Chapter Ten - Serology
FRSC 8104
Criminalistics II
Professor Bensley
FRSC 8104 – Serology Objectives
1. Describe the basic components of blood
2. Convey the techniques for collecting and
preserving blood evidence at a crime
scene.
3. List and describe various forensic tests
used to characterize a stain as blood.
4. Understand the concept of antigenantibody interaction and how it is applied
to the origin determination of blood.
FRSC 8104 – Serology Objectives
5. List the A-B-O antigens and antibodies found in the
blood for each of the four blood types: A, B, AB,
and O.
6. Understand and describe how whole blood is
typed.
7. Describe the structure of components of semen
and understand the laboratory tests used to
characterize seminal stains.
8. Understand the concept of “secretor” status and
explain the relevance of such in forensic casework.
9. Calculate basic population genetic problems from
forensic casework scenarios.
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
I. Introduction
A. What is serology?
B. Three main goals of Forensic Serology
C. What is proteomics?
II. Blood
A. Formed Elements
1.
2.
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
a.
b.
c.
3.
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Granulocytes
Platelets
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
B. Fluid (Native Plasma)
1.
Serum = Plasma - fibrinogen
http://home.comcast.net/~itpaware/platelets.html
http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/bloodless/000209.html
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
C. Collection of Blood Evidence
D. Factors Affecting Blood Evidence
E. Presumptive Tests for Blood
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction – Catalytic Tests
General Reaction
False positives and False negatives
Color Tests
a.
b.
c.
Kastle-Meyer
Tetramethylbenzidine
Leucomalachite Green
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
5.
Other Presumptive Tests
a.
b.
Chemiluminescent Tests (Luminol)
Fluorescent Tests (Fluorescein)
http://www.webpagedr
eams.com/ABPD/Invest
igation.htm
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
F. Confirmatory Tests for Blood
1.
Crystal Tests
a.
Takayama Test
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
III. Antigens and Antibodies, Etc.
A. Antigens
1.
2.
3.
Definition
Types
Requirements
B. Antibodies
1.
2.
3.
4.
Definition
Types
Structure
Classes
C. Antigen/Antibody Reactions
D. Antisera
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
Antiserum - noun
plural noun: antisera
a blood serum containing antibodies against specific
antigens, injected to treat or protect against specific
diseases.
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
IV. Origin Determination Examinations
A. False Positives
B. False Negatives
C. Ring Precipitin Test
http://diverge.hunter.cuny.edu/~weigang/Lecture
-syllabus.html
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
D. Ouchterlony Double Diffusion
http://www.nfstc.org/pdi/Subject02/pdi_s02_m02_02_b.htm
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
V. Blood Group Systems
A. ABO System
1.
2.
Introduction
Genetics
http://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/
about_blood/blood_types.html
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
VI. Body Fluids
A. Seminal Fluid
1.
Pipeline Effect
a.
b.
c.
2.
Pre-Sperm – Cowper’s Gland
Sperm-Rich – Prostate Gland
Post-Sperm – Seminal
Vasicular Secretion
Spermatozoa
a.
b.
c.
Morphology
Production
Their Fate
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
CHRISTMAS TREE STAIN
Nuclear Fast Red and Picroindigocarmine (green)
http://www.stlouisco.com/LawandPublicSafety/PoliceDepartment/CrimeLaboratory/BiologyDNAUnit
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
3. Seminal Plasma
4. Prostatic Acid Phosphatase
a. Introduction
b. Testing Procedures
5. Choline
6. Spermine
a. Barberios Test
7. P30 (PSA)
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
B. Saliva
1.
2.
3.
Introduction
Secretors vs. Non-Secretors
Formation
a.
b.
c.
4.
5.
6.
Parotid Gland
Submandibular (Submaxillary)
Gland
Sublingual Glands
Composition
Functions
Testing
a.
Amylase – Phedebas Test
FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline
C. Secretor System
D. Lewis System
1.
2.
Introduction
Genetics
E. Urine
1.
2.
3.
Composition
Properties
Testing Procedures