Biodiversity and Evolution
Do Now
• Turn in Chapter 3 Homework
• Turn in Ocean Acidification Lab
• Look at the ‘Terms to Know’ from your
Chapter 4 Study Guide and cross off any words
that you already know
Objective
• I can explain how nonnative species can
change the ecosystem that they invade using
the example of cane toads in Australia.
Agenda
•
•
•
•
Do Now, Objective (7 min)
Biodiversity & Evolution Notes (15 min)
Cane Toads: An Unnatural History (50 min)
Invasive Species Free Response Question (20
min)
Weekly Homework – Due Monday
1. Chapter 4 Reading and Study Guide
2. Cane Toads Guided Viewing & FRQ
3. Old Homework (check website)
Chapter 4
Biodiversity and Evolution
Understanding Biodiversity
• Biodiversity: variety of earth’s
species, or varying life forms,
the genes they contain, the
ecosystems they live in and the
ecosystem processes of energy
flow and nutrient cycling that
sustain life.
• Types of Biodiversity
– Ecosystem Diversity
– Species Diversity
– Genetic Diversity
– Functional Diversity
Earth is home to a tremendous
diversity of species
• Ecosystem diversity- the variety of
ecosystems within a given region.
• Species diversity- the variety of
species in a given ecosystem.
• Genetic diversity - the variety of
genes within a given species.
• Functional Diversity – the various
biological and chemical processes
occurring in an ecosystem (energy
flow through trophic levels)
II. Causing for Declining Biodiversity
Underlying Causes: population growth, poverty,
undervaluing natural capital
Direct Causes: HIPPCO
• H=Habitat Destruction, degradation and
fragmentation
• I: Invasive Species
• P=Population growth and increase resource use
• P=Pollution
• C: Climate Change
• O: Overexploitation
Invasive / Alien/Non-Native Species
• Native Species: live in their historic range-where
they have lived for thousands-millions of years
• Alien: Live outside historic range
• Some species moved accidentally , some
intentionally
• Asian Carp
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=586915
4n
Cane Toads: An Unnatural History
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mvV8OTmmE
• Answer the questions on your guided viewing
as you watch the movie
• Think about how Cane Toads have affected
biodiversity within the Australian ecosystems
they have invaded
Invasive Species FRQ
• Spend 15 minutes answering the free
response question about invasive/nonnative
species
• We will review this question after 15 minutes
• Remember – always write something, and use
complete sentences!
Biodiversity Day 2 - Wednesday
• Goal
– Activities to review: evolution and natural
selection
– Wooly Worms Lab (intro, ‘feeding frenzy’ data
table as a group, calculate x, x2 as a group, find
probability (p)
– Analysis questions due Monday, review as a class
Do Now
• Read the introduction to ‘Evolution and
Adaptation: Using Wooly Worms to Simulate
Natural Selection’
• Write down a purpose for today’s lab in your
notes
• Find a partner for the lab and sit together
Objective
• I can simulate natural selection using a wooly
worms activity
– Explain how genes are positively and negatively
selected for through natural selection
• I can define gene frequency, adaptation,
evolution, and natural selection
Agenda
1.
2.
3.
4.
Do Now, Objective (10 min)
Lab Introduction (7 min)
Wooly Worms Feeding Frenzy (15 min)
Class Data Discussion (15 min)
Darwin’s theory of evolution by
natural selection
Individuals produce an excess of offspring.
Not all offspring can survive.
Individuals differ in their traits.
Differences in traits can be passed on from
parents to offspring.
• Differences in traits are associated with
differences in the ability to survive and
reproduce.
•
•
•
•
Wooly Worms & Natural Selection
• Simulate natural selection with wooly worms
• Find out if different color wooly worms are
positively or negatively selected for due to
cryptic coloration
• Calculate the Chi-square value for the wooly
worm activity to find out if statistically
significant selection of certain color worms
occurred
Feeding Frenzy!
Class Data
Statistically Significant Selection?
Analysis Questions
• Which color worms were subjected to positive
selective pressure (see introduction)? How do
you know?
• Consider the school grounds upon which you
“fed” on your wooly worms. If this
environment remained unchanged over a very
long period of time, how would the gene
frequency be affected in future generations?
Do Now
• Read the introduction to your biodiversity lab
and take notes on it for the next 5-7 minutes.
