Appendix for: The Institutional Effects of Executive Scandal
Search String for State-Level Scandals
State-level scandals: “governor and corrupt! or indicte! or investigat! or scandal or brib! or conflict or
affair or illegal or ethic! and adviser or staff or nominee or cabinet or chief or director or head or
commission! Or manager or administrator or agency or aide AND COUNTRY(UNITED STATES)
AND GEOGRAPHIC(UNITED STATES) and not president!”
Hearings Search String (ProQuest Congressional)
President Hearings: “president”
Scandal Hearings: “executive or president and (fraud OR interest OR corrupt! OR brib! OR conflict
OR illegal OR ethic! OR espionage OR self-incrimination OR alleg! OR influence OR loyalty OR
sabotage OR impropriety OR favoritism OR affair OR abuses OR impeach OR scandal) “
1
APPENDIX TABLE 1
List of Presidential Scandals
Year
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
Description
Shakedowns
Shakedowns
Watergate
Watergate
Watergate
Watergate
Watergate
President
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Type
Political
Political
Political
Political
Political
Political
Political
Level
Cabinet
Cabinet
President
President
President
President
President
Target
Mitchell, John
Kleindienst, Richard
Nixon, Richard
Colson, Charles
Dean, John
Kleindienst, Richard
Mitchell, John
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1973
1974
Watergate
Watergate
Shakedowns
Watergate
Watergate
Agnew
Nixon Jewelry
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Political
Political
Political
Political
Political
Financial
Financial
Erlichman, John
Haldeman, Bob
Stans, Maurice
Stans, Maurice
Mardian, Robert
Agnew, Spiro
Nixon, Pat
1974
Colby
Ford
Political
Colby, William
CIA Director
1976
1977
1976
1978
1978
Ford
Carter
Ford
Carter
Carter
Financial
Financial
Financial
Personal
Financial
Kelley, Clarence
Lance, Thomas
Ford, Gerald
Bourne, Peter
Carter, Jimmy
FBI Director
Director of OMB
President of the United States
Drug Czar
President of the United States
1979
1979
1980
1981
1981
Kelley
Lance
Ford
Bourne
Carter (Taxes)
Carter (Peanut
Warehouse Loan)
Jordan
Kraft
Donovan, nominee
Casey, I
President
President
Cabinet
President
President
Cabinet
Affiliated
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
Cabinet
President
Cabinet
President
Position
former Attorney General
Attorney General
President of the United States
Special Counsel to the President
White House Counsel
Attorney General
former Attorney General
White House Domestic Policy
Coordinator
White House Chief of Staff
former Secretary of Commerce
former Secretary of Commerce
Assistant Attorney General
Vice President
First Lady
Carter
Carter
Carter
Reagan
Reagan
Political
Personal
Personal
Financial
Financial
Carter, Jimmy
Jordan, Hamilton
Kraft, Timothy
Donovan, Raymond
Casey, William
1982
1981
1982
Nimmo
Allen
Donovan, I
Reagan
Reagan
Reagan
Financial
Financial
Financial
President
Cabinet
Affiliated
Affiliated
Cabinet
SubCabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
President of the United States
White House Chief of Staff
Campaign Director
Secretary of Labor Nominee
CIA Director
Head of the Veterans
Administration
National Security Adviser
Secretary of Labor
1982
Smith, I
Reagan
Financial
Cabinet
1982
1982
Smith, II
Donovan, II
Reagan
Reagan
Financial
Financial
Cabinet
Cabinet
1982
Burford
Reagan
Political
1982
Bogard
Reagan
Financial
1982
Lehman
Reagan
Financial
1983
Lavelle
Reagan
Financial
1983
Savas
Reagan
Financial
1983
Olson
Reagan
Political
1983
Perle
Reagan
Financial
1983
1983
Hayes
Fiske
Reagan
Reagan
Financial
Financial
Cabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
Sub-
2
Nimmo, Robert
Allen, Richard
Donovan, Raymond
Smith, William
French
Smith, William
French
Donovan, Raymond
Burford, Anne
Gorsuch
Bogard, Donald
Lehman, John
Attorney General
Attorney General
Secretary of Labor
EPA Administrator
President of the Legal Services
Corporation
Lavelle, Rita
Secretary of Navy
Assistant Administrator?
(Superfund)
Savas, Emanuel
Assistant Secretary of HUD
Olson, Theodore
Assistant Attorney General
Perle, Richard
Assistant Secretary of Defense
Hayes, Arthur
Fiske, Guy
FDA Commissioner
Deputy Secretary of Commerce
Cabinet
1983
1983
1983
Casey, II
Debategate
Debategate
Reagan
Reagan
Reagan
Financial
Political
Political
Casey, William
Casey, William
Baker, James
CIA Director
CIA Director
White House Chief of Staff
Thayer, Paul
Wick, Charles
Meese, Edwin
Donovan, Raymond
Deputy Secretary of Defense
Chief of the Federal Aviation
Administration
Director of the U.S. Information
Agency
Attorney General nominee
Secretary of Labor
Giuffrida, Louis
FEMA Director
Deaver, Michael
Deputy Chief of Staff
Beggs, James
NASA Chief Administrator
Financial
Financial
Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
Affiliated
Cabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
Affiliated
1983
Thayer
Reagan
Financial
1983
Helms
Reagan
Financial
1983
1984
1984
Wick
Meese
Donovan, III
Reagan
Reagan
Reagan
Political
Financial
Financial
1984
Giuffrida
Reagan
Financial
1985
Deaver
Reagan
Financial
1985
Beggs
Reagan
Financial
1987
1986
Deaver, lobbying
Whittlesey
Reagan
Reagan
Deaver, Michael
Whittlesey, Faith
Reagan
Reagan
Bush 41
Reagan
International
International
International
International
President
President
President
President
Iranian Arms Sales
Reagan
International
President
Bush, George H.W.
Casey, William
Weinberger, Caspar
McFarlane, Robert
Reagan, Ronald
Wilson
Deputy Chief of Staff
Ambassador to Switzerland
Vice-President of the United
States
CIA Director
Reagan's Secretary of Defense
National Security Advisor
1986
1986
1986
1986
Iranian Arms Sales
Iranian Arms Sales
Iranian Arms Sales
Iranian Arms Sales
1986
1986
1986
1986
1986
1986
1986
1986
Nicaraguan Contra aid
Nicaraguan Contra aid
Nicaraguan Contra aid
Iranian Arms Sales
Iranian Arms Sales
Iranian Arms Sales
Iranian Arms Sales
Reagan
Reagan
Reagan
Reagan
Reagan
Reagan
Reagan
International
International
International
International
International
International
International
1986
1987
1987
1988
1991
1991
Wallace
Meese, Wedtech
Ginsburg
Tower
Sununu
Thomas
Reagan
Reagan
Reagan
Bush 41
Bush 41
Bush 41
Financial
Financial
Personal
Personal
Financial
Personal
Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
President
President
President
President
SubCabinet
Cabinet
Affiliated
Affiliated
Cabinet
Affiliated
1994
1994
1994
1992
1992
1992
1993
1993
Whitewater
Whitewater
Whitewater
Bush, BNL
Passportgate
Passportgate
Baird, Nannygate 1
Wood, Nannygate 2
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Bush 41
Bush 41
Bush 41
Clinton
Clinton
Financial
Financial
Political
International
Political
Political
Personal
Personal
President
President
Affiliated
President
Cabinet
Cabinet
Affiliated
Affiliated
1993
1995
1993
HIllary, Travelgate
Brown
Inman
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Personal
Financial
Personal
Affiliated
Cabinet
Affiliated
1993
Vince Foster Papers
Clinton
Personal
Affiliated
3
Helms, J. Lynn
Bush, George H.W.
Casey, William
Poindexter, John
Meese, Edwin
Poindexter, John
Shultz, George
Regan, Donald
Wallace, W.
Lawrence
Meese, Edwin
Ginsburg, Douglas
Tower, John
Sununu, John
Thomas, Clarence
Clinton, Hillary
Rodham
Clinton, Bill
Nussbaum, Bernard
Bush, George H.W.
