Endocrine System &
Visual/Auditory System
Describe how the Endocrine System is linked to the nervous & describe
the visual and auditory sensory system
Pituitary Gland
Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary
lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands.
The posterior lobe regulates water and salt
balance.
Pituitary Gland
Is called the “master gland.”
anterior pituitary
lobe releases
hormones that
regulate organs
and other glands.
posterior lobe
regulates
water and salt
balance.
Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands
Regulate metabolic and calcium rate.
Diet & Bone Health
• Normal blood pH ~7.4
• required for effective transport of Oxygen
• Excessive protein and not enough fruits and veggies
causes your blood to become acidic
• Soda causes your blood to
become acidic
• Your body must restore
normal pH
• Parathyroid hormone is
released causing calcium to
leach from your bones into
blood.
• This restores pH
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal glands consist of the adrenal medulla and
the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones
(epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful
and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex
regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism.
Adrenal Glands
The adrenal
cortex regulates
salt and
carbohydrate
metabolism.
The medulla
secretes hormones
(epinephrine and
norepinephrine)
during stressful
and emotional
situations.
Gonads
Sex glands are located in different places in men
and women. They regulate bodily development
and maintain reproductive organs in adults.
Visual Function
Visual Function
• Notice the visual
cortex is located in the
occipital lobe.
Courtesy of V.P. Clark, K. Keill, J. Ma.
Maisog, S. Courtney, L.G.
Ungerleider, and J.V. Haxby,
National Institute of Mental Health
• The functional MRI
scan shows the visual
cortex is active as the
subject looks at faces.
Auditory Function
• The auditory cortex contains distinct subregions
that are important for decoding complex sound.
• Auditory cortex is in the temporal lobe.
5. The motor cortex is involved
in sensory–motor feedback,
in controlling movements
needed to produce music
using an instrument.
5
3
2. information travels
through the
brainstem and
midbrain to the
1
auditory cortex.
1. Sound waves enter
ear, and are turned
into neural
impulses by the
inner ear
2
4
4. The frontal
lobe is
involved in
emotional
evaluation.
3. information from the
auditory cortex interacts with
many other brain areas,
especially the frontal lobe, for
memory formation and
interpretation.
Auditory Hallucinations
The functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is
active in patients who hallucinate.
Association Areas
More intelligent animals have increased
“uncommitted” or association areas of the
cortex.
Language
Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually
caused by left hemisphere damage either to
Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s
area (impaired understanding).
Specialization & Integration
Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and
speaking words
The Brain’s Plasticity
The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our
experiences.
Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify
itself after some types of injury or illness.
Our Divided Brain
Our brain is divided into two hemispheres.
The left hemisphere processes reading, writing,
speaking, mathematics, and comprehension
skills. In the 1960s, it was termed as the
dominant brain.
Splitting the Brain
A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the
brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers
(mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.
Martin M. Rother
Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa
Corpus Callosum
Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple)
presented in the right visual field can be named.
Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.
Try This!
Try drawing one shape with your left hand and
one with your right hand, simultaneously.
BBC