Metropolitan United States
1) Three major types of employment:
•
Primary: farming, fishing, forestry, mining
•
Secondary (manufacturing):
cars, furniture, computers
•
Tertiary (services): hair cut, car repair, teaching
Metropolitan United States
Changing Employment Sectors
agriculture 33%
industry 42%
services 25%
Metropolitan United States
Changing Employment Sectors
Three main types of service sector jobs today:
1. transformational, involves physical activity, e.g., construction
2. transactional, routine work in call centers, banks, stores
3. interactional, relying on knowledge, expertise, e.g., management
3.3 million USA jobs (500,000 of them in IT) will move abroad by 2015.
In 1979-99, 69% of people who lost jobs
as a result of cheap imports found new work.
55% of those who found new jobs did so at lower pay, and
25% took pay cuts of 30% or more.
In 2005, 12,000 legal jobs moved off-shore; in 2010, 35,000.
Every dollar of costs that companies move offshore brings them a net
benefit of $1.12 - $1.14 (The Economist, 13 Dec. 2003)
College majors and occupation groups:
http://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/stem/stem-html/
Metropolitan United States
2) U.S. immigration and internal migration:
Stage 1
Era
Spatial pattern
west
east
Characteristics
• European settlers and African slaves
1789- (initial settlement) • 1870-1919:
national 1890
net immigration 50% of US pop
Metropolitan United States
2) U.S. immigration and internal migration:
Stage 2
Era
regional 18901945
Spatial pattern
rural
urban
(urbanization)
Characteristics
• mechanization of agriculture
• population shifts within regions
Chicago
farms
Metropolitan United States
2) U.S. immigration and internal migration:
Stage 3
metro
Era
19451970
Spatial pattern
inner city ->
suburbs
Characteristics
• residential and later job shifts
inner city
suburbs
Metropolitan United States
2) U.S. immigration and internal migration:
Stage 4
regional &
metro
Era
19702016?
Spatial patterns
1) North
South
2) Gentrification
3) Edge Cities
Characteristics
• work shifts: Rust Belt
Sun Belt
http://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizati
ons/024/
• inner city investments in offices and
upscale residential units
• upscale suburban office, shopping, and
residential
2000 Census: over 50% of U.S. pop. lived in suburban communities
inner city
suburbs
Excel graph: metro population change 1990-2000
edge cities
Where do the most educated people live?
Metropolitan United States
European migrations: Old and New Immigrations
Old Immigration New Immigration
Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 established annual quotas based on the national
origin of people already in the U.S.
The ceiling was set at 2 percent of the number of each U.S. origin group. But instead of
using the 1920 Census, Congress used the 1890 Census, which favored Western
European over Eastern and Southern Europeans.
Instead of allowing 4 million Italians, 2 million Eastern Europeans (including Jews), and
1.5 million Roman Catholics, the 1924 law allowed 34,007 immigrants from Great
Britain, but fewer than 4,000 Italians, barely 2,000 Russians, and less than 500
Hungarians!
People with money can now buy USA visas through the Immigrant Investor Programme
and the proposed Visit USA Act -- $500,000 will usually do the trick.
Also go to http://www.vox.com/2016/1/4/10709366/immigration-america-200-years
Metropolitan United States
European migrations: Old and New Immigrations
Old Immigration New Immigration
33 % of U.S. physics Nobel price winners in last seven years were born abroad.
40 % of science & engineering PhDs working in the USA are immigrants.
33 % of Silicon Valley companies were started by Indians and Chinese.
100,000s of legal and illegal immigrants work in agriculture, construction,
hotels, restaurants, gardens, and health care.
19th century European immigrants could expect to double their income.
Today, immigrants can expect to see their incomes rise 5 fold or more!
1924
Immigration
Act
Metropolitan United States
3) City building era
Metropolitan United States
Why are cities large and small?
Why are cities close and far apart?
Metropolitan United States
4) City functions:
•
•
•
•
provide services to surrounding farmers and rural people
facilitate interaction, circulation of people, goods, capital
collect, process, and distribute
cities specialize: resource-based, manufacturing, services
5) Urban patterns: size and spacing of cities
(service functions)
Central Place Theory by Walter Christaller
Two basic concepts:
a) Threshold: minimum market (price x quantity) needed to bring a firm or
city selling goods and services into existence and to keep it going
b) Range: average maximum distance people will travel to purchase
goods and services from a firm or city
• Low-order goods and services: e.g., milk and bread; short distances
• High-order goods and services: e.g., cars and mink coats; long distances
Metropolitan United States
Spatial consequences of these two concepts
Draw circles around the point for threshold and range.
threshold
range
Metropolitan United States
Insufficient threshold -- what happens? no cities; no economic activities?
1
6
threshold
range
2
7
3
5
4
Many examples of insufficient thresholds: past and present and poor and
rich countries.
Metropolitan United States
Threshold and range vary for each good and service in each technological
era.
• If population density and purchasing power are evenly distributed across
space, the firms and central places (cities) will spring up evenly
spaced
• Ranges as circles: overlap or incomplete coverage
Metropolitan United States
What shape covers all of an area
without overlap?