Tamposi, Elizabeth
Baker, James
Baird, Zoe
Wood, Kimba
Clinton, Hillary
Rodham
Brown, Ronald
Inman, Bobby Ray
Clinton, Hillary
Rodham - Maggie
Williams
President of the United States
Vice-President of the United
States
CIA Director
National Security Advisor
Attorney General
National Security Advisor
Secretary of State
White House Chief of Staff
Assistant Attorney General
Attorney General
Associate Justice
Secretary of Defense
Chief of Staff
Associate Justice
First Lady
President
White House Counsel
President of the United States
Assistant Secretary of State
White House Chief of Staff
Attorney General
Attorney General
First Lady
Secretary of Commerce
Secretary of Defense nominee
First Lady
1993
1994
1994
1994
Vince Foster Papers
Clinton, Paula Jones
Whitewater
Hillary, Commodities
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Personal
Personal
Financial
Financial
Bernard Nussbaum
Clinton, Bill
Altman, Roger
Clinton, Hillary
White House Counsel
President of the United States
Deputy Treasury Secretary
First Lady
Financial
Financial
Personal
Financial
Political
Political
Political
Political
Affiliated
President
President
Affiliated
SubCabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
Affiliated
President
President
President
1994
1994
1994
1995
1996
1996
1996
1996
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
1996
1996
Hubbell
Espy
Cisneros
Pena
Filegate
Chinagate
Chinagate
Chinagate
Clinton, Lincoln
Bedroom
Clinton, WH Coffees
Hubbell, Webster
Espy, Michael
Cisneros, Henry
Pena, Federico
Clinton, Hillary
Clinton, Bill
Lindsey, Bruce
Ickes, Harold
Associate Attorney General
Secretary of Agriculture
Secretary of HUD
Secretary of Transportation
First Lady
President of the United States
Presidential Adviser
Deputy Chief of Staff
Clinton
Clinton
Political
Political
President
President
Clinton, Bill
Clinton, Bill
Chinagate
Herman
Clinton
Clinton
Political
Financial
President
Cabinet
Gore, Albert
Herman, Alexis
1996
1997
1997
Gore, Campaign Calls
Clinton, Campaign Calls
Babbitt
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Political
Political
Political
Gore, Albert
Clinton, Bill
Babbitt, Bruce
1996
1998
1999
2001
2003
2003
2004
2004
Segal
Clinton, Lewinsky
Clinton, Broaddrick
Chavez, Nannygate 3
Plame
Plame
Bush, National Guard
Kerik
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Bush 43
Bush 43
Bush 43
Bush 43
Bush 43
Financial
Personal
Personal
Personal
Political
Political
Personal
Personal
2005
2003
Bush 43
Bush 43
Financial
Political
Griles, Steven
Armitage, Richard
Director, AmeriCorps
President of the United States
President of the United States
Secretary of Labor
Political Advisor to President
Vice President
President
Secretary of Homeland Security
former Deputy Secretary of
Interior
Deputy Secretary of State
Bush 43
Political
President
Bush, George W.
President
Bush 43
Political
President
Cheney, Richard
Vice President
Bush 43
Political
President
Gonzales, Albert
Attorney General
2005
Griles (Abramoff)
Plame
NSA Warrantless
wiretaps
NSA Warrantless
wiretaps
NSA Warrantless
wiretaps
NSA Warrantless
wiretaps
Cabinet
President
Cabinet
SubCabinet
President
President
Affiliated
Cabinet
Cabinet
President
Affiliated
SubCabinet
Cabinet
President of the United States
President of the United States
Vice President of the United
States
Secretary of Labor
Vice President of the United
States
President of the United States
Secretary of Interior
1996
1998
Bush 43
Political
Hayden, Michael
2006
2006
2006
2007
2007
2007
Allen
Jackson, I
Bremer
US Attorneys
US Attorneys
US Attorneys
Bush 43
Bush 43
Bush 43
Bush 43
Bush 43
Bush 43
Financial
Financial
Financial
Political
Political
Political
2007
Doan
Bush 43
Political
Doan, Lurita
NSA Director
former White House Domestic
Policy Aide
HUD Secretary
U.S. Envoy to Iraq
Special Assistant to the President
Attorney General
White House Counsel
Chair of the General Services
Administration
2007
2008
2011
Tobias
Jackson, II
Fast & Furious
Bush 43
Bush 43
Obama
Personal
Financial
Political
Tobias, Randall
Jackson, Alphonso
Holder, Eric
AIDS Czar
Secretary of HUD
Attorney General
2011
2011
Goolsbee
Solyndra
Obama
Obama
Financial
Financial
President
SubCabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
SubCabinet
President
Goolsbee, Austan
Obama, Barack
Economic Aid
President
2005
2005
2005
4
Segal, Eli
Clinton, Bill
Clinton, Bill
Chavez, Linda
Rove, Karl
Cheney, Richard
Bush, George W.
Kerik, Bernard
Allen, Claude
Jackson, Alphonso
Bremer, L. Paul
Rove, Karl
Gonzales, Albert
Miers, Harriett
2011
Babbitt FAA
Obama
Personal
2012
GSA
Obama
Financial
2012
2012
Flynn
Commerce Hit and Run
Obama
Obama
Political
Personal
2012
Fast & Furious
Obama
Political
2012
Petraeus
Obama
Personal
Cabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
Cabinet
SubCabinet
SubCabinet
Babbitt, Randolph
FAA Administrator
Johnson, Martha
Administrator of GSA
Flynn, Terence
Bryson, John
NLRB Board Member
Commerce Secretary
Melson, Kenneth
ATF Director
Petraeus, David
CIA Director
APPENDIX TABLE 2
List of Gubernatorial Scandals
Year
Description
Governor
Type
State
Position
Political
Financial
Financial
Target
Barron, William
Wallace
Smith, Preston
Barnes, Ben
1972
1972
1972
bribery
evade banking regulations;stock fraud
evade banking regulations;stock fraud
Barron
Smith
Smith
West Virginia
Texas
Texas
Governor
Governor
Smith, lt. governor
1973
1973
1974
accused of scheme to have donors write off
donations as tax deductible
phony company set up to skim state funds
tax fraud
Cahill
Wallace
Hall
Financial
Financial
Financial
McCrain, JM
Wallace, Gerald
Hall, David
New Jersey
Alabama
Oklahoma
perjury
allegedly used influence to help brother get deal
extortion
extortion
extortion
mail fraud;racketeering
Reinecke
Carey
Moore
Moore
Moore
Mandel
Personal
Financial
Political
Political
Political
Political
Reinecke, Edwin (Ed)
Carey, Hugh
Moore, Arch Alfred Jr
Jordan, George
Loy, William
Mandel, Marvin
California
New York
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
Maryland
Chief fundraiser
Governor's brother
Governor
lieutenant governor-19691974
Governor
Governor
1974
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1976
1977
1977
1978
allegations that New Hampshire Gov. Meldrin
Thomson has used employees paid with federal
funds to perform political chores
fundraising irregularities during campaign
mail fraud; racketeering
bribery
Thompson
Shapp
Mandel
Blanton
Political
Financial
Financial
Financial
Thompson, Meldrin
Shapp, Milton
Mandel, Marvin
Blanton, Leonard Ray
New
Hampshire
Pennsylvania
Maryland
Tennessee
1978
conspiracy; mail fraud; tax evasion
Blanton
Political
Sisk, T. Edward
Tennessee
1979
1979
bribery
accused of lying to grand jury
Brown
Finch
Financial
Financial
Diedrich, Ralph
Perry, Bob
California
Mississippi
1979
1979
1980
providing false documents
department director
Casino Control Commission
Finch
Thompson
Byrne
Financial
Financial
Financial
Blalock, Chester
Tsoumas, A.T.
MacDonald, Kenneth
Mississippi
Illinois
New Jersey
1980
1980
1980
he failed to list a $15,000 contribution from an
FBI Brilab informant
laundering campaign funds
miszue of addresses for political purposes
Treen
Byrne
Brown
Financial
Financial
Political
Roemer, Charles
Lee, George
Brown, Edmund
Louisiana
New Jersey
California
1980
1980
conspiracy; mail fraud; tax evasion
misuse of addresses for political purposes
Blanton
Brown
Political
Political
Hood, Clyde Edd
Brown, Edmund
Tennessee
California
5
Governor
Governor
Governor
Governor
Governor
special assistant to
governor
Orange County Board of
Supervisors
Aide
Head of Highway Safety
Program
department director
Assistant Secretary of State
State Commissioner of
Administration
Assistant Secretary of State
Governor
special assistant to
governor
Governor
State Commissioner of
Transportation
1981
corruption
O'Neill
Financial
Powers, Arthur
Connecticut
1981
kickbacks
King
Financial
Locke, Barry
Massachusetts
1981
1981
accused of pay for play
influence peddling;sale of pardons
Carey
Blanton
Financial
Political
Frucher, Meyer
Blanton, Leonard Ray
New York
Tennessee
1982
traded bribes for jobs
Thompson
Financial
Toolen, Vincent A.
Illinois
1982
1982
bribery
refused to turn over files related to bribery case
King
King
Financial
Financial
Coady, John
Hampers, Joyce
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
1982
fraud and extortion
Harris
Financial
Caldwell, Sam
Georgia
1982
obstructed investigation into use of federal funds
King
Political
Grace, Herman
New Mexico
1982
irregularities in travel
Graham
Political
Beach, Eldridge
Florida
1982
1982
1983
accused of plagiarism
using campaign money for personal use
multiple charges
Kean
Thompson
Graham
Personal
Personal
Personal
Lewis, Ronald H.
