeling, overthrows all concepts of
beauty and sublimity, of the noble and the good, and instead
drags men down into the sphere of his own base nature.”
• “Now begins the great last revolution. In gaining political
power the Jew casts off the few cloaks that he still wears. The
democratic people’s Jew becomes the blood-Jew and tyrant
over peoples. In a few years he tries to exterminate the
national intelligentsia and by robbing the peoples of their
natural intellectual leadership makes them ripe for the slave’s
lot of permanent subjugation.”
Mein Kampf…
Manipulating the Masses
• “The masses find it difficult to understand politics, their intelligence is
small. Therefore all effective propaganda must be limited to a very few
points. The masses will only remember only the simplest ideas repeated a
thousand times over. If I approach the masses with reasoned arguments,
they will not understand me. In the mass meeting, their reasoning power is
paralyzed. What I say is like an order given under hypnosis.”
• “The whole organization of education, and training which the People's State
is to build up must take as its crowning task the work of instilling into the
hearts and brains of the youth entrusted to it the racial instinct and
understanding of the racial idea. No boy or girl must leave school without
having attained a clear insight into the meaning of racial purity and the
importance of maintaining the racial blood unadulterated. Thus the first
indispensable condition for the preservation of our race will have been
established and thus the future cultural progress of our people will be
assured.”
Japanese Militarists on the Rise
Competition in the Pacific
The Axis Powers
A Look at Japanese, German, and
Italian “Acts of Aggression”
(1931-1939)
Question Prompts:
Opening the Door for German Aggression
• What was the Treaty of Versailles? Why did it anger Germans…be specific.
• Based off of what you already know about Germany and WWI, what might be
meant by the “Stab in the Back” Theory? How might this have added to Germany’s
growing militarism?
• What was the League of Nations?
• The League of Nations was generally viewed as a weak and ineffective
organization…Why? (Hint: Which important global power decided not to join the
League of Nations)?
• How might the weaknesses of the L.o.N. contributed to Hitler’s decision to violate
the Treaty of Versailles and take aggressive actions to rebuild the Germany
military?
• Why did the Maginot Line and Locarno Pact give the French a false sense of
security? How might the Maginot Line actually weaken France’s ability to resist
German Aggression?
Treaty of Versailles
• Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919)
– Peace Treaty Officially Ending War b/n Germany & Allied Powers
• Treaty Establishes the League of Nations
• Treaty Intended to Punish & Weaken Germany
– War Guilt Clause
• Germany must accept full responsibility for the war
– Had to pay massive reparations to the allies
• Most of reparations would go to France/Belgium
– German military dismantled…why?
• Army reduced to 100,000 men
• Not allowed to have Tanks or Air Force
• Demilitarized Rhineland
– Germany suffered major territorial losses
• Lose: Alsace & Lorraine, Baltic States (land won from Russia), Poland, &
more
Frederick Niche
• Frederick Niche: “The punishment often
increases the feeling of estrangement and
strengthens the power of resistance.”
The “Stab in the Back” Theory
German Soldiers are Dissatisfied
Decadence of Weimar Republic
A Weak League of Nations
A Weak League of Nations



No control of major conflicts.
No progress in disarmament.
No effective military force.
French False Sense of Security:
Maginot Line
France: False Sense of Security
• Locarno Pact: France, Britain, Germany, Italy
– Guarantee existing frontiers; 30 mi. DMZ east of Rhine R.;
non-aggression agreement
Axis Powers Grow Aggressive
Question Prompts:
Rising Aggression…The Axis Powers
• Summarize the Manchurian Crisis in 1-2 sentences
• How did the League of Nations respond to Japanese
aggression? How might the League of Nations
response have influenced Hitler and Mussolini?
• What active measures did Hitler take to defy the
Treaty of Versailles? Why would this be considered a
good political move for Hitler, in Germany?
• Why do you think France and Britain were reluctant
to respond to these acts of aggression? How did this
influence Hitler & Mussolini?
