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Lea Anne Cape
Dr. Guenzel
ENC 1102-0123
March 24, 2014
Research Dossier: Technology and Cardiovascular Disease
Dossier Introduction
Researching cardiovascular disease and technology has led me to find new evidence in
my investigation of the effects technology has on the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular
disease. Cardiovascular disease is the number one leading cause of death in the United States. It
does not abide by gender or age; it affects whomever it chooses. Scientists have been looking
into numerous ways to prevent a person from having the disease. They have studied eating habits
such as non-fatty diets and fasting.
Scientists have also looked into markers or signs that a person is at risk for cardiovascular
disease. The markers include: total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and
hemoglobin. These are measured and kept an eye on by a physician. If you seem to be at risk for
cardiovascular disease they will inform you. However, just because you are at risk does not mean
you are going to have it. The markers can give false information depending on what method was
used during the testing, such as blood testing.
Treatment of cardiovascular disease comes many different ways. The most popular are
surgery and a healthy diet. Cardiovascular surgery is risky however and many scientists are
looking for other possible cures. Some scientists have found that there is a link between Creactive proteins and cardiovascular disease. Others have shown that cardiovascular disease
could be linked to too much vitamin D. But how will we know what is too much? We have to
improve technology until we can find the answer we are looking for.
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Research Map
Research Questions:
What technology is being used in the medical field today to help prevent cardiovascular disease?
Has this technology improved medical care in reference to cardiovascular disease?
Is there technology that can predict the likelihood of a patient having cardiovascular disease?
Keywords/Phrases:
Cardiovascular disease prevention
Advances in cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease markers
Cardiovascular biology
Types of research:
Scholarly books/journals, medical magazines, web sources and internet articles
Time management:
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Annotated Bibliography
Cupples, L., Arruda, H. T., Benjamin, E. J., D'Agostino, S. B., Demissie, S., DeStefano, A. L., &
... Chun-Yu, L. (2007). The Framingham Heart Study 100K SNP genome-wide
association study resource: overview of 17 phenotype working group reports. BMC
Medical Genetics, 8S1-19. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-8-S1-S1
http://ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&
db=aph&AN=28682328&site=ehost-live
This article discusses the background of cardiovascular disease. This is a study that tests
five different methods of detecting cardiovascular disease.
L. Adrienne Cupples, Ph.D. is Professor of Biostatistics and of Epidemiology. She has a
long standing interest in statistical methods for epidemiologic studies, for survival data
analysis and for genetic epidemiology. She has taught for thirty years at both the
introductory and advanced levels. She developed several of the courses in the
Biostatistics curriculum, including Statistical Methods for Epidemiology (BS852) and has
received numerous teaching awards, including the Norman A Scotch Award for
Excellence in Teaching at the School of Public Health. For her efforts in research she
received the BUSPH Faculty Career Award in Research & Scholarship as the First
Recipient. And she received the Janet L. Norwood Award for Outstanding Achievement
by a Woman in the Statistical Sciences as the ninth recipient in 2010. She has
collaborated in the Framingham Heart Study for more than 25 years on a variety of topics
from risk factors for sudden death, nutritional epidemiology and most recently the genetic
etiology of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. She is a member of the
Framingham Genetics Steering Committee. She has a long history with the study of the
genetic etiology of Alzheimer’s disease in the MIRAGE Study (Multi-Institutional
Research of Alzheimer’s Genetic Epidemiology) and of Huntington disease. She has been
actively involved in genetic risk prediction and evaluation of how people interpret and
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respond to such predictions, particularly in the context of Alzheimer’s disease through
the REVEAL (Risk Evaluation and Education for Alzheimer’s Disease) Study.
Chien, K.R. (1993). Molecular advances in cardiovascular biology. Science Magazine,
260(5110), 916-917. Doi: 10.1126/science.8493528
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5110/916.short
A marker for CVD is Chaga’s disease. “Overall, the results from the present study begin
to challenge the concept that cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in Chagas' disease is restricted
to a late stage of T. cruzi infection, following chronic inflammation and myocardial
damage. Instead, we provide evidence that IL-1β-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
occurs in isolated cardiomyocytes in response to T. cruzi and may play an important role
in the maintenance of cardiomyocyte function during the initial phases of infection. IL-1β
is produced by other myocardial cells, including vascular endothelial cells, following T.
cruzi infection (22), indicating that local secretion of IL-1β could promote cardiomyocyte
hypertrophy regardless of the site of initial site of parasite invasion. Our novel findings
provide the basis for further investigation of the role of IL-1β-mediated cardiomyocyte
hypertrophy in acute Chagas' disease.”