Thompson, James
Bennett, Daniel
New Jersey
Illinois
Florida
1983
1983
1983
1984
1985
1985
1985
falsifying documents
homosexuality charge
misuse of travel
falsifying documents to obtain a loan
impeachment charge for handling state contract
harvesting hay from set aside farm
Kean
Allain
Sheffield
Clinton
DiPrete
Sheffield
Branstad
Personal
Personal
Personal
Personal
Financial
Financial
Financial
Palley, Reese
Allain, Bill
Sheffield, Bill
Clinton, Roger
Murray, Robert
Sheffield, Bill
Branstad, Monty
New Jersey
Mississippi
Alaska
Arkansas
Rhode Island
Alaska
Iowa
nominee for state
education commissioner
Governor
Flager County Sherriff
State Lotto Commission
Chair
Governor
Governor
Governor' brother
COS
Governor
brother
1985
1985
1985
1986
1986
1986
Manipulated lease requirements so company
could win state contracts
misuse of office for political purposes
conspiracy
accepting bribes to issue parole
bugging Karl Rove, former strategist to Clements
use state employees in campaign
Sheffield
Orr
Edwards
Edwards
White
O'Neill
Political
Political
Political
Financial
Political
Political
Shively, John
Krohne, Paul
Edwards, Edwin
Marsellus, Howard
White, Mark
O'Neill
Alaska
Indiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Texas
Connecticut
Chief of Staff
aide to governor
Governor
Chair of State parole Board
Governor
Governor
1987
established company to funnel business to
Cuomo
Financial
Levine, Alexander
New York
Executive Director of NY
State Thruway Authority
Edwards
Moore
Mecham
Financial
Political
Financial
Ray, Wayne
Faerber, Kenneth
Mecham, Evan
Louisiana
West Virginia
Arizona
1987
1987
1988
private deals while in governor's office; extortion
from companies with business before state
funneling money illegally to Moore's campaign
Massachusetts
Transportation Secretary
Director of Employee
Relations
Governor
Department of
Administrative Services
Director
Deputy Revenue
Commissioner
Revenue Commissioner
Georgia Labor
Commissioner
Director Governor's Office
of Community Affairs
Director Florida Highway
Patrol
1988
cocaine and bribery
Campbell
Personal
Greer, Dick
South Carolina
1989
1989
awarding lucrative state contracts to friends
campaign finance irregularities
Martinez
Deukmejian
Financial
Financial
Coler, Greg
Deukmjian, George
Florida
California
top aide
State Energy Commissioner
Governor
State Development Board
Chair
Health and Rehabilitative
Secretary
Governor
1989
violation of ethics laws involving working for
industry group
Deukmejian
Financial
Kilgore, Wendell
California
scientific adviser
1989
recorded conversations between lawyers and
suspects
O'Neill
Political
Forst, Lester
Connecticut
1989
1989
1989
personal phone calls
affair. Harassment
divorce,
Martinez
Bayh
Caperton
Personal
Personal
Personal
Coler, Greg
Crawford, Jack
Caperton, Gaston
Florida
Indiana
West Virginia
State police commander
Health and Rehabilitative
Secretary
Lottery Director
Governor
6
1990
1990
irregular travel expenses
tried to avoid conflict of interest
Gardner
Martinez
Financial
Financial
Turner, Isaiah
DeFoor, J. Allison
Washington
Florida
State Employment Security
Commissioner
running mate
1990
initiated investigation of political enemy
Martinez
Political
Tucker, Katie
Florida
Director State Department
of Revenue
1990
1990
1991
didn't really work for the agency but was paid by
them
reckless driving
violation of ethics laws, keeping stock in company
Martinez
Cuomo
Hickel
Political
Personal
Financial
West, B.J.
Cuomo, Madeline
Hickel, Walter
Florida
New York
Alaska
1991
1991
1991
misappropriating funds, laundering money
breach of responsibility
pay for play (maybe)
Richards
Wilkinson
Walters
Financial
Financial
Financial
Taylor, Bill
Wilkinson, Wallace
Walters, David
Texas
Kentucky
Oklahoma
1991
taped the governor's conversations
Hickel
Political
Kendall, Bruce
Alaska
1991
1991
1991
1991
taped the governor's conversations
improper influence
travel for preaching
DUI
Hickel
Wilson
Hunt
Miller
Political
Political
Personal
Personal
Tanner, Dan
Hannigan, Maurice
Hunt, Guy
Miller, Matthew
1992
illegal transfer of funds from campaigns
Gregg
Financial
Gregg, Judd
Alaska
California
Alabama
Georgia
New
Hampshire
1992
1992
extortion
Gennifer Flowers
Wilkinson
Clinton
Financial
Political
Wilkinson, Bruce
Clinton, Bill
Kentucky
Arkansas
Appointment Secretary
(and Gov's nephew)
Governor
1992
pay for promotion of national guard members,
following fundraiser
Jones
Political
DeZarn
Kentucky
Adjutant General of the
Kentucky National Guard
1992
1992
1993
1993
illegal travel
harassment
benefited from state bond deals
violate state election laws
Wilson
Weicker
Florio
Walters
Personal
Personal
Financial
Financial
Covitz, Carl
Herndon, John
Salema, Joseph
Walters, David
California
Connecticut
New Jersey
Oklahoma
head of states
transportation agencies
Deputy Chief of Staff
COS
Governor
1993
1993
1993
bribery & extortion; pleas out, pledges to not do
it again
delivered money to director
violating state ethics law
Walters
Folsom
Hunt
Financial
Financial
Financial
Walters, David Lee
Folsom, Jim
Hunt, Harold Guy
Oklahoma
Alabama
Alabama
Governor
Governor
Governor
1993
1993
felony counts of misconduct
possible problem contract
Chiles
Wilson
Financial
Political
Hardy, Viann
Sharp, Sharon
Florida
California
1993
1993
1993
abusing employees
money to suppress black vote
funneling money to campaign
Thompson
Whitman
Walters
Political
Political
Political
Thompson, Robert
Rollins, Ed
Brawner, Larry
Wisconsin
New Jersey
Oklahoma
Deputy Secretary of
Management Systems
State Lotto Director
Emergency
Government Director
Campaign Manager
Adviser
1993
1993
1993
1993
1994
tainted money
affair / paternity test
affair
conflict of interest
Florio
Wilson
Sundlun
Fordice
Engler
Political
Political
Personal
Personal
Financial
Levine, Peter
Wilson, Pete
Sundlun, Bruce
Fordace, Kirk
Engler, John
New Jersey
California
Rhode Island
Mississippi
Michigan
Chairman of Sports and
Exposition Authority
Governor
Governor
Governor
Financial Adviser
1994
1994
receiving pay for not working
kickbacks
Voinovich
Voinovich
Financial
Financial
Tall, Booker
Mifsud, Paul
Ohio
Ohio
administrator of the state's
Equal Opportunity Center
COS
1994
accused of intervening on behalf of contributor in
immigration problem
Wilson
Political
Wilson, Pete
California
Governor
1994
accused by opponent of intervening for a
favorable loan
Thompson
Political
Thompson, Tommy
Wisconsin
Governor
7
Aide
Governors daughter
Governor
executive director of the
Texas Department of
Commerce
Governor
Governor
Director Boards and
Commissions
Director Boards and
Commissions
CHP Commissioner
Governor
Governors son
Governor
1994
1994
1994
1994
Caperton
Branstad
Chiles
Richards
Political
Political
Political
Political
Giambrone, Anthony
Gross, Douglas
Singleton, Harry
Barrientos, Juan
West Virginia
Iowa
Florida
Texas
State Lotto Director
COS
Corrections Secretary
Campaign Office Manager
1994
1994
1994
1995
fabricating testimony
violating lobbying laws
firing underling for supporting opponent
shredding documents
flight to Cayman on jet owned by gambling
magnate
accused of getting free lumber for lake home
harassment
strong-armed campaign contribution
Folsom
Folsom
Chiles
Hunt
Personal
Personal
Personal
Political
Folsom, Jim
Folsom, Jim
Latham, Gary
Wilkins, R.W.
Alabama
Alabama
Florida
Alabama
1995
1995
inaccurate testimony
conspiracy; mail fraud
Wilson
Tucker
Political
Political
Mayfield, John
Tucker, James Guy
California
Arkansas
Governor
Governor
Parole Commissioner
Ag Adviser
Nominee for North Coast
Water board
Governor
Nelson
Personal
Foster, Sonny
Nebraska
Aide
Whitman
Nelson
Lowrey
Personal
Personal
Personal
Karpinski, Drew
Myers, Lawrence
Lowrey, Mike
New Jersey
Nebraska
Washington
Financial
Financial
Political
Political
Political
Piraccini, John A.