Objective
• To employ the concept of the null hypothesis
in a scientific experiment.
• To determine the Shannon-Weiner Diversity
Index for two groups of “species.”
• To compare and analyze the two samples
using the Shannon-Weiner method.
Agenda
• Do Now, Objective
• Shannon-Weiner Biodiversity Index Lab
• Species richness- the number of species in
a given area.
• Species evenness- the measure of whether
a particular ecosystem is numerically
dominated by one species or are all
represented by similar numbers of
individuals.
Shannon Weiner Biodiversity Index
• The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index is a common way of
showing that diversity involves not only numbers of
different species, but also how well each of these species is
represented in different “habitats.”
• The Shannon-Weiner value “H” can range from no diversity
at 0.0 (think of a Christmas Tree farm) to a maximum
diversity of 4.0 (think of a rainforest).
• A large value of H indicates that if you randomly pick in
your test area, the odds are the second individual will be
different from the first.
• In this investigation your group will collect data from the
vehicles in the student and faculty areas of parking at the
school.
Class Goals
• Define biomagnification
• Review key terms from chapter 4
• Practice FRQ’s with math in them
Do Now
• How would you respond to someone who tells
you that:
– He or she does not believe in biological evolution
because it is “just a theory”?
Or
– We should not worry about air pollution because
natural selection will enable humans to develop
lungs that can detoxify pollutants
Objective
• I can explain how biomagnification affected the
population of Bald Eagles in the Channel Islands, and
how their population was restored using a guided
viewing and notes.
• I can define the following Chapter 4 vocabulary words
visually and in writing using flashcards: native species,
nonnative/invasive species, indicator species,
keystone species, generalist species, specialist
species, ecological niche, endemic species, geographic
isolation, and reproductive isolation
Agenda
1. Dow Now, Objective (7 min)
2. Return Flight Movie & Guided Viewing (15
min)
3. Species Vocabulary Flashcards (15 min)
4. Practice the Math (10 min)
Return Flight
• http://www.wildandscenicfilmfestival.org/retu
rn-flight-restoring-the-bald-eagle-to-thechannel-islands/
• As you watch the short film, answer the
guided viewing questions on your worksheet.
Chapter 4 Vocabulary Flashcards
• Use computers, textbooks, and your notes to help you
make flashcards for the following terms:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
native species
nonnative/invasive species
indicator species
keystone species
generalist species
specialist species
ecological niche
endemic species
geographic isolation
reproductive isolation
Flashcards must include: term, definition, drawing
Practice the Math!
Atrazine is an herbicide that blocks photosynthesis and is
frequently cited as a cause of mutations in frogs and other
amphibians. Atrazine is often applied at rates of 2.9 x 107 ppb
on agricultural fields, yet the EPA limit for atrazine in drinking
water is 3 ppb. If a farmer applies atrazine on a field at the
rate of 4 pounds per acre, and sprays an average farm of
1,000 acres, how many gallons of water would be
contaminated at a rate of 3 ppb? (1 gallon of water weighs
8.34 pounds).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.2 x 1012 gallons
2.5 x 1012 gallons
3.70 x 1011 gallons
1.60 x 1011 gallons
2.1 x 1010 gallons
Practice the Math!
Atrazine is an herbicide that blocks photosynthesis
and is frequently cited as a cause of mutations in
frogs and other amphibians. Atrazine is often
applied at rates of 2.9 x 107 ppb on agricultural
fields, yet the EPA limit for atrazine in drinking
water is 3 ppb. If a farmer applies atrazine on a
field at the rate of 4 pounds per acre, and sprays an
average farm of 1,000 acres, how many gallons of
water would be contaminated at a rate of 3 ppb?
(1 gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds).
Practice the Math!
Atrazine is an herbicide that blocks photosynthesis and is frequently
cited as a cause of mutations in frogs and other amphibians. Atrazine
is often applied at rates of 2.9 x 107 ppb on agricultural fields, yet the
EPA limit for atrazine in drinking water is 3 ppb. If a farmer applies
atrazine on a field at the rate of 4 pounds per acre, and sprays an
average farm of 1,000 acres, how many gallons of water would be
contaminated at a rate of 3 ppb? (1 gallon of water weighs 8.34
pounds).
