Roles of the Public
Safety Professional
Intro to LPSCS
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PART 1: Career Opportunities
Where can I work?
What can I do?
Private
Industry
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Municipal Public Safety
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Police Department
City Marshall
Fire Department
EMS
Jailer
9-1-1 Operator
Crime Scene Investigator
Code Enforcement
Animal Control
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County Public Safety
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Sheriff Deputy
Detention officer
Constable
Probation
Juvenile Probation/Detention
Medical Examiner’s Investigator
District Attorney’s Investigator
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State Public Safety
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State Trooper
Texas Ranger
Game Warden
Park Ranger
Border Patrol
Correctional Officer
Parole officer
Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission (TABC)
Texas Office of Inspector General
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Federal Public Safety
• Federal Bureau of
Investigations (FBI)
• Secret Service
• Drug Enforcement Agency
(DEA)
• Alcohol Tobacco and
Firearms (ATF)
• Immigration and
Neutralization (INS)
• Internal Revenue Service
(IRS)
• U.S. Customs
• Transportation Security
Administration (TSA)
• U.S. Marshals
• Military
• Air Marshall
• Federal Bureau of Prisons
• Federal Probation/PreTrial
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Education and Training Requirements:
Municipal, County, and State
• High School
Diploma/GED
• 30 + college hours or
Bachelor’s degree
• TCLEOSE license (peace
officer license)
• Military training
• Good work history
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Strong character qualities
Pass physical agility test
U.S. Citizen
Written exam
Background Investigation
(no criminal history)
• 21 years of age
• Valid driver’s license
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Education Requirements:
Federal
• U.S. Citizen
• At least 23 years old,
but no more than 37
years old
• 4-year degree/GPA 2.5
or higher
• 3 years professional
work experience
• Valid driver’s license
• Physical exam
• Medical review
– 20/20 corrected vision
– Pass hearing screening
• Extensive background
check (no criminal
history)
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Roles of Law Enforcement
Professionals
• Jurisdiction: the geographical region of
responsibility or official duties covered by an
agency
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Police Duties
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Social Worker
Babysitter
Attorney
Role Model
Law Enforcer
First Responder
Firefighter
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Crime Prevention
Court Security
Investigator
Animal Control
Traffic Enforcement
Case Worker
Crime Scene
Investigator
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Sheriff Duties
• Officers of the court
– Serve as bailiffs in courtrooms and security in
courthouses
• Jail operations
– Staff and maintain the county jail
• Law Enforcement
– Same duties as police counterparts, but outside
the city limits
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Part 2: History of Policing in the U.S.
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Police
• The arrangements made to ensure that the
inhabitants keep the peace and obey the laws
• The force of peace officers employed for this
purpose
A system of authority is required for a society
to operate effectively. The history of policing
reveals the evolution of that authority.
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Roots of American Policing
• Code of Hammurabi
– The first example of civil and criminal codes
– 282 codes that governed civil and criminal
behavior in medieval times (eye-for-an-eye
philosophy)
• Tithing system
– A system based on kinship and civilian
responsibility and used to maintain social order
– Families grouped by “tens” (men only) and formed
communities
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Office of Sheriff
• Established through the tithing system
• Power of Posse Comitatus (the power to
summon citizen assistance)
• Separation of military from civilian law
enforcement
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America Prior to 1776
• Slave patrols in the southern colonies
– Civilian groups in southern states to protect
against rioting and revolts by slaves
• Black codes
– Laws passed by southern states after the Civil War
to disenfranchise freed slaves
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Policing in America 1776 – 1850
• The first three police departments
established in America
– Philadelphia 1830
• Night-watch and day-watch forces created
– New York 1844
• Night and day watch formed one police force
– Boston 1855
• A single police force established
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Policing in America 1850 – 1900
• Urbanization
• Conflicts from different groups including minorities and
immigrants
• Controlled by the municipal government
• Trained civil war veterans entered policing
• Advances in firearm manufacturing
• Carried revolvers for protection
• Plessy v. Ferguson
– This U.S. landmark Supreme Court case established the
“separate but equal” doctrine that allowed racial
segregation
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Policing in the Wild West
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Sparsely inhabited
Violence toward Native Americans
Lack of tolerance for those who were different
Widespread lawlessness
Personal defense (vigilantism)
Town marshals, U.S. marshals, and the U.S. Army
Justice was quick and brutal
Firearms and lynch mobs
No official law enforcement agency
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Private Policing
• Businesses needed professional security and
investigative services
• Brinks, Pinkerton, and Wells Fargo established
• Corruption in local police departments
• Geographic jurisdiction limitations
• Lack of state/federal police
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Modern Policing 1900 – 1930
• Increased population
• Street violence (gangs, gambling, drinking, and
prostitution)
• Electricity
• New inventions that assisted in policing
– Automobile
– Airplane and telephone
– Advances in weapons
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Police Officer – 1900’s
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Working class
$1,400 a year after 6 years
Day shift – 75 hrs/wk
Night shift – 87 hrs/wk
1 day off in 15 days
Obedient to authority, physical strength, and size
6 ft. minimum height
No training
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August Vollmer
• The Father of Modern Policing
• Chief of police, Berkley, CA
• “A dedicated body of educated persons
comprising a distinctive corporate entity with
a prescribed code of behavior”
• Emphasis on education, professionalism, and
administrative reform
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Vollmer’s Philosophy
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Use of automobiles and radios
Emergency telegraph boxes
Typewriters for reports
College-educated
Entrance testing
3-year training course
Use of polygraph, fingerprints, and scientific
evidence
• Social workers
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Current Trends in Policing
• Community policing
– Focus on decentralized strategies that promote crime
prevention rather than rapid response, crime investigation,
and apprehension of the criminal
– Focus on promoting quality of life of the community and
public order, rather than law enforcement
– Use of alternatives other than arrest and force to solve the
cause of the problem rather than responding to the
symptoms of the problem
• Broken Window – the belief that ignoring public order
violations and disruptive behavior leads to community
neglect, which fosters further disorder and crime
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Current Trends in Policing (continued)
• Zero Tolerance – strict enforcement of the laws,
even for minor violations (example: “Click it or
Ticket” seatbelt campaign)
• Problem-oriented
– Increased effectiveness by attacking the underlying
problems that give rise to incidents that consume
patrol and detective time
– Reliance on the expertise and creativity of line officers
to study problems carefully and develop innovative
solutions
– Closer involvement with the public to make sure that
the police are addressing the needs of citizens
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Current Trends in Policing (continued)
• SARA Model
– Scanning: gathering data to define the problem
– Analysis: determining the nature of the problem,
causes, and possible solutions
– Response: working with people, groups, and
agencies to implement solutions
– Assessment: following up on the initiatives taken
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