May 20, 2015
Presentation to Thesis Committee
An Analysis of the
Influence of the Boston
Marathon Bombing on
Sport Management
Nicholas Smith
Thesis committee members: Dr. Ashley Bowers, Dr. Millie Naquin, Dr. Wynn Gillan
Purpose of Study
The
specific purpose for this study is to
explore the influence of the 2013 Boston
Marathon bombing on contemporary
sporting events and endurance sporting
events.
Background
History of Sport Terrorism
 1972
Munich Summer
Olympic Games
 1996
Atlanta Summer
Olympic Games
 9.11
 2013
Boston Marathon
Literature Review
 2002
World Cup - Seoul
 Respondents
given surveys
at stadia and airports on
perceptions of terrorism
 Results
(N=277)
 85%
of the respondents
stated no worry or
concern for safety
 Majority
of respondents
stated that they were
going to travel regardless
of terror threat
(Toohey, Taylor and Lee, 2003)
Australian Football Stadia
 Mixed
methods utilizing a
Delphi technique -3
rounds
 Gather
new information in
Australia football
environment
 (Cieslak
& Hall, 2013)
 Results:
(N=48)
 All
wanted central
command center, a
secure access control
(barrier)s, and testing air
quality become standards
 Researchers
recommend
Australian government
have legislation precise to
sporting industry enforcing
standards as the United
Kingdom enforces.
2004 Athens Summer Olympic Games

Short questionnaire on security aspects of the Olympic Games

Likert Scale (0-5) on how security measures impacted their level
of enjoyment and safety

N=277

Results: Female Respondents(M=2.1) felt less safe than male
respondents (M=2.3)

Respondents who felt the most unsafe were from Taiwan
(M=2.6), Japan (M=2.7), and Thailand (M=2.8).

Half of respondents states their families had feelings of
apprehension due to threats of terrorism.
(Toohey and Taylor, 2007)
Perceptions of Security at NASCAR Events
 Spectator
survey on
perception of security at
NASCAR events
 64%
 N=1,642
 87%
 Likert
scale on PDA’s
of patrons believed
sporting events are targets
for terrorist attacks.
disagreed with the
statement that overall
security measures take
away from the enjoyment
of the event.
(Hall, Phillips, Marciani, &
Cunningham, 2009)
Value Modeling in Sport Secuity
-Panel of experts (N=21) from Police, stadia managers,
emergency managers, and government agencies
-Questionnaire ordinaly ranking the most vital items
-72% ranked physical security, access control, and training
as most paramount
Hall, Fos, Marciani, and Zhang (2011)
Top five items
Establishing Standards
3 round Delphi Panel (N=15)
of sport security directors,
police, government officials
and stadia managers
 Focus
Group to confirm
study (N=4)
 Top
items were ranked in
round 1 and carried over
to be used in round 2 and
3
 1.
Law enforcement at gates
 2.
Command post
 3.
Crisis plan
 4.
Train gameday staff in
security awareness
 5.
Train gameday staff in
responsibilities
 (Hall,
Ciesalk, Marciani,
Cooper, and McGee 2009)
2006 Superbowl
 Researchers
utilized a 23item questionnaire for
patrons
 Convenient
(N=138)
sample
 96%
of respondents believed an
imminent attack would happen.
 72%
would not alter their plans if
Homeland Security raised their level
to red.
 30%
did not want government
regulation of security (TSA)
(Miller, Veltri, and Gillentine, 2008)
Psychological Response of Terrorism
9/11
 Independent
 Immediate
and long term
health consequences of
9/11
 Pre
and post test of
random digit dialing
method on a national
sample
 N=1,867
sample t-tests to
examine mean difference in
behavior.
 Numbers
of alcoholic drinks
consumed.
 Pre
9/11 -30 day sample
14.01 (SD= 38.23)
 Post
9/11 – 30 day sample
11.86 (SD= 25.79)
(Knudsen, Roman, Johnson and
Ducharme, 2005)
Knudsen, Roman, Johnson and Ducharme, 2005
(continued)
 Depressive
symptoms
increased 55.2% post 9/11
 Women
reported greater
number of depressive
symptoms than men.
 Divorced,
separated,
widowed and single
respondents reported a
significantly greater
number of depressive
symptoms than those of
married respondents.
Influence of Terrorism on Sderot, Israel.
 Residents
(N=450) were gauged on
effects of exposure to lethal rocket
attacks.
 Exposure
of terror forecasted
psychological symptomology
 Coping
crowds
behavior included avoiding
(Krantz, et al., 2011)
Effects of Oklahoma City Bombing
 Measured
(N=60) survivors
of the blast and (N=60)
members of the
Oklahoma City
community.
 Pre
Test
 Testing
phase
 Posttest
 Semi-structured
Interviews
 Symptoms
of PTSD and
symptoms on
psychometric and
physiologic scales.
(Tucker et al., 2007)
Effects of Oklahoma City Bombing
-Survivors group averaged higher
heart rate(BPM), systolic, diastolic
and mean arterial blood
pressures than comparison
group.
 Physiologic
Results:
•
Survivor Group -137 sbp
•
Comparison Group- 127 sbp
(Tucker et al., 2007)
Physiologic Measures
Heart Rate (bpm)
Systolic
80
140
78
Survivors
76
135
Survivors
74
130
72
125
70
Comparison subjects
68
Comparison Subjects
120
66
115
64
62
Before Test
During Test
After Test
110
Before Test
During Test
After Test
(Tucker et al., 2007)
Physiologic Measures
Blood Pressure (mm Hg)
106
Diastolic
Mean Arterial
86
104
84
Survivor Group
102
Survivor Group
82
100
80
98
78
96
94
76
Comparison Subjects
92
74
72
90
70
88
86
Comparison Subjects
68
Before Test
During Test
After Test
Before Test
During Test
After Test
(Tucker et al., 2007)
My Study’s Participants
 Experts
in the Sport Management Field
 Stadium
 Heads
Directors and Managers
of Public Safety
 Government
Officials
 Local
and State Police Heads
 Race
Directors
Procedure / Methodology
 Qualitative
Study
 Semi-structured
Interviews
Face to face interviews
30 minutes in length
Audio Recordings
 Pseudonyms to protect identity
Sample Interview Questions
-What changes have you
seen personally in regards to
public safety, since the
Boston Marathon bombing?
-What threats or concerns
that you focus your most of
attention, in the wake of
Boston?
-Where or what events have
you seen the most change
in sport public safety?
-To what extent do you
recommend legislation in
regards to sport public
safety?
Research Question
 Research
Question: To what extent has the Boston
Marathon bombing changed security procedures in the
Sport Management Industry?
-What specific terrorist attacks have caused the greatest
changes in sport security procedures?
-In regards to public safety at stadia, what procedures do
security managers foresee happening?
-What gaps, if any, exist in regards to facility and event
management current and future security procedures?
Data Analysis
 Coding
 Themes
 Triangulation
 Member
 External
of Data (Patton, 1990)
Checking
Audit
Study Limitations
 Convenient
 Self
Report
Sample
Conclusion
 The
benefits of this study may aid the field of sport
management by knowing the concerns and changes in
the field.
Questions and Discussion
Thank you for your time!
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