1
A.- Which of these things have you got at home?
a smartphone, a tablet, a projector, an old-fashioned phone, a cassette-recorder, a games console, a
desktop computer, an mp3 player, a printer, a cleaning robot, a kitchen robot, a butler, a pool, an alarm
clock, a digital piano, a water bed, a massage chair, a set of scales, a bookcase, a toolbox, a coat hanger, a
glass ceramic cook top, a microwave oven, a jacuzzi, a garden, a drier
Have you got/Do you have a(n)...?
Yes, I do OR Yes, I have / No, I don't OR No, I haven't (but I'd like to have one)
B.- Now talk about somebody else; use noun phrases (your boss, your father, the president...) and then
pronouns (he, she, they).
Has your mother got/Does your mother have a(n)...?
Has she got/does she have a(n)...?
Yes, she does OR Yes, she has / No, she doesn't OR No, she hasn't (but she'd like to have one)
Have your parents got/Do your parents have a(n)...?
Have they got/Do they have a(n)...?
Yes, they do OR Yes, they have / No, they don't OR No, they haven't (but they'd like to have one)
2
1. Are you going to look after children this Saturday? Are you gonna look after children this Saturday?
2. Are you going to watch TV tonight? Are you gonna watch TV tonight?
3. Are you going to meet friends after class? Are you gonna meet friends after class?
4. Are you going to study tonight? Are you gonna study tonight?
5. Are you going to eat cocido tomorrow? Are you gonna eat cocido tomorrow?
6. Are you going to buy a new phone soon? Are you gonna buy a new phone soon?
7. Are you going to have dinner at home tonight? Are you gonna have dinner at home tonight?
8. Are you going to travel abroad next summer? Are you gonna travel abroad next summer?
9. Are you going to get married next year? Are you gonna get married next year?
10. Are you going to get a pay rise soon? Are you gonna get a pay rise soon?
11. Are you going to start writing a book? Are you gonna start writing a book?
12. Are you going to learn to play an instrument soon? Are you gonna learn to play an instrument soon?
13. Are you going to start doing a new sport? Are you gonna start doing a new sport?
14. Are you going to move soon? ('mudarte') Are you gonna move soon? ('mudarte')
15. Are you going to have a baby soon? Are you gonna have a baby soon?
Yes, I am / No, I'm not
(Hmm...) I might
I'd like to!
I'd like to, but I can't
Then ask about someone else. For example:
Is your boyfriend going to get a pay rise?
No, but he'd like to! (le gustaría) No, but I'd like him to! (a mí me gustaría que se lo dieran)
NOTE "GOING TO" can only be reduced to "gonna" when it's a modal indicating future, but not when it
literally means "ir": I'm going to the beach.
GOING TO GO (> gonna GO) is also possible, but is often replaced by GOING
Are you going (to go) out this weekend?
Are you going (to go) abroad soon?
Are you going (to go) away next weekend?
Are you going (to go) to the cinema this weekend
3
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ALREADY 'ya' is used mainly in statements, but it can be used in questions that indicate surprise
(before expected! '¡Antes de lo esperado!')
YET is mainly used in questions 'ya' and negative sentences 'todavía'
STILL 'todavía' indicates that someone or something continues to do something or be
something/somewhere, etc. In negative sentences, STILL indicates "impatience": I haven't seen her
yet 'Aún no la he visto' I still haven't seen her 'Aún no la he visto (y ya tendría que haberla visto)'
NOTE: statement = positive sentence
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-¿Ya has acabado? -Aún no.
-(¡Ah, pero) ¿Ya has acabado?! -Sí.
-¿Habéis comido? -Sí, ya hemos comido.
-¿Todavía estás ahí? -No, ya no.
¿Todavía viven en S. Martín?
Aún no las he visto. (ya las veré)
Aún no las he visto. (tenía que haberlas visto)
Me tengo que ir ya.
Eso ya me lo has dicho.
¿Ya has elegido tu vestido?
Aún no se ha enamorado (él). (ya lo hará)
Aún no se ha enamorado (él). (ya está tardando)
Ya he conducido por Madrid.
Aún no se lo he dado (a ellos). (ya lo haré)
Aún no se lo he dado (a ellos). (estoy tardando)
(¡Ah pero) ¿Ya habéis congelado los guisantes?!