Levey, Allan
Linares, Nora
Glendening, Parris
Edgar, Jim
Indiana
Maryland
Texas
Maryland
Illinois
Insurance Commissioner
State EOC Director
Governor
Head of East West Toll
Road
Racing Commission Head
Exec Director of State Lotto
Governor
Governor
nominee to North Central
Florida Regional planning
council
Governor
Chief Inspector General
Governor
Governor
Bacon County Commission
Chair
Governor
Texas Lotto Exec Director
State Lands Director
Public Aid Director
Dodge County
Commissioner
Governor
Commerce Commissioner
Governor
1995
1995
1995
1995
improperly obtained welfare beneifts for his
mother
reactivated personal insurance license to help
wife
personal relationship with subordinate
sexual harassment
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
investigations into operations
awarded contracts to friends
illegal funneling contributions to campaign
MSI
Bayh
Glendening
Bush
Glendening
Edgar
1996
1996
1997
1997
1997
DUI in 1975
illegal acceptance of gift
borrowed $ from attorney and secured contract
campaign finance irregularities
travel costs
Chiles
Edgar
Chiles
Locke
Chiles
Personal
Personal
Financial
Financial
Financial
Estes, Charles
Edgar, Jim
Lewis, Harold
Locke, Gary
Chiles, Lawton
Florida
Illinois
Florida
Washington
Florida
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
using government money for personal use
expunging phone records
violating ban on contributions
illegal rules changes
MSI
Miller
Carlson
Bush
Geringer
Edgar
Financial
Political
Political
Political
Political
Taylor, Virgil
Carlson, Arne
Littwin, Lawrence
Magagna, Jim
Wright, Robert
Georgia
Minnesota
Texas
Wyoming
Illinois
1997
1997
1997
1997
vote buying
Accepting tickets illegally
sexual advances in the past
defrauding 3 banks; wire fraud
Miller
Rowland
Whitman
Symington
Political
Personal
Personal
Personal
McCranie, Don
Rowland, John G
Medina, Gualberto
Symington, J. Fife III
Georgia
Connecticut
New Jersey
Arizona
1998
1998
illegal fund raising by guardsman
funneling campaign money to personal account
Cellucci
Ridge
Financial
Financial
Vezina, Raymond
Simmons, Laurie
Massachusetts
Pennsylvania
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
violating anti-fraud provisions
campaign finance irregularities
illegal campaign contributions
campaign finance irregularities
campaign finance irregularities
Olympics shenanigans
parole for cash
illegal campaign contributions
pocketing money and hiding income
Hunt
Locke
Pataki
Patton
Patton
Leavitt
Pataki
Pataki
Huckabee
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Boyd III, Daniel Marcus
Locke, Gary
Yoo, Yung Soo
Ross, Danny
Leavitt, Mike
Travis, Brion
Pataki, George
Huckabee, Mike
North Carolina
Washington
New York
Kentucky
Kentucky
Utah
New York
New York
Arkansas
Adjutant General of the
Mass National Guard
Campaign Aide
NC Banking Commission
Member
Governor
Fundraiser
Chief of Staff
labor Liaison
Governor
Parole board Chairman
Governor
Governor
1998
some minor issues with staff
Huckabee
Political
Dalton, Tom
Arkansas
Director Department of
Human Services
8
1998
1998
1998
conflict of interest
perjury, lying to investigators
racketeering ;conspiracy
Hunt
Pataki
Edwards
Political
Political
Political
Goode, Larry
McSherry, Sean
Edwards, Edwin
North Carolina
New York
Louisiana
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
conflict of interest
shoplifting
domestic batter
affair with staffer
sex scandal
Bush
Hunt
Hunt
Underwood
Romer
Keating
Political
Political
Personal
Personal
Personal
Personal
Griffin, Florita
Tolson, Norris
Mills, Michael
McBride, Jon
Romer, Roy
Fallin, Mary
Texas
North Carolina
North Carolina
West Virginia
Colorado
Oklahoma
1999
conflict of interest
Bush (Jeb)
Financial
1999
accepting illegal gifts
Barnes
Financial
Roach, Dotty
Georgia
1999
giving contract to connected firm
Cellucci
Political
Mazareas, Peter
Massachusetts
1999
environmental mishaps
Gilmore
Political
Gehr, David
Virginia
State Highway
Administrator
Parole Board Member
Governor
State Housing Department
Official
Transportation Secretary
SBOT Member
Washington Liaison
Governor
Lt. Governor
Florida State Athletic
Commission
Department of
Administrative Services
Director
Director of Mass
Educational Financing
Authority
Head of VA Dept of
Transportation
1999
traffic ticket fixing; ordered investigation
immediately
Siegelman
Political
Rose, Sheron
Alabama
Siegelman legislative
liaison
1999
1999
1999
traffic ticket fixing; ordered investigation
immediately
returns donations
booze cruise!
Siegelman
Siegelman
Cellucci
Political
Personal
Personal
Pitts, Chris
Sigelman, Don
Blute, Peter
Alabama
Alabama
Massachusetts
1999
misuse of office
Cellucci
Personal
Boviard, Carolyn
Massachusetts
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
illegal plane trip
DUI
national guard
drug use
Johanns
Fordice
Glendening
Bush
Bush
Personal
Personal
Personal
Personal
Personal
Crowley, Jack
Fordice, Kirk
Glendening, Raymond
Bush, George W
Bush, George W
Nebraska
Mississippi
Maryland
Texas
Texas
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
resigned after an internal rebuke about possible
mismanagement
conflict of interest
conflict of interest
parole for cash
using office for personal gain
Ryan
Guinn
Guinn
Pataki
Underwood
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Vickrey, Robert
Wyett, Richard
Bass, Tami
Donohue, Patrick
Underwood, Cecil
Illinois
Nevada
Nevada
New York
West Virginia
2000
2000
using the office for personal gain
ethics rules violated with travel
Underwood
Keating
Financial
Financial
Snider, John
Keating, Frank
West Virginia
Oklahoma
2000
2000
contracts for contributions
under investigation for links to mob
Pataki
Whitman
Political
Political
Gargano, Charles
Consovoy, Andrew
New York
New Jersey
2000
2000
2000
2000
let prisoners have sex in governor’s house
covering up in drivers license scandal
accused of playing politics with investigations
encouraging employees of the state to contribute
Hodges
Ryan
Pataki
Ryan
Political
Political
Political
Political
Bauer, Dean
Mauskopf, Roslynn
Ryan, George H.
South Carolina
Illinois
New York
Illinois
Chair of Empire State
Development Corporation
Parole Board Chief
Head of Corrections
Department
Inspector General
Inspector General
Governor
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
reaped illegal gambling profits from video poker
machines
donation given back to financier
no bid contract
funds from oracle tainted
accepting (but not disclosing) gifts
Hunt
Keating
Davis
Davis
Ryan
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Garrett, Garland
Keating, Frank
Baheti, Arun
Davis, Gray
Ryan, George H.
North Carolina
Oklahoma
California
California
Illinois
Transportation Adviser
Governor
Director of E-Government
Governor
Governor
9
Florida
Siegelman community
relations director
Governor
Massport Director
Economic Development
Director
Nebfraska Liquor Control
Commission
Governor
Governor's son
Governor
Governor
Head of IL Gaming Board
Parole board Chairman
Parole Board Member
Aide
Governor
Director of Development
Office
Governor
2001
2001
bought stock in energy company, looks bad
shredding documents Olympics
Davis
Leavitt
Financial
Financial
2001
2001
2001
2002
illegal withholding of child-support payments
state contracts illegally given to friend
firearms charge
conflict of interest
Taft
Pataki
Bush (Jeb)
Davis
Political
Political
Personal
Financial
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
ethics violations; accepting gifts from companies
paid for flights
contract given to friend
defrauding state pension system
hiring irregularities
contract given to friend
Taft
McCallum
McGreevey
Glendening
Leavitt
McGreevey
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
Medicare/Medicaid fraud
Racketeering & fraud
Federal charges of racketeering & fraud
lobbying illegally
lobbying illegally
made political calls from office
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
California
Utah
cos
State Budget Director
Patel, Vin
Ohio
New York
Florida
California
Director Ohio Department
of Job and Family Services
Governor
Governor's daughter
Head of E-Gov
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Zomparelli, Gino
McCallum, Scott
Levinsohn, Paul
Chaptman, Nathan
Windley, Phillip
Taffet, Gary
Ohio
Wisconsin
New Jersey
Maryland
Utah
New Jersey
Patton
Ryan
Ryan
Barnes
Barnes
Martz
Financial
Financial
Political
Political
Political
Political
Henry, Steve
Ryan, George H.
Fawell, Scott
Ray, Walter
Whitworth, Bobby
Martz, Judy
harassment
prescription illegal
fight club
cocaine
affair; abusing patronage powers
Shaheen
Bush (Jeb)
Leavitt
Bush (Jeb)
Patton
Political
Personal
Personal
Personal
Personal
Vetter, Wayne
Bush, Noelle
Leavitt, Chase
Bush, Noelle
Patton, Paul
2003
funneled money to insider
Benson
Financial
D'Alessandro, Joe
Kentucky
Illinois
Illinois
Georgia
Georgia
Montana
New
Hampshire
Florida
Utah
Florida
Kentucky
New
Hampshire
2003
2003
2003
sexual harassment
bribery scheme
hired niece, which violated law (sort of)
Johanns
Rowland
Carcieri
Political
Political
Political
McPhearson, Pat
Ellef, Peter N
Carcieri, Donald
Nebraska
Connecticut
Rhode Island
Douglas County Election
Commissioner
Rowland co-chief of staff
Governor
2003
2003
2003
2003
using state police charity fund to bankroll
romantic liaison
arrested on drug charge
general accusations
affair with state employee
Erlich
Rowland
Pawlenty
Wise
Personal
Personal
Personal
Personal
Maryland
Connecticut
Minnesota
West Virginia
State Police Chief
Governor's step son
Governor
Governor
2003
2004
2004
groping scandal
funneled state money to businesses he owns
using nonprofit illegally
Schwarzenegger
McGreevey
Erlich
Personal
Financial
Financial
Norris, Edward T.