The Manchurian Crisis (1931)
• Why did Japan want to expand into China/Korean
Peninsula?
The Manchurian Crisis (1931)
Germany (1933-1935)
• Withdraws from the
League of Nations (1933)
• Renounces Treaty of
Versailles—begins
rearmament (1935)
• Germany starts draft;
establishes Luftwaffe
(1935)
Italy Invades Ethiopia (1935)
Haile Salassie
• What advantages did control of Ethiopia offer to Italy?
• What was Mussolini’s goal for Italy?
Germany Invades Rhineland
(3/7/1936)
• Rhine: DMZ b/n Germany and France
– Gave French access to Ruhr Valley: heartland of German industry
– Why were the French so reluctant to respond?
Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)
• Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)
• Anti-Comintern Pact: Germany, Italy, Japan
• Formal Military Alliance: Axis Powers (1940)
– Germany, Italy, Japan
Question Prompts: U.S. Isolationism
• The U.S. Congress passed the Neutrality Act of
1935…what did it say?
• How did the Neutrality Act of 1939 differ?
• The U.S. also put in place a policy of Cash-and-Carry.
What was cash-and-carry? Why might American
politicians have believed this policy would limit the
chance of America getting drawn into war (WWI)?
• Why do you believe many in the American
government hoped to remain neutral in the lead up
to WWII? How was this similar to WWI?
US Neutrality Acts: 1935; 1937; 1939
• Nye Committee: huge profits by arms factories in WWI
• Neutrality Acts: ban sale on arms to warring nations…why?
– Hope to remain out of the War in Europe
• Cash and Carry: non-military items (cash/pick up goods)
Europe…
On the Brink of World War
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Fascist Leader, Francisco Franco, leads Nationalist
Party in Civil War against the “Popular Front,” in
Spain…Hitler and Mussolini send aid to Franco
seeing it as an opportunity to spread their influence
and test their militaries
Spanish Civil War
A Dress Rehearsal for WWII
• Italian Troops in
Madrid
Japanese Invasion of China (1937)
Rape of Nanking
Austrian Anschluss
• Forced unification of
Austria and Germany
• Hitler’s Goal: unify all
German speaking
people
The Problem of the Sudetenland
• Area of Czechoslovakia with a lg. German population
• FR, GB, USSR pledge aid to Czechs if attacked
The Munich Agreement
(Sept. 1938)
• Meeting of reps. from
GB, FR, IT, GM to discuss
Sudetenland, Czech.
• Appeasement
– GB/FR give in to German
demands
– Leave Czechs hanging…
hand over Sudetenland
to Hitler
British PM: Neville Chamberlain
“Now we have secured peace in our time.
Herr Hitler is a man we can do business
with.”
• Italy invades Albania
Video Clip: Neville Chamberlain
Czechoslovakia Enters the Third Reich
(March 1939)
th
50
April 1939: Hitler’s
Birthday
Present…The Eagle’s Nest
Euro-Trip 2012 Photos
Europe: 1939
Japan: 1939
The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact:
(Aug. 1939)
• Temporary non-aggress.
Agreement b/n Hitler &
Stalin…Why?
• Includes secret deal to
divide Poland b/n GM
and USSR
WWII Begins
World War II Begins (Sept.1939)
• Germany invades
Poland (9/1/1939)
• France and England
declare war on
Germany (9/3/1939)
German Advances: Sep. 1939
“Spineless Leaders of Democracy”
Impact of the Nazi-Soviet NonAggression Pact
• USSR goes on the
offensive (Oct. 1939)
– Annex Estonia/Latvia
(ultimatums)
– Invade Lithuania
– Invade Finland (Nov.
1939)
• Why did they do this?
Blitzkrieg!
• Why do defenses blitz
quarterbacks in football?
• If “Krieg” is German for war,
what is meant by blitzkrieg?