Aún no he vendido los muebles. (ya los venderé)
Aún no he vendido los mueble (estoy tardando)
Aún los tengo.
Todavía tengo que preparar mi discurso.
Todavía tiene que escribir los emails.
¿Ya estás ahí?
¿Pero aún estás ahí?
¡Ah, pero ya estás ahí? (qué pronto)
4
Pick up the kids.
Wait for my mother
Put away the dishes.
Clean up this mess.
Let's put off the wedding.
He hung up the coats.
Look after my cats.
You should look up the definition.
I asked for the film.
Have you checked in your luggage?
Eventually she'll give up smoking.
Listen to those people.
Look at this sofa.
I can't put on those shoes.
He took off his clothes.
Could you please turn down the radio?
Turn on the power.
Who put out the fire?
'Have you finished yet?' 'No, not yet.'
'Have you already finished?!' 'Yes, I have.'
'Have you eaten (yet)?' 'Yes, we've already eaten.'
'Are you still there?' 'No, not anymore/any longer.'
Do they still live in S. Martín?''
I haven't seen them yet.
I still haven't seen them.
I have to go now.
You've already told me that.
Have you chosen your dress yet?
He hasn't fallen in love yet.
He still hasn't fallen in love.
I've already driven around/in Madrid.
I haven't given it to them (yet). (given them it)
I still haven't given it to them. (given them it)
Have you already frozen the peas?
I haven't sold the furniture yet.
I still haven't sold the furniture.
I still have them.
I still have to (I've still got to) prepare my speech.
She still has to write the emails.
Are you there yet?
Are you still there?
Are you already there?!
Pick them up.
Wait for her.
Put them away.
Clean it up.
Let's put it off.
He hung them up.
Look after them.
You should look it up.
I asked for it.
Have you checked it in?
Eventually she'll give it up.
Listen to them.
Look at it.
I can't put them/those on.
He took them off.
Could you please turn it down?
Turn it on.
Who put it out?
Some phrasal verbs
are separable and
some are not. Use a
good dictionary with
examples.
Many uses of the PRESENT PERFECT and the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS are similar to the uses of the
PRETÉRITO PERFECTO COMPUESTO of Spanish. One difference is the use of the present perfect to talk
about how long you've been somewhere, you've had something, you've known
something, you've been doing something, you've been studying, etc. (UNTIL NOW!). The
typical answer includes "SINCE..." / "FOR..."
Example:
Spanish: Hace 14 años que soy profesor.=Llevo 14 años de profesor.=Soy profesor desde hace 14 años.
English: I've been a teacher for 14 years. OR I've been a teacher since 2001.
1 With the verbs have, be and known (and optionally live and work) you use the PRESENT PERFECT
Are you married?
OR
Do you have a boyfried or girlfriend?
No, I'm not.
No, I don't.
Yes, I am.
Yes, I do.
How long have you been married?
How long have you been together?
I've been married for... / since...
We've been together since... / for...
3 How long have you had that/those (clothes, objects complements)? (ASK ABOUT 4 THINGS)
I've had it/them for... / since...
4 How long have you lived in your current house or flat?**
I've lived there for... / since...
5 How long have you known your best friend?
I've known him/her for... /since...
6 What's your job? I'm a(n)... How long have you worked as a(n)...?
I've worked as a(n)... for.../since... OR I've been a(n)... for /since...
**toda mi vida, desde siempre 'all my life' 'for as long as I can remember'
2a With most other verbs you use the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Give a full answer with “since” or “for”
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What book are you reading right now? How long have you been reading it?
How long have you been studying English?
Do you know anyone who is looking for a job? How long have they been looking?
What is your favourite sport/game? How long have you been playing/doing it?
How long have you been wearing that watch/those shoes... etc.?
2b Another typical use of the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
What have you been doing lately?
I'VE BEEN TRYING TO...
I'VE BEEN GOING TO...
I'VE BEEN GOING -ING (outdoor activities)
I'VE BEEN PLAYING...
I'VE BEEN WATCHING...
I'VE BEEN THINKING ABOUT...
I'VE BEEN LEARNING TO...
I'VE BEEN DOING A LOT OF -ING
I'VE BEEN STUDYING...
I'VE BEEN HELPING...
I'VE BEEN PREPARING MYSELF FOR...
I'VE BEEN WORKING ON...
I'VE BEEN DREAMING ABOUT...