Largay, Ryan
Andreotti, Eugene
Wise, Bob Jr.
Schwarzenegger,
Arnold
Watley, William
Ehrlich, Robert
California
New Jersey
Maryland
Governor
Commerce Secretary
Governor
2004
2004
conflict of interest - wife owns lobbying firm
while he is COS
sexual harassment & assault
Granholm
McGreevey
Political
Personal
Weiner, Rick
McGreevey, James E.
Michigan
New Jersey
2004
2004
had sex with babysitter 40 yars prior
ethics & graft charges
Kulongoski
Rowland
Personal
Personal
Goldschmidt, Neil
Rowland, John G
Oregon
Connecticut
Chief of Staff
Governor
Chair of State Board of
Higher Ed
Governor
2004
2005
ethics complaint alleges spent political
contributions on personal expenses
coingate
Perry
Taft
Personal
Financial
Perry, Rick
Conrad, Jim
Texas
Ohio
2005
2005
2005
awarding questionable contract to brother in law
illegal contracts for canal
convicted ethics violating
Blago
Pataki
Taft
Financial
Financial
Financial
Millette, Robert
Pataki, George
Taft II, Robert A.
Illinois
New York
Ohio
10
Maviglio, Steve
Ward, Lynne
Romer-Sensky,
Jacqueline
Pataki, George
Ohio Turnpike Commission
Executive Director
Governor
Aide
Appointee
Chief Information Officer
Aide
lieutenant governor-12/9512/03
Governor
Ryan ex-chief of staff
Paroles Board
Paroles Board
Governor
Head of Fish and Game
Department
Governor's daughter
Governor's son
Governor's daughter
Governor
State Personnel Director
Governor
Governor
Director of Finance and
Administration for Illinois
Department of
Transportation
Governor
Governor
2005
2005
2005
fined by state ethics commission
grand theft investigation
coingate
Perdue
Bush (Jeb)
Taft
Financial
Financial
Financial
Perdue, Sonny
Crosby, James
Taft, Bob
Georgia
Florida
Ohio
2005
Fletcher
Political
Murgatroyd, Richard
Kentucky
2005
improper hiring
breaking ethical rules for using RV from
contributor
Daniels
Political
Daniels, Mitch
Indiana
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
criminal conspiracy; political discrimination
conflict of interest
illegal use of state vehicles
illegal fundraising
missed deadline for campaign filing
Fletcher
Rell
Pawlenty
Doyle
Carcieri
Political
Political
Political
Political
Political
Groves, Daniel
Moody, M Lisa
Pawlenty, Tim
Anthony, Ruben
Carcieri, Donald
Kentucky
Connecticut
Minnesota
Wisconsin
Rhode Island
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
investigated for his part in criminal conspiracy
sent subordinates direct mail
scandalous past, working for Gov . Rowland
used state funds for family travel
charged with domestic battery
harassment
Fletcher
Carcieri
Rell
Rounds
Sanford
Bush (Jeb)
Political
Political
Political
Personal
Personal
Personal
Cave,Stan
Carcieri, Donald
Garber, Ross
Rounds, Mike
Folks, Will
White, Terry
Kentucky
Rhode Island
Connecticut
South Dakota
South Carolina
Florida
2005
allegedly illegally ordered county employees to
do campaign work
Minner
Personal
Sharp, Thomas B
Delaware
2005
drunk driving conviction
Minner
Personal
Cordrey, Richard
Delaware
2005
executive editor position of magazine thought to
distract terminator
Schwarzenegger
Personal
Schwarzenegger,
Arnold
California
2006
2006
irregular travel reimbursement
campaign finance irregularities
Daniels
Richardson
Financial
Financial
Bolejack, Heather
Richardson, Bill
Indiana
New Mexico
2006
delay in report to Gov about lavish salaries
Vilsack
Financial
Running, Richard
Iowa
2006
2006
delay in report to Gov about lavish salaries
accused of steering business to fiancé’s firm
Vilsack
Blunt
Financial
Financial
Barto, Jane
Harris, James
Iowa
Missouri
2006
2006
funneling contracts to campaign contributor
Abramoff contribution
Doyle
Erlich
Financial
Political
Thompson, Georgia
Ehrlich, Robert
Wisconsin
Maryland
Workforce Development
Director Deputy
Appointments Director
Purchasing official in
Department of
Administration
Governor
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
returned 10,000 in campaign donations to
Manitowoc company after given grant
Abramoff contribution
campaigned on state time when working for leg
illegally solicited contributions from lobbyists
contracting services before committee assembled
Doyle
Doyle
Doyle
Sebelius
Napolitano
Political
Political
Political
Political
Political
Doyle, Jim
Doyle, Jim
Judge, Rich
Sebelius, Kathleen
Napolitano, Janet
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Kansas
Arizona
Governor
Governor/ candidate
Campaign manager
candidate
Governor
2006
2006
misappropriation of funds and fraud in awarding
state contract
donations from utility interests
Doyle
Doyle
Political
Political
Thompson, Georgia
Doyle, Jim
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Administrative aide
Governor
2006
2006
2006
2006
improper relationship between gov and Maryland
Public Service Commission
improper hiring
conspiracy
ethics issues
Erlich
Fletcher
Murkowski
Gibbons
Political
Political
Political
Political
Erlich, Bob
Fletcher, Ernie
Clark, Jim
Gibbons, Jim
Maryland
Kentucky
Alaska
Nevada
Governor
Governor
Murkowski COS
Governor
2006
claims in lawsuit that he was fired for not taking
part in political hiring
Blago
Political
Blago, Rod
Illinois
Director Illinois Historical
Institute
2006
used computer for personal uses
Pataki
Personal
King, Glen
New York
2006
sexual harassment
Blunt
Personal
Ferrell, Fred
Missouri
11
Governor
Corrections Secretary
Governor
Fletcher deputy chief of
staff
Governor
Fletcher deputy chief of
staff
COS
Governor
DOT Deputy Secretary
Governor
Fletcher deputy chief of
staff
Governor
Attorney
Governor
Spokesman
Elder Affairs Secretary
Nominee for Finance
Secretary
Nominee for Finance
Secretary
Governor
ED of Indiana Crim Justice
Institute
Governor
Workforce Development
Director
Director of Governor's
Office for Small Cities
Director of Department of
Agriculture
2007
corruption and blackmail
Lingle
Financial
Hawaii
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Political
Political
Awana, Bob
Chorpenning, Patrick
F.
Corzine, Jon
Troha, Dennis
Gibbons, Jim
Eckersley, Scott
Carcieri, Donald
Bush (Jeb)
Political
Aaronson, Burt
Florida
COS
Arizona Department of
Vets Services
Governor
Fundraiser
Governor
Deputy General Counsel
Governor
Palm Beach County
Commissioner
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
investigations into allegations o nepotism
gifts / influence from Carla Katz; partial disclosure
trucking magnate illegal contributions
allegations he accepted gifts from CEO
non compliance of provisions for public records
sent subordinates direct mail
Napolitano
Corzine
Doyle
Gibbons
Blunt
Carcieri
2007
fundraising irregularities
2007
Riley
Personal
Bowen, Mark
Alabama
Commanding General of
National Guard
2007
2007
2007
2007
2008
2008
2008
improper relationship with female officer
In December 2007 allegations surfaced that
Morrison had an affair with an office
administrator, Linda Carter, in the district
attorney's office, that continued after he was
elected Attorney General
investigated by game warden
car wreck x2-not wearing seat belt
alleged employment of illegal immigrant
did not disclose vacation property
possible conflict of interest on tuition problem
travel costs
Sebelius
Rounds
Corzine
Gibbons
Perdue
Manchin
Easley
Personal
Personal
Personal
Personal
Financial
Financial
Financial
Morrison, Paul
Rounds, Mike Brother
Corzine, Jon
Gibbons, Jim
Perdue, Sonny
Manchin, Nathanial
Easley, Mike
Kansas
South Dakota
New Jersey
Nevada
Georgia
West Virginia
North Carolina
2008
2008
2008
conviction of corruption
violating campaign law
plotting to sell Senate seat
Henry
Easley
Blago
Financial
Financial
Political
McMahan, Jeff
Easley, Mike
Blago, Rod
Oklahoma
North Carolina
Illinois
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
Strickland
Blago
Palin
Blunt
Blunt
Blago
Blago
Blago
Spitzer
Gibbons
Political
Political
Political
Political
Political
Political
Political
Political
Personal
Personal
Jones-Kelley, Helen
Cellini, William
Palin, Sarah
Blunt, Matt
Blunt, Matt
Rezko, Antoin
Harris, John
Harris, John
Spitzer, Eliot
Gibbons, Jim
Ohio
Illinois
Alaska
Missouri
Missouri
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
New York
Nevada
2008
2008
2008
2008
illegally using citizen data to help Obama
influence peddling
abuse of power
deleting emails, violating sunshine laws
wrongful termination
influence peddling
selling vacant Senate seat
mail fraud
involved with prostitution ring-call girl
used state funds to text with mistress
awarded MA degree under unusual
circumstances
use of state vehicles for personal travel
affairs & cover-up
divorce,
Manchin
Blunt
Paterson
Gibbons
Personal
Personal
Personal
Personal
Bresch, Heather
Blunt, Matt
Paterson,David
Gibbons, Jim
West Virginia
Missouri
New York
Nevada
2009
took money for no bid contract
Rendell
Financial
Rubin, Mitchell
Pennsylvania
2009
pressure to push financial deals that would enrich
political heavyweights in NM
Richardson
Financial
Meyer, Saul
New Mexico
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
pay to play
pay to play
pay to play
pay to play
pay to play
illegal use of funds
campaigned illegally for Osborne
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Granholm
Heineman
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Financial
Political
Bland, Gary
Correra, Anthony
Correra, Marx
Malott, Bruce
Richardson, Bill
Blackwell, II Arthur
Stitt, Carol
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
Michigan
Nebraska
12
Arizona
New Jersey
Wisconsin
Nevada
Missouri
Rhode Island
Attorney Gen
Governor' brother
Governor
Governor
Governor
Governor's cousin
Governor
State Auditor and
Inspector
Governor
Governor
Director of the Ohio
Department of Job and
Family Services
fundraiser
Governor
Governor
Governor
fundraiser
Blagojevich chief of staff
Blagojevich chief of staff
Governor
Governor
Governor's daughter
Governor
Governor
Governor
Penn Turnpike
Commissioner
Investment Manager
Member of State
Investment Office and
Educational Retirement
Board
adviser
head of PAC
Chair of ERB
Governor
Emergency Manager
State Auditor and
Inspector
2009
used political office to raise political money
Schweitzer
Political
Schweitzer, Walt
Montana
Governor's brother
2009
Monk pleaded guilty in 2009 to one count of wire
fraud for helping Blagojevich try to squeeze a
racetrack owner for a $100,000 campaign
donation.