– “Lightning War”
– German military strategy:
fast/flexible
• How would a military
employ blitzkrieg?
• Armor concentrations/
utilization of tanks; mass
air support; paratroopers;
radio
Go To WWII Map PowerPoint
Up to Dunkirk
WWII in Europe--1940
• Germans Preparing
for Invasion of France
– Start: Invasion from
Holland to Belgium
(5/10/1940)
• Dutch bombed into
submission; 100,000
killed
• Belgium overtaken
within a few days
Battle of Dunkirk (May 1940)
• Battle of Dunkirk
– German Surprise move thru Ardennes
Forest (Belgium/French Border)
– British/French forces trapped at Port of
Dunkirk (Belgium)
– Operation Dynamo (May 26-June 4,
1940): Mass Retreat
• 887 ships (including civilian ships) save
338,226 Brits
• Brits lose 95,000 rifles; 7500 tons of ammo
– Significance:
• Opened door for Hitler to invade France
and gain control of “Continental, W.
Europe”
• Mass Evacuation Allowed Brits to fight
another day.
“Miracle at Dunkirk”
Date
Troops
evacuated
from beaches
Troops
evacuated
from Dunkirk
Harbour
Total
27 May
-
7,669
7,669
28 May
5,930
11,874
17,804
29 May
13,752
33,558
47,310
30 May
29,512
24,311
53,823
31 May
22,942
45,072
68,014
1 June
17,348
47,081
64,429
2 June
6,695
19,561
26,256
3 June
1,870
24,876
26,746
4 June
622
25,553
26,175
Totals
98,780
239,446
338,226
Fall of France: June 1940
• France falls extremely fast…Why?
– French forces wasted at Maginot Line; not mobile
• June 3, 1940: Air raids begin on Paris
– 2000 tanks move on capitol
• Paris falls June 14, 1940
• France surrenders June 22, 1940
– Nazi’s set up puppet regime led by Marshal Philippe
Petain; Vichy French
• Significance:
– Hitler almost total control of W. Europe.
Go to WWII Maps
Up to Battle of Brit.
Hitler’s Next Quest?
Winston Churchill--Speech to the RAF (Battle of Britain)
Winston Churchill:
“We Shall Never Surrender!”
• “Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous
States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the
odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go
on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas
and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing
strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost
may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the
landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we
shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and if, which I do
not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were
subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed
and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until,
in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might,
steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.”
—Winston Churchill; June 4, 1940…following Oper. Dynamo
Battle of Britain (July-Oct. 1940)
• New Sheriff in Town: Winston
Churchill (Brit PM)
– Vows Britain will NEVER surrender
– British Royal Air Force (RAF) all that
stands between Nazi’s and control of W.
Europe
• German Attack: Operation Sea Lion
– Eliminate RAF; open Britain for invasion
• Battle for control of the air
– Hitler abandons bombing of strategic military
sights (RAF & airfields)
– Targets civilian populations…big mistake
– 30,000 Londoners killed; RAF loses 900 aircraft
– Luftwaffe loses over 1700 aircraft
Battle of Britain (July-Oct. 1940)
• Hitler abandons invasion
of Britain (10/1940)
• Significance:
– Use of Radar
• Germans bomb at night
(less efficient)
– First Major German
Defeat
– Morale Boost for Brits
– Pushed Americans to
assist with Brit. plight
Go to WWII Maps
Progress up thru Operation
Barbarossa
Analogy
• Analogies, Similes, Metaphors: Comparison of
two items that may not necessarily be related
– Simile: expressed analogy (uses like or as)
– Metaphor: implied analogy
• Example: Britain in 1940 was like a boxer
against the ropes.
Pocket Analogy Book
• Working with your neighbor:
– Come up with an analogy for Britain’s position in
WWII in October 1940. Provide 3 supporting
pieces of evidence for your analogy.
– Come up with an analogy for the German war
machine in October 1940. Provide 3 supporting
pieces of evidence.