I have to/I've got to 'tengo que'
I don't have to 'no tengo (por) que = no hace falta que yo...'
I'm (not) allowed to... 'se me permite, no se me permite'
I should(n't) 'debería, no debería'
3a Responsibilities at home:
I have to... / I've got to...
I don't have to... (=it's not necessary for me to...)
...do the washing up, hang out the clothes, take out the rubbish, walk the dog, shake out the rugs ,
do the shopping, , do the cooking, do the laundry, paint the walls, wipe the dust, tidy my room, iron
everyone's clothes, take the children to school...
When you were a child:
I had to...
I didn't have to...
3b Now do the same changing the subject.
4 Permission:
 At home/at work/in the street/at church/in a museum/at school: things that you are allowed
to do (things you can do) and things that you aren't allowed to do (things you can't do):
I'm allowed to... / I can...
I'm not allowed to... / I can't...
 When you were a child: Things that you were allowed to do (things you could do) and things
that you weren't allowed to do (things you couldn't do):
I was allowed to... / I could...
I wasn't allowed to... / I couldn't...
5 Give recommendations using should/shouldn't. (should(n't) is followed by an infinitive without to)
I want to improve my English pronunciation. What should I do?
I'd like to learn another language. What language should I learn?
My husband/wife wants to see a good film at the cinema this weekend. What film should we see?
We want to go to a relaxing place on holiday. Where should we go? Where shouldn't we go?
I want to buy a new car. What car should I buy?
My sister/brother can't sleep at night. What should he do? What shouldn't he do?
I want to take some foreign visitors for a fantastic meal. Where should I take them.
I want to buy a present for (name). What should I buy?
I want to get fit quickly. What sport or exercise should I do?
I want to feel more relaxed. What should I do?
1
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
No es tan interesante como creía. (algo)
It's not as interesting as I thought.
Cada vez estoy menos convencido.
I'm less and less convinced.
Son los más caros de la tienda.
They're the most expensive ones in the shop.
Las cifras son cada vez más altas.
The numbers are (getting) higher and higher.
Es tan bueno como (me) esperaba.
It's as good as I expected / hoped.
Hoy hay mucho menos que hacer.
Todaday there is much less / a lot less to do.
Sois más habladoras que nosotros.
You're more talkative than us / than we are.
No es tan potente como el anterior.
It's not as powerful as the previous/former/old one.
¡Tan rápido no!
Not so fast!
Las suyas (de ellos) son mucho peores que la
Theirs are much / a lot worse than ours.
nuestra.
These books are (the) least useful / These are the least
Estos libros son los menos útiles.
useful books.
Son incluso más sorprendentes que aquellos.
They are even more surprising than those (ones).
Es lo más fácil que he hecho hoy.
It's the easiest thing (that) I've done today.
Es un poco más difícil de lo que tú decías.
It's a little (informal: a bit) more difficult than you said.
Tienen más de un millón.
They have more than a million.
No creo que hayáis leído menos libros que yo.
I don't think you've read fewer/less* books than me /
than I have.
(A menudo en inglés coloquial less
incluso para contables. En inglés formal, less se usa
solo con incontables: This pie has less salt than those.)
2
REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL
Note: each other=one another. Remember also: by myself=on my own=alone
1. Nos vemos a menudo.
1. We often see each other. / We often meet. (“often”
also at the end)
