Knowing When and How to
Cite Sources
Pickler Memorial Library - Truman
Purpose of Citing Sources
The purpose of citing your sources is to:
• Direct your readers to the specific
information you have used.
• Give the proper intellectual credit to
the author of the information provided.
Academic Integrity
• Academic integrity can be defined “as a
commitment, even in the face of adversity
to five fundamental values: honesty, trust,
fairness, respect, and responsibility.”
Center for Academic Integrity, 1999
Academic Integrity
Five Fundamental Values
•
Honesty
•
Trust
•
Fairness
•
Respect
•
Responsibility
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls
• According to Alexander Lindey, plagiarism is
“the false assumption of authorship: the
wrongful act of taking the product of another
person’s mind, and presenting it as one’s
own” (Gibaldi 2).
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls
• Plagiarism usually involves two kinds of
offenses:
1. “Using another person’s ideas, information, or
expressions without acknowledging that person’s
work” is considered ‘intellectual theft.”
2. “Passing off another person’s ideas, information,
or expressions as your own to get a better grade. .
constitutes fraud” (Gibaldi 66)
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls - Types
Riedling (86) provides these more detailed
definitions of plagiarism:
• “Exact: Copying a source word-for-word with no
credit given to the creator”
• “Borrowing: Turning in a paper that someone else
has written” (prevalence has increased with access to
material on the Web)
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls - Types
• Unclear: Lack of indicating where the borrowing
begins and ends
• “Medley: Copying of a source using a few words here
and there and not providing credit to the creator”
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls – Why People Do it?
Riedling (86) provides these common reasons:
• “A lack of knowledge regarding plagiarism”
• “A lack of knowledge regarding information on
the internet”
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls – Why People Do it?
• “A lack of confidence in one’s ability to write a
paper”
• “PROCRASTINATION”
She also mentions simply not knowing how to properly cite, and not
knowing where to look for guidelines.
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls – The Consequences
The charge of plagiarism is a serious one for all
writers (Gibaldi 67). For students, there can be
multiple consequences:
• Failing the assignment in question
• Failing the course
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls – The Consequences
• Expulsion from school
• Damage of teachers’ relationships with students
• Damage of the “personal element in writing”
(Gibaldi 68). Marke Rose (in Gibaldi 68) sees a
“tie between our writing and our sense of self.”
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls
Gibaldi concurs: “Gaining skill as a writer opens
the door to learning more about yourself and to
developing a personal voice and approach in
your writing (68).”
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls
Is it Plagiarism?
Gibaldi provides the following examples (71)
Example #1 The original:
Some of Dickinson’s most powerful poems
express her firmly held conviction that life cannot
be fully comprehended without an understanding
of death.
Student’s/researcher’s writing:
Emily Dickinson firmly believed that we
cannot fully comprehend life unless we also
understand death.
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls
Answer: YES!
How to correct:
As Wendy Martin has suggested, Emily
Dickinson firmly believed that we cannot fully
comprehend life unless we also understand
death (625).
What did we do?
We referenced the source in our text by
indicating the author and page number (the
full reference would then be included in your
bibliography).
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls
Example #2 The original:
Everyone uses the word language and
everybody talks about culture. . .”Languaculture” is
a reminder, I hope, of the necessary connection
between its two parts.
Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls
Student’s/researcher’s writing:
At the intersection of language and culture lies
a concept that we might call “languaculture.”
How to correct:
At the intersection of language and culture lies
a concept that Michel Agar has called
“languaculture” (60).
Plagiarism and its Pitfalls
When Documentation is Not Needed
Gibaldi points out a few cases (73):
• Familiar proverbs or well-known quotations :
“You can’t judge a book by its cover,” “Early bird
gets the worm,” “We shall overcome.”)
• Common knowledge: Abraham Lincoln was
the 16th president of the United States of
America
Source:
Mark Twain said: “The eight years in America from 1860 to 1868
uprooted institutions that were centuries old, changed the politics of a
people, transformed the social life of half the country, and wrought so
profoundly upon the entire national character that the influence cannot
be measured short of two or three generations.”
Your Paper:
It has been said that the decade of the 1860s changed national politics
and influenced at least two generations of Americans by uprooting
established institutions, transforming the social life of half the country,
and profoundly altering the entire national character.
Is this plagiarism?
1. Yes
2. No
Yes. You did not cite Mark Twain.
Which of the following would be considered plagiarism (assuming
no footnotes or documentation) ?
1.
A reference to “government of the people, by the
people, for the people” in the introduction to a
paper on American government
2.
A summary of the judicial philosophy of
Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, as
described by a noted Harvard law professor
3.
A reference to Sandra Day O’Connor having
become the first female Supreme Court Justice
after her appointment by President Ronald
Reagan in 1981
4.
Your personal opinions stated at the conclusion
of a research paper about the Watergate
scandal.