Blago
Political
Monk, Alonzo
Illinois
Chief of Staff
2009
violate campaign finance laws using Uconn
pollster to help craft message
Rell
Political
Rell, Jodi
Connecticut
Governor
2009
flew to Argentina for affair; using office for
personal gain
Sanford
Personal
Sanford,Mark
South Carolina
2010
steering business to company owned by friend
Kulongoski
Financial
Long, Mark
Oregon
Governor
Director of Department of
Consumer and Business
Services
2010
accused of lying under oath about soliciting
Yankees tickets
Paterson
Financial
Paterson,David
New York
Governor
2010
used taxpayer email account to communicate
with consultant
Quinn
Political
Stermer, Jerry
Illinois
COS
2010
2010
travel expenses
cover-up of aide
Crist
Paterson
Political
Political
Peterman, Frank
Paterson,David
2010
2010
fundraising irregularities
behavior complaints (not specific)
Lynch
Rell
Political
Personal
Bodi, Mark
Marie, Joe
2010
DUI
Lynch
Personal
Simard, Richard
Florida
New York
New
Hampshire
Connecticut
New
Hampshire
2010
boating under the influence
Crist
Personal
Carlson, Jeff
Florida
State Liquor Commissioner
Highlands County
Commissioner
2011
2011
facing legal actions
misuse of airplane (giving rides to others)
Nixon
Martinez
Financial
Financial
Lineberry, Margaret
Martinez, Susana
Missouri
New Mexico
Chair of MO Housing
Development Agency
Governor
2011
2011
Haley
Perry
Financial
Financial
Haley, Nikki
Perry, Rick
South Carolina
Texas
Governor
Governor
2011
Haley's Campaign to repay state thousands of
dollars for use of state-funded security for
fundraisers out of state
failing to report rental income from house in CS
Christie's son took helicopter to high school
baseball game
Christie
Financial
Christie, Chris
New Jersey
Governor
2011
failed to disclose trip on statement of financial
interests
Corbett
Financial
Corbett
Rhode Island
Governor
2011
campaign finance irregularities
Haley
Financial
Ard, Ken
South Carolina
lt governor of SC under
Haley 1/12/11-3/9-12
2011
2011
laws may have been broken on consulting; ethics
compliant filed
Ethics Compliant about financial disclosures
Haley
Deal
Financial
Financial
Haley, Nikki
Deal, Nathan
South Carolina
Georgia
2011
2011
2011
intervening in tax cases
using state email address for politics
campaign finance irregularities
Otter
Snyder
Perdue
Political
Political
Political
Chigbrow, Royce
Andrews, Greg
Reichard, Peter
Idaho
Michigan
North Carolina
2011
2011
2011
Herbert
Perdue
Scott
Political
Political
Political
Kellen, Dennis
Sitton, Juleigh
Scott, Rick
Utah
North Carolina
Florida
2011
violations of state procurement laws
campaign finance irregularities
emails deleted before became governror
In March 2011, White was indicted on seven
felony counts including voter fraud, perjury and
theft; indicated it was true but he had a good
reason
Daniels
Political
White, Charlie
Indiana
2011
violation of law to appoint
Nixon
Political
Nixon, Jay
Missouri
13
Department of Juvenile
Justice Secretary
Governor
State Liquor Commission
Chair
DOT Commissioner
Governor
Governor
Idaho Tax Commission
Chairman
Staff
Campaign Finance Director
ED of Alcoholic Beverage
Control
Campaign Finance Director
Governor
Secretary of State
Board Members of the
Board of Directors of
Missouri Employers Mutual
Insurance Co
2011
2011
Jindal Foundation may be on the take
using state equipment for side business
Jindal
Haley
Political
Personal
Jindal, Bobby
Sandifer
Louisiana
South Carolina
Governor
Governor's Chef
2012
Haley to repay state thousands of dollars for use
of state-funded plane
Haley
Financial
Haley, Nikki
South Carolina
Governor
2012
2012
convicted of embezzlement in the past; some
improprieties
illegal contributions to LT Gov
McDonnell
Patrick
Financial
Financial
Schneider, Todd
Murray, Timothy
Virginia
Massachusetts
2012
embezzling from vets groups
Walker
Financial
Kavanaugh, Kevin
Wisconsin
2012
embezzling from vets groups
Walker
Financial
Russell, Tim
Wisconsin
Executive mansion chef
Lt. Governor
Treasurer, Milwaukee
Veterans group
Treasurer, Milwaukee
Veterans group
2012
hiding surplus funds
Brown
Political
Coleman, Ruth
California
2012
working for campaign and state
Schweitzer
Political
Gallik, David
Montana
2012
2012
2012
2012
mishandling of firing
working for campaign on county time
handling of contracts
working for campaign on county time
Herbert
Walker
Scott
Walker
Political
Political
Political
Political
Njord, John
Wink, Darlene
MacNamara, Steve
RindFleisch, Kelly
Utah
Wisconsin
Florida
Wisconsin
Director of CA Parks and
Rec Department
Commissioner of Political
Practices
Head of Utah
Transportation
Department
Aide
Chief of Staff
Aide
2012
CPRIT grants investigated for awarding of
contracts to campaign committees
Perry
Political
Perry, Rick
Texas
Governor
2012
2012
2012
political advisor using state resources for political
purposes
quid pro quo on hiring
speeding and asleep at the wheel
Martinez
Kasich
Patrick
Political
Political
Personal
McCleskey, Jay
Arshinkoff, Alex
Murray, Timothy
New Mexico
Ohio
Massachusetts
Governor
Summit County
Lt. Governor
2012
2012
past accusations of assault of teen boy
party at house renting from governor
Patrick
Chafee
Personal
Personal
McGee, Stan
Hourahan, Stephen
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
State Director of MA
Gaming Commission
Senior Adviser
2012
accused of inappropriate sexual act in office with
staff member
Scott
Personal
Carroll, Jennifer
Florida
Lt. Governor
14
Cox-Snell Goodness of Fit
The models display two models of goodness of fit: Harrell’s C and Somer’s D. The graphs
below model the fit of the model of the Cox-Snell residuals against a straight 45 degree line and
verifies the fit of the model by estimating the empirical Nelson-Aalen cumulative hazard function
with the Cox-Snell residuals (Cleeves, et al. 2010). The Cox-Snell residual for the jth observation is
defined as: CSresidualj =H0(tj) exp(xjβx). The graphs below (Figures 1 and 2) are not exhaustive of all
of the variables employed but sample a few of the key covariates. In each case, the residuals appear
to fit the model well. These findings, along with those from Tables 1 and 2 in the text, suggest that
there is consistent goodness of fit for the models.
15
APPENDIX FIGURE 1
Cumulative Hazard of Cox-Snell Residuals (Table 1): Personal Scandals
0
.5
1
1.5
2
(A) Governor Scandals
0
.5
1
Cox-Snell residual
1.5
Nelson-Aalen cumulative hazard
2
Cox-Snell residual
0
.5
1
1.5
2
(B) Presidential Scandals
0
.5
1
Cox-Snell residual
1.5
Nelson-Aalen cumulative hazard
2
Cox-Snell residual
16
APPENDIX FIGURE 2
Cumulative Hazard of Cox-Snell Residuals (Table 1): Personal Income Change
0
.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
(A) Governor Scandals
0
.5
1
1.5
Cox-Snell residual
Nelson-Aalen cumulative hazard
2
2.5
Cox-Snell residual
0
.5
1
1.5
2
(B) Presidential Scandals
0
.5
1
Cox-Snell residual
1.5
Nelson-Aalen cumulative hazard
2
Cox-Snell residual
17
Alternative Parameterized Models
The data presented in the tables in the text employ a Cox model which is appropriate as a fit
for the data. However, if we made other assumptions about the shape of the hazard function, we
might want to employ a parameter function. The data demonstrate that the findings with respect to
the key variables is virtually identical in sign and statistical significance. Thus, although the data in the
text are appropriate, it appears to matter little which specific models are used.