2. Mírate en el espejo.
2. Look at yourself in the mirror.
3. Se lavó y se afeitó. (él)
3. He washed and shaved.
4. Se quieren. (mutuamente)
4. They love each other.
5. Se besaron.
5. They kissed
6. Ponte en mi lugar. (figuradamente)
6. Put yourself in my position/place/shoes.
7. Se toma a sí mismo demasiado en serio.
7. He takes himself too seriously.
8. Me compré una plancha.
8. I bought (myself) an iron.
9. Se compraron regalos (entre sí)
9. They bought each other presents.
10. Conócete a ti mismo.
10. Know yourself.
11. Se conocen bien. (el a ella y ella a él)
11. They know each other well.
12. Lo puedo hacer yo mismo.
12. I can do it myself.
13. No te culpes.
13. Don't blame yourself.
14. Se culpan. (la una a la otra)
14. They blame each other.
15. Hazte la siguiente pregunta.
15. Ask yourself the following question.
16. Se hacen preguntas (uno a otro)
16. They ask each other questions.
17. Solo os representáis a vosotros mismos
17. You only represent yourselves.
18. No te hagas daño.
18. Don't hurt yourself.
19. Parad de haceros daño. (mutuamente)
19. Stop hurting each other.
20. Solo habla de sí mismo.
20. He only talks about himself.
21. Se enamoró de sí misma.
21. She fell in love with herself.
22. Se enamoraron.
22. They fell in love.
23. El robot se defiende a sí mismo.
23. The robot defends itself.
24. Nos defenderemos.
24. We will defend ourselves.
25. Me rasco la espalda.
25. I scratch my back.
26. Nos rascamos la espalda. (entre varios)
26. We scratch each other's back(s).
27. Nos gastamos cada uno el dinero del otro.
27. We spend each other's money (the other's money).
28. ¿Os consideráis afortunados?
28. Do you consider yourselves lucky.
29. Se estaban preparando.
29. They were preparing themselves. / They were
getting ready.
1 I'VE JUST + PAST PARTICIPLE "acabo de"
Example: I've just spoken to John. (In more informal English, the past simple can
also be used: I just spoke to John.)
("just" puede tener otros significados: 'only' I just want to talk to him; "es que" I just hate it!
También puede reforzar un imperativo: Do it. 'Hazlo.' Just do it. 'Tú hazlo.')
STUDENT A I've just...
seen a snake / felt a ghost / finished a book / realized something / received a
text message / eaten a chocolate
STUDENT B
Really! Where?! / What? / When? I didn't see you! / Congratulations! / Yeah right.
STUDENT C: What did she/he say?
STUDENT B: She/he says that she's just...
1B (Now with typical uses of the passive voice)
STUDENT A I've (just) BEEN...
fired / mugged (/m^gd/) / bitten by a mosquito (/'bítn/) / promoted in my job /
hired by a multinational company / texted by the president.
STUDENT B:
Oh no! Why? / Oh dear! Are you alright? / Congratulations! / Poor you! / Me too.
STUDENT C: What did he/she say?
STUDENT B: He/she says that she's (just) been...
2 NO and ANY
("NO" can also mean "ningún" and "nada de")
(Remember to avoid the "double negative")
1.
Eso no lo sabe nadie.
2.
Eso lo sabe todo el mundo.
3.
El autobús lo puede conducir cualquiera.
4.
No hay dinero.
5.
Aquí no crece nada.
6.
Aquí no nacen niños.
7.
Un lugar donde no hay nada.
8.
No vi nada.
9.
No me des nada.
10.
No bebo alcohol.
11.
Miras a tu alrededor y no ves nada.
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10.
11.
Nobody/No-one knows that.
Everybody/Everyone knows that.
Anybody/Anyone can drive the bus.
There isn't any money. / There is no money.
Nothing grows here.
No babies are born here.
A place where there isn't anything. / A place
where there is nothing.
I didn't see anything. / More emphatic: I saw
nothing.
Don't give me anything. / ((Give me nothing.))
(less common)
I don't drink any alcohol. / I drink no alcohol.
You look around and you don't see anything. /
...and you see nothing.
3 When to use the definite article
Me encanta el chocolate.
I love chocolate.
¿Dónde está el chocolate?
Where is the chocolate?
Adoro las puestas de sol.
I love sunsets.
No me interesan los coches.
I'm not interested in cars.
No me interesan los coches que me has enseñado.
I'm not interested in the cars (that) you've shown me.
El amor es lo más importante en la vida.
Love is the most important thing in life.
Gracias por el amor que me has dado.
Thanks for the love (that) you've given me.
El dinero no lo es todo.
Money isn't everything.
Págame el dinero que me debes.
Pay me the money (that) you owe me.
Las fresas tienen bastante vitamina C.
Strawberries have quite a lot of vitamin C.
Las fresas que compraste saben raro.
The strawberries (that) you bought taste odd/funny.
El aceite español es bueno.
Spanish oil is good.
El aceite está en la alacena.
The oil is in the cupboard. (/'k^b@d/)
Les gusta el vino.
They like wine.
¿Quién se bebió el vino?
Who drank the wine?
Internet ha cambiado nuestras vidas.
The Internet has changed our lives.
Ven la televisión por la noche y por la mañana.
They watch television at night and in the morning.
El desayuno es la comida más importante.
Breakfast is the most important meal.