No. 2
Does this statement in a mathematics paper require a
citation?
To solve this problem, one should use the formula A2 + B2 = C2
which is commonly referred to as Pythagorean’s theorem
1. Yes
2. No
No
Citation Styles
•
•
•
•
APA – American Psychological Association
MLA – Modern Language Association
Chicago/Turabian
Others
APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database
DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care
reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com
Example from:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed.
Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.
APA
APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database
Author
DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care
reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com
Example from:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed.
Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.
APA
APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database
Author
Date
DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care
reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com
Example from:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed.
Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.
APA
APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database
Author
Date
Title of Article
DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care
reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com
Example from:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed.
Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.
APA
APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database
Author
Date
Title of Article
DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care
reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com
Journal Title
Example from:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed.
Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.
APA
APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database
Author
Date
Volume
Title of Article
DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care
reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com
Journal Title
Example from:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed.
Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.
APA
APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database
Author
Date
Title of Article
Volume
Issue
DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care
reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com
Journal Title
Example from:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed.
Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.
APA
APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database
Author
Date
Title of Article
Volume
Issue
DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care
reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com
Journal Title
Pages
Example from:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed.
Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.
APA
APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database
Author
Date
Title of Article
Volume
Issue
DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care
reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com
Retrieved from certain database
Journal Title
Pages
Example from:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed.
Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.
APA
MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9.
Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar. 2009.
Example from:
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
New York: Modern Language Association, 2009. Section 5.6.4, p. 193.
MLA
MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
Author
DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9.
Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar. 2009.
Example from:
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
New York: Modern Language Association, 2009. Section 5.6.4, p. 193.
MLA
MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
Author
Article
Title
DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9.
Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar. 2009.
Example from:
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
New York: Modern Language Association, 2009. Section 5.6.4, p. 193.
MLA
MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
Journal
Title
Author
Article
Title
DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9.
Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar. 2009.
Example from:
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
New York: Modern Language Association, 2009. Section 5.6.4, p. 193.
MLA
MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
Journal
Title
Author
Article
Title
Volume
&
Issue
DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9.
Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar. 2009.
Example from:
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
New York: Modern Language Association, 2009. Section 5.6.4, p. 193.
MLA
MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
Journal
Title
Author
Article
Title
Volume
&
Issue
Date
DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9.
Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar. 2009.
Example from:
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
New York: Modern Language Association, 2009. Section 5.6.4, p. 193.
MLA
MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
Journal
Title
Author
Article
Title
Volume
&
Issue
Date
Pages
DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9.
Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar. 2009.
Example from:
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
New York: Modern Language Association, 2009. Section 5.6.4, p. 193.
MLA
MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
Journal
Title
Article
Title
Author
Volume
&
Issue
Date
Pages
DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9.
Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar. 2009.
Database
Example from:
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
New York: Modern Language Association, 2009. Section 5.6.4, p. 193.
MLA
MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
Journal
Title
Article
Title
Author
Volume
&
Issue
Date
Pages
DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9.
Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar. 2009.
Database
Format
Example from:
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
New York: Modern Language Association, 2009. Section 5.6.4, p. 193.
MLA
MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases
Journal
Title
Article
Title
Author
Volume
&
Issue
Date
Pages
DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9.
Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar. 2009.
Database
Format
Example from:
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
New York: Modern Language Association, 2009. Section 5.6.4, p. 193.
Date
Accessed
MLA
Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles
from Databases
DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): 8-9.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&ab=afh&AN=33362488&site=ehost-live
(accessed March 4, 2009).
Example from:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations:
Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2007. Section 17.2.7
Chicago/Turabian
Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles
from Databases
Author
DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): 8-9.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&ab=afh&AN=33362488&site=ehost-live
(accessed March 4, 2009).
Example from:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations:
Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2007. Section 17.2.7
Chicago/Turabian
Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles
from Databases
Author
Article
Title
DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): 8-9.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&ab=afh&AN=33362488&site=ehost-live
(accessed March 4, 2009).
Example from:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations:
Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2007. Section 17.2.7
Chicago/Turabian
Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles
from Databases
Author
Article
Title
DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): 8-9.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&ab=afh&AN=33362488&site=ehost-live
(accessed March 4, 2009).
Journal
Title
Example from:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations:
Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2007. Section 17.2.7
Chicago/Turabian
Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles
from Databases
Author
Article
Title
Volume
DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): 8-9.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&ab=afh&AN=33362488&site=ehost-live
(accessed March 4, 2009).
Journal
Title
Example from:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations:
Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2007. Section 17.2.7
Chicago/Turabian
Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles
from Databases
Author
Article
Title
Volume
Issue
DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): 8-9.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&ab=afh&AN=33362488&site=ehost-live
(accessed March 4, 2009).
Journal
Title
Example from:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations:
Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2007. Section 17.2.7
Chicago/Turabian
Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles
from Databases
Author
Article
Title
Volume
Issue
DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): 8-9.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&ab=afh&AN=33362488&site=ehost-live
(accessed March 4, 2009).