Metropolitan United States
Hierarchy of central places are
nested within ever larger hexagons
2
3
4
Metropolitan United States
Hierarchy of central places and services
few
many
services
places
2
many
Many low order places;
few high order places
3
Few low order services;
many
4 high order services
few
Metropolitan United States
6) Three principles affect the spatial arrangement of
cities:
1) Market principle: evenly spaced cities (already discussed above)
2) Transportation principle: cities located along routes (water, road, rail)
impact of water, road, railroad
on the location of towns
market principle towns
transportation-based towns
actual towns
potential towns
Metropolitan United States
3) Political principle: laws prevent or allow services:
casino gambling, state lotteries, alcohol consumption – e.g., I80 in Utah to Nevada
The top 6 lottery stores
in Missouri and
Oklahoma are located
near the Arkansas line
because Arkansas
does not have a state
lottery.
Oklahoma alone
makes about $10
million a year from
Arkansas residents.
The border city of
Bangkang in Myanmar
has casinos for
Chinese tourists who
are banned from
legally gambling in
China.
Metropolitan United States
7) Size of cities or urban hierarchy
Seven basic levels or orders of central places
1) National metropolises-- New York City (world city)
go to http://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/036/
2) Regional metropolises -- Chicago
3) Metropolitan centers -- Minneapolis-St. Paul
4) Cities -- sporting goods store, hospital, dentist, regional high school
5) Towns -- department and jewelry store, family doctor
6) Villages -- elementary school, car dealer
7) Hamlets -- tavern, gas station, church, grocery store
Top 10 USA business destinations:
Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, New York, Orlando,
San Francisco, Washington, DC
World’s busiest airports (total passengers, 2015):
Atlanta, (Beijing, Tokyo), Los Angeles, (Hong Kong), Chicago, Dallas/Ft,
Worth, Paris, (Singapore, Istanbul, Seoul), Frankfurt, Denver, New York,
Amsterdam
World’s busiest airports (total aircraft, 2014): Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas/Ft.
Worth, Los Angeles, Beijing, Denver, Charlotte, Las Vegas, Houston,
London, Paris, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Istanbul
Metropolitan United States
Examples of High Order Cities & Regions
Metropolitan United States
Examples of High Order Cities & Regions
World Examples of
High Order Cities: Firms & Pop
This is an updated table as of 2014-2015.
Metropolitan United States
Examples of High Order Cities & Regions
POP = internet infrastructure
1997
2000
1999
Wal-Mart supercenters provide low-order urban functions and so
the distribution of these centers is evenly (relative to population
densities) and widely scattered.
Age-Group Net Migration among U.S. City Sizes
Urban hierarchy
David Plan and Jason R. Jurjevich, “Ties that no longer bind? The Patterns and Repercussions of Age-Articulated Migration,” The Professional Geographer, 61 (1), 4-20.
Age-Group Net Migration among U.S. City Sizes
David Plan and Jason R. Jurjevich, “Ties that no longer bind? The Patterns and Repercussions of Age-Articulated Migration,” The Professional Geographer, 61 (1), 4-20.
Metropolitan United States
http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/04/migration-moving-wealthy-interactive-counties-map.html
(be patient!)
Metropolitan United States
View each county to see the urban hierarchy, go to
http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/04/migration-moving-wealthy-interactive-counties-map.html
Metropolitan United States
Regions within countries vary in per capita income because of their economy and metro size.
United Kingdom: largest gap between the richest and poorest regions
United States: District of Columbia is 5 times as rich as Mississippi
Germany: even here, the most affluent regions are 3 times richer than the poorest
Regional inequality has changed:
worsened in U.S. and Britain;
improved in Germany.
Over a quarter of regions in Britain and Italy and one-tenth of those in Germany have
a lower GDP per head than Shanghai. All the U.S. states remain richer, but Shanghai
overtake Mississippi by 2015; within ten years half of all the states, including Florida,
Michigan and Ohio, could have a GDP per head lower than Shanghai and Beijing.
Metropolitan United States
High Order Nodal Regions of the USA
First order
Second order
Metropolitan United States
8) Why are large areas of the U.S. without
second, and especially, third order cities?
Region
Population
Purchasing power
South
High
Low
(slaves; later poor Blacks)
West
Low
High
(mining, logging, ranching)
Metropolitan United States
9) Historical developments of High Order Central
Places in the U.S. -- also available on the Geography 111 web
Metropolitan United States
Critical City Location in the “Land” Era, pre-1820
North America
1
3
Atlantic Ocean
2
4
Metropolitan United States
Evolution of the U.S. Urban System
3
3
3
4
2
2
4
3
4
1
3
3
2
4
3
4
2
4
2 2 1
4
1
2
4
4
1
11
1
The growth in the
number of huge
metropolitan centers
around the world will
increase dramatically
in the next decades,
especially in the
Majority/Third World.
In 2007, half the
world’s population
already lived in cities,
but that will not
change the ranking
of the world-wide
urban hierarchy of
cities.