18
APPENDIX TABLE 3
Weibull Parameterized Governor Scandals Duration Models
Model 1‡
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
Model 5
Governor
.343 **
(.177)
.211 **
(.177)
.399 **
(.209)
.286 *
(.192)
.291 **
(.189)
Personal Scandal
3.65 *
(2.99)
3.42
(2.79)
2.13
(1.60)
2.84
(2.19)
1.78
(1.46)
Financial Scandal
1.25
(.746)
1.37
(.859)
1.45
(.897)
1.46
(.880)
.841
(.810)
Second Term
1.50
(.835)
2.42
(1.24)
1.96
(.969)
2.39 *
(1.22)
2.17
(1.26)
Term Limited Term
.801
(.482)
.912
(.436)
.800
(.480)
.756
(.381)
1.19
(.580)
Recall
.887
(.499)
.990
(.652)
1.09
(.692)
1.03
(.650)
.912
(.852)
GSP Change
.868
(.089)
.832
(.103)
.825
(.118)
.837
(.107)
.844
(.126)
1.37 ***
(.170)
1.47 *
(.296)
1.37 *
(.237)
1.41 *
(.261)
1.46
(.463)
.980
(.022)
__
__
__
__
Governor’s Partisans Senate
__
45.6
(142.0)
__
__
__
Governor’s Partisans House
__
__
2.85
(5.78)
__
__
Opponent Average in Legislature
__
__
__
__
Divided
__
__
__
.134
(.243)
__
30
20
-49.44
15.49 *
7,914
32
21
-52.39
13.37
10,445
32
21
-53.66
13.13
10,445
32
21
-52.92
12.98
10,445
State Personal Income Change
Approval
N (Observations)
Number Failures
Log Pseudo Likelihood
Wald χ2
Time at Risk
.381
(.348)
32
29
-52.46
16.99 **
10,445
NOTE: ‡ Truncated from 1993-2009 because of availability of approval data. Coefficients are exponentiated
coefficients of the hazard ratio using the Weibull distribution. Dependent variable: total time (in days) from when the
story broke to when the scandal ended. Failure means the resolution to the scandal ended in resignation, firing or
removal from office. The standard errors are robust standard errors, clustered by each scandal. *** indicates statistical
significance at p<.01. ** p<.05. * p<.10. Robust standard errors in parentheses.
19
APPENDIX TABLE 4
Weibull Parameterized Governor Scandals Duration Models
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
Model 5
President
.114 **
(.110)
.112 **
(.101)
.122 ***
(.108)
.122 ***
(.108)
.122 **
(.110)
Personal Scandal
2.11 *
(.966)
2.73 **
(1.14)
3.67 ***
(1.60)
3.67 ***
(1.60)
3.19 **
(1.37)
Financial Scandal
1.57 *
(.408)
1.94 **
(.538)
1.78 **
(.490)
1.78 **
(.490)
1.76 **
(.491)
Second Term
1.77 **
(.467)
1.56
(.378)
1.58
(.442)
1.58 *
(.442)
1.63 *
(.451)
GDP Change
1.05
(.100)
1.01
(.098)
1.00
(.094)
1.00
(.094)
1.03
(.095)
Personal Income Change
1.09
(.080)
1.11 *
(.100)
1.14 **
(.087)
1.14 **
(.087)
1.10
(.086)
Approval
.995
(.011)
__
__
__
__
President’s Partisans Senate
__
.936 ***
(.022)
__
__
__
President’s Partisans House
__
__
.989 **
(.004)
__
__
Opponent Average in
Congress
__
__
__
1.09 ***
(.039)
__
Divided
__
__
__
__
1.86 **
(.525)
119
67
-179.0
22.01 ***
93,187
119
67
-176.1
35.97 ***
93,187
119
67
-176.0
33.20 ***
93,187
119
67
-176.0
33.20 ***
93,187
119
67
-177.3
27.17 ***
93,187
N (Observations)
Number Failures
Log Pseudo Likelihood
Wald χ2
Time at Risk
NOTE: Coefficients are exponentiated coefficients of the hazard ratio. Dependent variable: total time (in
days) from when the story broke to when the scandal ended (parameterized with Weibull distrubtion).
Failure means the resolution to the scandal ended in resignation, firing or removal from office. The standard
errors are robust standard errors, clustered by each scandal. *** indicates statistical significance at p<.01. **
p<.05. * p<.10. Robust standard errors in parentheses.
20
APPENDIX TABLE 5
Significance Scandals
President
(NYT)
Governor
(NYT)
President
(Serious)
Governor
(Serious)
President / Governor
.123 **
(.104)
.360 **
(.166)
.129 **
(.110)
.120 ***
(.079)
Personal Scandal
1.86
(.916)
2.21
(1.78)
1.65 *
(.830)
4.21 **
(3.91)
Financial Scandal
1.62 **
(.446)
1.41
(.957)
1.45
(.396)
3.15 **
(2.29)
Second Term
1.67 **
(.471)
1.06
(.614)
1.87 **
(.547)
1.15
(.515)
GDP Change
1.06
(.096)
.807
(.119)
1.08
(.101)
.668
(.139)
New York Times Stories
1.00
(.001)
1.00
(.010)
__
__
__
__
.729
(.275)
4.56
(2.44)
118
67
-251.8
22.46 ***
66.6
.651
.302
30
21
-52.83
57.62 ***
10,362
.683
.367
119
67
-255.7
19.82 ***
67.0
.696
.393
30
21
-49.85
50.42 ***
10,445
.724
.448
Serious Charges
N (Observations)
Number Failures
Log Pseudo Likelihood
Wald χ2
Time at Risk
Harrell’s C
Somers’ D
NOTE: Coefficients are exponentiated coefficients of the hazard ratio. Dependent variable: total time (in
days) from when the story broke to when the scandal ended. Failure means the resolution to the scandal
ended in resignation, firing or removal from office. The standard errors are robust standard errors, clustered
by each scandal. *** indicates statistical significance at p<.01. ** p<.05. * p<.10. Robust standard errors in
parentheses.
21
Duration Selection Models
As noted in the text, there may be a selection effect at work in our data. Using the duration
model with selection developed by Boehmke (2005), we examine whether or not there is a significant
selection effect at work in the selection models in the text. This estimator allows the user to estimate
Weibull duration models accounting for potential non-ignorable selectivity using maximum likelihood
techniques. These models are analogous to Heckman models for OLS regression.
Specifically, this model uses the era of cable news (Cable) as the variable that records whether
an observation selects into the duration sample and whether the number of news media stories from
the Associated Press (Media Concern) was greater than its average number of stories for all stories in
the database (more than 160). The assumption underlying this model is that scandals are more likely
to emerge in the era of cable television, driven by specific attention the media pays to a specific
scandal in which they are more involved.
As the results in the following table (Appendix Table 6) reveal, the selection effects do not
improve the models from the text. The Wald χ2 suggests that the coefficients are not distinct from
zero. The selection variables are not significant in any of the models. Likewise, the coefficients
themselves for the selected variables (president involved, president’s partisans in the House and
Senate) are generally similar in sign and significance to those in the text but the significance is lower
(House, Senate) or lost (president). Finally, ρ is not significant in two of the three models,
demonstrating low correlations between the error terms (Boehmke, et al. 2006).
This mirrors Entman’s findings that the media are not found to be effective at maintaining or
ending scandal (Entman 2012).
22
APPENDIX TABLE 6
Duration Selection Models
Model 1
(President)
Selection
Model 2
(Senate)
Selection
Model 2
(House)
Selection
Duration
President
.048
(.341)
Senate Partisans
-.089 ***
(.029)
House Partisans
-.014 ***
(.004)
Constant
Media Concern
N (Observations)
Log Pseudo
Likelihood
Wald χ2
ρ
.116
(.272)
125
-508.3
.100
(.268)
125
-504.0
.18
.14
-.174 ***
-.107
.097
(.267)
125
-503.6
.13
-.097
NOTE: Coefficients are exponentiated coefficients of the hazard ratio using Bohemke (2005) Stata utility
dersel. Dependent variable: total time (in days) from when the story broke to when the scandal ended.
The standard errors are robust standard errors, clustered by each scandal. *** indicates statistical significance
at p<.01. ** p<.05. * p<.10. Robust standard errors in parentheses.