Christine Petersen, DVM, Ph.D. is the Associate Professor of the Department of
Epidemiology at College of Public Health.
Mann, D. Heart Disease Detection Goes High Tech. WebMD. Feburary 19, 2014,
http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/features/heart-disease-detection-goes-high-tech
CVD affects mostly males over the age of sixty-five. Blood tests can be used to find
markers. The doctors look for an inflammatory marker in the blood. The marker is Creactive protein is associated with increased risk for CVD.
Denise Mann is a freelance health writer in New York. Her articles regularly appear in
WebMD, health.com, cnn.com, Arthritis Today magazine, American Profile magazine
and special sections of the Wall Street Journal. She is also the editorial director for
several plastic surgery portals including the Consumer Guide to Plastic Surgery. Before
joining WebMD, Mann worked for the Medical Tribune News Service for three years.
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Her articles appeared regularly in such newspapers as the Detroit Free Press, the Chicago
Sun-Times, the Dallas Morning News, and the Los Angeles Daily News. She received a
graduate degree from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in
Evanston, Ill., and her undergraduate degree from Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pa.
She lives with her husband, David, their miniature schnauzer, Trixie, and their two sons,
Teddy and Evan.
Morgan, P. (2011, April 8). A Day Without Food May Help Maintain a Heart Without Disease.
Discover Magazine.
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2011/04/08/a-day-without-food-may-helpmaintain-a-heart-without-disease/#.Uww37_ldWSo
Fasting is linked to decrease in cardiovascular disease. Two studies showed that during
fasting the body lets out more cholesterol and burns fat. The burning of fat is what cases
lower risk of the disease. CVD is the leading cause of death in US. The studies only
monitored people for a day.
Patrick Morgan wrote other articles for Discover Magazine such as, Intelligence and
Green energy.
Nabel, E.G. (1995). Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, 91(2), 541-548. Doi:
10.1161/01.CIR.91.2.541
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/91/2/541.full
Advances in recombinant DNA technology, including gene transfer, have stimulated
hope that this technology can be used to improve the practice of cardiovascular medicine.
The idea is a good one but the technology is not to the point where it is currently useful
for cardiovascular disease patients.
Betsy Nabel has served as President of Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women’s
Hospital (BWH) since 2010. A cardiologist and distinguished biomedical researcher,
Nabel is Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School.
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Nambi, V., & Ballantyne, C. (2007). Role of Biomarkers in Developing New Therapies for
Vascular Disease.World Journal of Surgery, 31(4), 676-681. doi:10.1007/s00268-0060712-2
http://ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&
db=aph&AN=24487020&site=ehost-live
“Biomarkers such as total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and
hemoglobin A1c are used routinely. Advances in technologies, proteomics, and genomics
and the resultant improved understanding of the pathophysiology of vascular diseases
have led to the identification of several promising biomarkers. These biomarkers may be
used to identify specific populations that may benefit from therapies, as surrogate
markers of clinical efficacy, or as targets of therapy.” Statins reduce cholesterol and risk
of cardiovascular disease. Table one shows the characteristics that are desirable in a
biomarker.
Vijay Nambi, M.D. is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Baylor Heart Clinic. His
clinical interests are peripheral arterial disease, vascular imaging, and cardiac prevention.
Christie M. Ballantyne, M.D. has had the following positions: Professor of Medicine,
Baylor College of Medicine, Chief, Cardiovascular Research Section (Division of
Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine), Director, The Maria and Alando J. Ballantyne,
M.D.(Atherosclerosis Clinical Research Laboratory), Director, Center for Cardiovascular
Disease Prevention (Methodist DeBakey Heart Center), Co-director, Lipid Metabolism
and Atherosclerosis Clinic, The Methodist Hospital.