Date
Journal
Title
Example from:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations:
Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2007. Section 17.2.7
Chicago/Turabian
Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles
from Databases
Author
Article
Title
Volume
Page
Issue
DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): 8-9.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&ab=afh&AN=33362488&site=ehost-live
(accessed March 4, 2009).
Date
Journal
Title
Example from:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations:
Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2007. Section 17.2.7
Chicago/Turabian
Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles
from Databases
Author
Article
Title
Volume
Page
Issue
DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): 8-9.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&ab=afh&AN=33362488&site=ehost-live
(accessed March 4, 2009).
Date
Journal
Title
Web
Address
Example from:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations:
Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2007. Section 17.2.7
Chicago/Turabian
Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles
from Databases
Author
Article
Title
Volume
Page
Issue
DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.”
Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): 8-9.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&ab=afh&AN=33362488&site=ehost-live
(accessed March 4, 2009).
Date
Journal
Title
Date
Accessed
Web
Address
Example from:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations:
Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2007. Section 17.2.7
Chicago/Turabian
What element is incorrect in the following article
citation in MLA format?
Hudson, Berkley (2007). “The Mississippi Negro Farmer,
His Mule, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Racial
Portrayals of Sylvester Harris in the Black and White
1930s.” Journalism History 32.4: 201-212. Academic
Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 21 Aug. 2009.
1. The article title
2. The date
3. The volume
information
4. The author
The date.
Which of the following would be the correct citation for an article
in the Chicago/Turabian format?
1.
Uzzi, Brian and Jarrett Spiro. “Collaboration and Creativity: The
Small World Problem.” American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 2
(September 2005): 245-260.
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v111n2/090090/
090090.html (accessed December 19, 2008).
2.
Uzzi, Brian and Jarett Spiro (2005). Collaboration and Creativity:
The Small World Problem. American Journal of Sociology, 111/2,
245-260. Retrieved from www.journals.uchicago.edu
3.
Uzzi, Brian and Jarrett Spiro. Collaboration and Creativity: The
Small World Problem. American Journal of Sociology 111.2
(September 2005): 245-260.
No. 1
Citation Tools
There are software programs that format information
for you. Some of them are:
• EndNote
• Zotero
• Microsoft Word 2007
• For more information about these programs consult
this link:
Bibliographies Made Easy
Copyright Law of 1976

Protects the creator from plagiarism and loss of
profit

You have the right to one copy “ fair use”
Copyright Law of 1976

Fair Use is judged by:
1.
Purpose of use: non-profit or educational
2.
Nature of work: you can’t copyright ideas, idioms,
facts, works in the public domain
3.
Amount copied: e.g. whole book, whole movie
4.
Effect of use upon potential market for work
Guidelines for Fair Use
Copy only:
 One chapter from a book
 One article from a periodical or newspaper
 A short story, short essay, or short poem
 A chart, graph, diagram, drawing, cartoon or picture
(Copyright 29)
Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998
 “Fair Use” is not a defense (U. S. Copyright
4).
 Prevents the distribution of copyrighted works:
illegal uses of torrents like Limewire or Gnutella or
Bittorrent.
Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998
 Prevents the circumvention of electronic measures
that protect electronic copyrighted works, like
encryptation.
 Provides a safe-harbor for internet service providers
 Prevents unauthorized access to copyrighted works
Copyright Quiz
Copyright on the Internet
http://literacy.kent.edu/Oasis/Workshops/copyquiz.html
Knowing When and How to Cite Sources - Bibliography
Agar, Michael. Language Shock: Understanding the Culture of
Conversation. New York: Morrow, 1994.
“Copyright: School and ‘Fair Use’”. Unabashed Librarian Feb. 1984: 2932.
Fundamental Values of Academic Integrity. 1999. Center for Academic
Integrity. Web. 6 July 2009
Lindey, Alexander. Plagiarism and Originality. New York: Harper, 1952.
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
New York: Modern Language Association,2003.
Martin, Wendy. “Emily Dickinson.” Columbia Literary History of the
United States. Emory Elliott, gen. ed. New York: Columbia UP,1988.
609-26.
Knowing When and How to Cite Sources - Bibliography
Martin, Wendy. “Emily Dickinson.” Columbia Literary History of the
United States. Emory Elliott, gen. ed. New York: Columbia UP,1988.
609-26.
Merriam Webster’s Dictionary. 2006. Merriam-Webster. Web. 6 July.
2009.
Riedling, Anne Marlow. Learning to Learn: A Guide to Becoming
Information Literate. New York: Neal-Schuman, 2002
Rose, Mark. Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.
Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1993.
United States. Copyright Office. Summary. Digital Millennium Copyright
Act of 1998. Pub. L. 105-304. 112 Stat. 2860. 28 Oct.1998. Print.