4 pounds per acre and 1000 acres  4 x 1000 = 4000 pounds
Practice the Math!
Atrazine is an herbicide that blocks photosynthesis and is frequently
cited as a cause of mutations in frogs and other amphibians. Atrazine
is often applied at rates of 2.9 x 107 ppb on agricultural fields, yet the
EPA limit for atrazine in drinking water is 3 ppb. If a farmer applies
atrazine on a field at the rate of 4 pounds per acre, and sprays an
average farm of 1,000 acres, how many gallons of water would be
contaminated at a rate of 3 ppb? (1 gallon of water weighs 8.34
pounds).
3 ppb  3 parts per billion  3/1,000,000,000  0.000000003
Practice the Math!
Atrazine is an herbicide that blocks photosynthesis and is frequently
cited as a cause of mutations in frogs and other amphibians. Atrazine
is often applied at rates of 2.9 x 107 ppb on agricultural fields, yet the
EPA limit for atrazine in drinking water is 3 ppb. If a farmer applies
atrazine on a field at the rate of 4 pounds per acre, and sprays an
average farm of 1,000 acres, how many gallons of water would be
contaminated at a rate of 3 ppb? (1 gallon of water weighs 8.34
pounds).
What is 3 ppb out of 4,000 pounds?
0.000000003*X = 4,000 lbs
Practice the Math!
Atrazine is an herbicide that blocks photosynthesis and is frequently
cited as a cause of mutations in frogs and other amphibians. Atrazine
is often applied at rates of 2.9 x 107 ppb on agricultural fields, yet the
EPA limit for atrazine in drinking water is 3 ppb. If a farmer applies
atrazine on a field at the rate of 4 pounds per acre, and sprays an
average farm of 1,000 acres, how many gallons of water would be
contaminated at a rate of 3 ppb? (1 gallon of water weighs 8.34
pounds).
0.000000003*X = 4,000 lbs
X = 4000/0.000000003
X = 1.33333333 x 1012 lbs of water
Practice the Math!
Atrazine is an herbicide that blocks photosynthesis and is frequently
cited as a cause of mutations in frogs and other amphibians. Atrazine
is often applied at rates of 2.9 x 107 ppb on agricultural fields, yet the
EPA limit for atrazine in drinking water is 3 ppb. If a farmer applies
atrazine on a field at the rate of 4 pounds per acre, and sprays an
average farm of 1,000 acres, how many gallons of water would be
contaminated at a rate of 3 ppb? (1 gallon of water weighs 8.34
pounds).
X = 1.33333333 x 1012 lbs of water
1 gallon = 8.34 lbs
1.33333333 x 1012 lbs/8.34 = 1.59872192 x 1011 gallons of water
Practice the Math!
Atrazine is an herbicide that blocks photosynthesis and is frequently
cited as a cause of mutations in frogs and other amphibians. Atrazine
is often applied at rates of 2.9 x 107 ppb on agricultural fields, yet the
EPA limit for atrazine in drinking water is 3 ppb. If a farmer applies
atrazine on a field at the rate of 4 pounds per acre, and sprays an
average farm of 1,000 acres, how many gallons of water would be
contaminated at a rate of 3 ppb? (1 gallon of water weighs 8.34
pounds).
1.33333333 x 1012 lbs/8.34 = 1.59872192 x 1011 gallons of water
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.2 x 1012 gallons
2.5 x 1012 gallons
3.70 x 1011 gallons
1.60 x 1011 gallons
2.1 x 1010 gallons
Practice the Math!
Atrazine is an herbicide that blocks photosynthesis and is frequently
cited as a cause of mutations in frogs and other amphibians. Atrazine
is often applied at rates of 2.9 x 107 ppb on agricultural fields, yet the
EPA limit for atrazine in drinking water is 3 ppb. If a farmer applies
atrazine on a field at the rate of 4 pounds per acre, and sprays an
average farm of 1,000 acres, how many gallons of water would be
contaminated at a rate of 3 ppb? (1 gallon of water weighs 8.34
pounds).
1.33333333 x 1012 lbs/8.34 = 1.59872192 x 1011 gallons of water
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.2 x 1012 gallons
2.5 x 1012 gallons
3.70 x 1011 gallons
1.60 x 1011 gallons
2.1 x 1010 gallons