Pearson, T.A., Blair, S.N., Daniels, S.R., Eckel, R.H., Fair, J.M., Fortmann, S.P., Franklin, B. A.,
. . . & Taubert, K.A. (2008). AHA Guidelines for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular
Disease and Stroke: 2002 Update. Circulation, 106: 388-391. (2002). Doi: 10.1161/
01.CIR.0000020190.45892.75
https://circ.ahajournals.org/content/106/3/388.full#cited-by
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This 2002 update of the Guide acknowledges a number of advances in the field of
primary prevention since 1997. Research continues to refine the recommendations on
detection and management of established risk factors, including evidence against the
safety and efficacy of interventions once thought promising (eg, antioxidant vitamins).6
This, in turn, has stimulated a large number of additional guidelines for specific
demographic groups (eg, women), on individual risk factors (eg, diabetes, smoking), and
for the primary prevention of stroke. In all of these guidelines, there is an increasing
emphasis on further stratifying patients by level of risk and matching the intensity of
interventions to the hazard for cardiovascular disease events.
Thomas A. Pearson, M.D., M.P.H., Ph.D. is tehe Executive Vice President for Research
& Education at UF Health.
Phan, J., Quo, C., & Wang, M. (2012). Cardiovascular genomics: a biomarker identification
pipeline. IEEE Transactions On Information Technology In Biomedicine: A Publication
Of The IEEE Engineering In Medicine And Biology Society, 16(5), 809-822.
http://ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&
db=cmedm&AN=22614726&site=ehost-live
Genomic assay methods are used to find biomarkers that help to indicated a person’s risk
for cardiovascular disease. The book describes the genome-wide association, deep
sequencing and miRNA array technologies. Microarrays have had mixed results at
predicting CVD. NGS could be the solution to the problems in microarray technology.
This has the technology to identify new genes and splice variants. These methods are
essential for understanding the underlying molecular basis of human diseases such as
cardiovascular disease.
J . H. Phan and C. F. Quo are with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Wang is with the
Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Winship Cancer Institute, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering
and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
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Phillip, J. (2012, September 30). Suboptimal vitamin D levels significantly increase
cardiovascular disease risk. Natural News. February 20, 2014,
http://www.naturalnews.com/037372_vitamin_D_deficiency_cardiovascular_disease_ris
k.html
Vitamin D affects risk for CVD. A study showed that 10000 early deaths in Denmark
linked vitamin D levels and the risk for heart disease.
John Phillip is a Certified Nutritional Consultant and Health Researcher and Author who
writes regularly on the cutting edge use of diet, lifestyle modifications and targeted
supplementation to enhance and improve the quality and length of life. John is the author
of 'Your Healthy Weight Loss Plan', a comprehensive EBook explaining how to use Diet,
Exercise, Mind and Targeted Supplementation to achieve your weight loss goal.
Ridker, P.M., Hennekens, C.H., Buring, J.E., & Rifai, N. (2000). C-Reactive Protein and Other
Markers of Inflammation in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. The
New England Journal of Medicine, 342(12), 836-848. Doi:
10.1056/NEJM200003233421202
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200003233421202
“Of the 12 markers measured, hs-CRP was the strongest univariate predictor of the risk
of cardiovascular events; the relative risk of events for women in the highest as compared
with the lowest quartile for this marker was 4.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.2 to
8.9). Other markers significantly associated with the risk of cardiovascular events were
serum amyloid A (relative risk for the highest as compared with the lowest quartile, 3.0),
slCAM-1 (2.6), interleukin-6 (2.2), homocysteine (2.0), total cholesterol (2.4), lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (2.4), apolipoprotein B-100 (3.4), high-density
lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (0.3), and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol
(3.4). Prediction models that incorporated markers of inflammation in addition to lipids
were significantly better at predicting risk than models based on lipid levels alone
(P<0.001). The levels of hs-CRP and serum amyloid A were significant predictors of risk
even in the subgroup of women with LDL cholesterol levels below 130 mg per deciliter
(3.4 mmol per liter), the target for primary prevention established by the National
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Cholesterol Education Program. In multivariate analyses, the only plasma markers that
independently predicted risk were hs-CRP (relative risk for the highest as compared with
the lowest quartile, 1.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.1) and the ratio of total
cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (relative risk, 1.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to
1.9).”
Paul M. Ridker, MD is the Director of the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention.