Chapter 7:
Human Development
Across the Life Span
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Developmental Theories
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How individuals adapt and respond
Heredity, environment, and human
development
Life experiences shape an individual’s
development
Nature versus nurture
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Freud
Psychosexual Theory
Oral (0-1 year)
 Id
 Unable to delay gratification
 Conflict: feeding
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Freud
Psychosexual Theory, cont’d.
Anal (2-3 years)
 Able to delay gratification
 Conflict: bowel training
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Freud
Psychosexual Theory, cont’d.
Phallic (3-5 years)
 Superego
 Learns rules, values, guilt, self-esteem
 Conflict: Oedipal, Electra
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Freud
Psychosexual Theory, cont’d.
Latency (6-12 years)
 Sexually repressed
 Learning mastery
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Freud
Psychosexual Theory, cont’d.
Genital (13 years and on)
 Mature sexuality
 Develops ability to love and work
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Erikson
Psychosocial Theory
Trust vs. mistrust (0-1 year)
 Sense of hope
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3 years)
 Sense of willpower
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Erikson
Psychosocial Theory, cont’d.
Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years)
 Sense of purpose
Competency vs. inferiority (7-11 years)
 Gain knowledge
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Erikson
Psychosocial Theory, cont’d.
Identity vs. role confusion (12-18 years)
 Sense of fidelity
Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
 Sense of identity
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Erikson
Psychosocial Theory, cont’d.
Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)
 Guiding next generation creativity
Ego integrity vs. despair (late life)
 Acceptance of life lived
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Sullivan
Interpersonal Theory
Infancy era (0-2 years)
 Self-differentiation
 Self system
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Good me
Bad me
Not me
Parataxic mode
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Sullivan
Interpersonal Theory, cont’d.
Childhood era (2-6 years)
 Language development
 Sublimation
Juvenile era (6-10 years)
 Peer interactions
 Syntaxic communication
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Sullivan
Interpersonal Theory, cont’d.
Preadolescent era (10-13 years)
 Same-sex chums
Adolescent era (13-17 years)
 Lust
 Interested in sexual activity
Late adolescent era (17-19 years)
 Personal integration
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Piaget
Cognitive Theory
Sensorimotor period (0-2 years)
 Differentiates self
Preoperational period (2-7 years)
 Here-and-now thinking
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Piaget
Cognitive Theory, cont’d.
Cognitive operational period (7-11 years)
 Past and present thinking
Formal operational period (11-16 years)
 Future thinking
 Abstract thinking
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Behavioral Theories
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Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning theory
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Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
Empiric Law of Effect
 Behavior potential
 Expectancy
 Reinforcement value
 Psychologic situation
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Bandura
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Paying attention to the modeled behavior
Retention or storing images of the behavior
Reproduction of the behavior
Motivation through reinforcement of the
reproduced behavior
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Moral Development


Kohlberg
Gilligan
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Selfactualization
Self-esteem
Affiliation/belonging
Safety and security
Biologic and physiologic
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Needs of Older Adults
Self-Actualization
 Meaning in life and death
 Transcendence over aging
 Creativity and mastery
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Needs of Older Adults, cont’d.
Self-Esteem
 Responsible roles
 Social supports
 Locus of control
 Cognitive awareness
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Needs of Older Adults, cont’d.
Belonging
 Relationships
 Intimacy
 Affiliations
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Needs of Older Adults, cont’d.
Safety and Security
 Sensory awareness
 Environmental safety
 Legal/economic issues
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Needs of Older Adults, cont’d.
Biologic Integrity
 Biologic needs
 Comfort needs
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Levinson
Universal Life Cycle
Pre-adulthood (0-17 years)
 Early adult transition (17-22 years)
Early adulthood (17-45 years)
 Midlife transition (40-45 years)
Middle adulthood (40-65 years)
 Late adult transition (60-65 years)
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Vaillant
Factors Promoting Longevity
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Warm, caring marriage
Effective coping strategies
Non-alcohol abusing
Adequate exercise
Recommended weight
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Vaillant’s Hierarchy of
Adaptive Mechanisms
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Level I: Psychotic mechanisms
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Level II: Immature mechanisms
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Common in severe depression, personality
disorders, and adolescence
Level III: Neurotic mechanisms
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Common in psychosis, dreams, childhood
Common in everyone
Level IV: Mature mechanisms
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Common in “healthy” adults
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Biologic Theories of Aging
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Genetic
Immunologic
Cross-linkage
Free radical
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Sociologic Theories of Aging
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Disengagement
Continuity
Activity
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Process of Aging
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Physiologic
Psychosocial
Cognitive and memory
Personality
Social support/interactions
Sexuality/intimacy
Role transitions
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