23
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
APPENDIX FIGURE 3
ACF: Major Speeches
0
5
10
Lag
Bartlett's formula for MA(q) 95% confidence bands
24
15
-0.50
0.00
0.50
APPENDIX FIGURE 4
ACF: Minor Speeches
0
5
10
Lag
Bartlett's formula for MA(q) 95% confidence bands
25
15
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
APPENDIX FIGURE 5
ACF: SOTU Policy Requests
0
5
10
Lag
Bartlett's formula for MA(q) 95% confidence bands
26
15
-0.50
0.00
0.50
APPENDIX FIGURE 5
ACF: Vetoes
0
5
10
Lag
Bartlett's formula for MA(q) 95% confidence bands
27
15
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
APPENDIX FIGURE 6
ACF: Press Conferences
0
5
10
Lag
Bartlett's formula for MA(q) 95% confidence bands
28
15
-0.50
0.00
0.50
APPENDIX FIGURE 7
ACF: Political Appearances
0
5
10
Lag
Bartlett's formula for MA(q) 95% confidence bands
29
15
-0.50
0.00
0.50
APPENDIX FIGURE 8
ACF: Determinations
0
5
10
Lag
Bartlett's formula for MA(q) 95% confidence bands
30
15
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
APPENDIX FIGURE 9
ACF: Total Unilateral Orders
0
5
10
Lag
Bartlett's formula for MA(q) 95% confidence bands
31
15
Trust in Government Scale
From the ANES website: “The Trust in Government Index is constructed as follows:
Variable 604 (Table 5A.1) is recoded: None of the Time=0, Some of the Time=33, Most of the
Time=67, Just About Always=100. Variable V605 (Table 5A.2) is recoded: Few Big Interests=0,
Benefit of All=100. Variable 606 (Table 5A.3) is recoded: A Lot=0, Some=50, Not Much=100.
Variable 608 (Table 5A.4) is recoded: Quite a Lot=0, Not Many=50, Hardly Any=100. These new
scores are then totaled (Don't Know is not scored) and the sum is divided by the number of valid
responses. The result is then rounded to the nearest integer. "People have (1958, 1964: I'd like to talk
about some of the) different ideas about the government in Washington. These ideas don't refer to
democrats or republicans in particular, but just to government in general. We want to see how you
feel about these ideas. V604: "How much of the time do you think you can trust the government in
Washington to do what is right-- just about always, most of the time or only some of the time?"
V605: "Would you say the government is pretty much run by a few big interests looking out for
themselves or that it is run for the benefit of all the people?" V606: "Do you think that people in the
government waste a lot of money we pay in taxes, waste some of it, or don't waste very much of it?"
V608: "Do you think that quite a few of the people running the government are (1958-1972: a little)
crooked, not very many are, or do you think hardly any of them are crooked (1958-1972: at all)?"”
32
APPEN DIX TABLE 10 ―Locations of Governor Executive Orders
State
Website
Alabama
http://www.archives.alabama.gov/executiveorders/search_Vsearchform.cfm
Colorado
http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/GovHickenlooper/CBON/1249674959203
Delaware
Idaho
Illinois
http://governor.delaware.gov/orders/index.shtml
http://gov.idaho.gov/mediacenter/execorders/
http://www2.illinois.gov/gov/pages/execorders.aspx
Indiana
Iowa
Maine
Maryland
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
http://www.in.gov/gov/2400.htm
http://www.statelibraryofiowa.org/services/collections/law-library/govexecorders
http://www.maine.gov/governor/lepage/issues/executive_orders-baldacci.shtml
http://www.governor.maryland.gov/documents.asp
http://www.sos.mo.gov/library/reference/orders/
http://governor.mt.gov/eo/2005.asp
Nebraska
North Dakota
Ohio (Need
password to
access)
http://nlc1.nlc.state.ne.us/docs/pilot/pubs/EOIndex.html
http://governor.nd.gov/media-center/executive-orders
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South
Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/executive_orders/
Wisconsin
Wyoming
http://proxy.ulib.csuohio.edu:2050/login?url=http://www.rotundacollection.com/DesktopDefault.a
spx
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/reports/executiveorders/execrpts.htm
http://www.tn.gov/sos/pub/execorders/index.htm
http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/EO/
http://www.governor.wa.gov/execorders/archive.asp
http://apps.sos.wv.gov/adlaw/executivejournal/searchexecutiveorders.aspx
http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/executive_orders
http://www-wsl.state.wy.us/sis/wydocs/execorders.html
33
Name
Alabama Department
of Archives and History
Colorado State
Archives
Delaware Public
Archives
Office of the Governor
Office of the Governor
Office of the Indiana
Secretary of State
State Library of Iowa
Office of the Governor
Secretary of State
Secretary of State
Secretary of State
Nebraska Library
Commission
Office of the Governor
Office of the Governor
Office of
Administration
Office of the Governor
Division of Publications
Library of Virginia
Office of the Governor
Secretary of State
Wisonsin Legislative
Documents
Wyoming State Library
APPENDIX TABLE 11
Governor Executive Action (Agenda), 1991-1999
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Education
Welfare &
Children
Health
Infrastructure
Tourism
Education
Welfare &
Children
Health
Infrastructure
Tourism
-.124 **
(.067)
-.086 **
(.044)
.096
(.095)
.032
(.129)
.357 *
(.205)
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
-.095
(.125)
-.122
(087)
.124
(.196)
.128
(.246)
.624 **
(.321)
Divided Government
.063
(.088)
.050
(.057)
-.024
(.144)
.017
(.170)
.104
(.328)
.065
(.089)
.046
(.057)
-.020
(.145)
.021
(.170)
.104
(.330)
Governor’s
Institutional Power
-.185
(.121)
.174
(.086)
.288
(205)
.176
(.218)
.141
(.431)
-.167
(.123)
.183 **
(.086)
.279
(.204)
.182
(.218)
.104
(.431)
Election Year
.175 **
(.081)
-.043
(.055)
-.102
(.144)
-.114
(.184)
-.075
(.345)
.165
(.081)
-.053
(.055)
-.082
(.143)
-.107
(.183)
-.047
(.347)
Governor’s Past Win
Percentage
.008
(.005)
.002
(.003)
.018
(.009)
-.004
(.010)
.032
(.021)
.009
(.005)
.002
(.003)
.017 **
(.009)
-.005
(.010)
.028
(.021)
After First Term
-.137
(.093)
-.056
(.061)
.074
(.154)
.379 **
(.184)
-.545
(.362)
-.150
(.093)
-.065
(.061)
.086
(.153)
.381
(.184)
.028
(.021)
State Revenue
-5.81
(5.77)
-1.48
(3.98)
1.38
(.909)
-1.73
(1.14)
-5.07 **
(2.69)
-5.98
(5.93)
-2.02
(4.06)
1.44
(.909)
7.10
(1.15)
-4.25 *
(2.70)
State Employees
1.99
(1.81)
2.44
(.126)
-3.91
(2.97)
-1.20
(3.49)
9.90
(6.85)
1.87
(1.83)
2.95
(1.28)
-3.98
(2.98)
-1.38
(3.51)
7.78
(6.96)
-.015 ***
(.005)
-.005
(.003)
-.007
(.009)
-.015 *
(.009)
-.043 *
(.018)
-.015
(.005)
-.005
(.003)
-.007
(.008)
-.015
(.009)
-.043 *
(.017)
Governors’ Staff
Count
.000
(.001)
-.000
(.001)
.001
(.001)
.000
(.002)
.002
(.003)
.000
(.001)
-.003
(.009)
.001
(.001)
.000
(.002)
.002
(.003)
N (years)
Groups
Wald χ2
Log Likelihood
309
46
31.18 ***
-629.7
309
46
12.3 *
-704.6
309
46
16.57 *
-370.9
309
46
10.4
-315.7
309
46
17.2 **
-132.0
309
46
27.43 ***
-631.2
309
46
10.31
-705.6
309
46
16.12 *
-371.2
309
46
10.64
-315.6
309
46
19.71 **
-131.7
Total Scandals
Governor Scandals
Governors’ Cabinet
Count
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: Dependent variable: counts of mentions of various topics in State of the State Addresses, 1991 to 1999 (see DiLeo 2001). *** indicates
statistical significance at p<.01 ** p<.05. * p<.10. These series are count data set by year and by state.
34
APPENDIX TABLE 12
Governor Post-Scandal Executive Agenda, 2001-2005
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Law &
Order
Law &
Order
Morals
Morals
-.001
(.003)
__
-.002
(.002)
__
__
.009 *
(.007)
__
-.008 *
(.005)
Divided Government
.013
(.006)
.012 **
(.005)
-.004
(.004)
-.003
(.004)
Governor’s Institutional Power
.018
(.009)
.017 **
(.009)
.002
(.007)
.003
(.007)
Election Year
-.001
(.004)
-.001
(.004)
-.005
(.040)
-.008
(.030)
Governor’s Past Win
Percentage
-.000
(.000)
-.000
(.000)
-.007
(.030)
-.001
(.003)
After First Term
-.012
(.005)
-.012 **
(.005)
.008 **
(.004)
.008
(.004)
State Revenue
-4.01
(2.33)
-4.47 **
(2.34)
3.68 **
(1.89)
3.92
(1.90)
State Employees
1.78
(2.46)
2.08
(2.45)
-3.78 **
(1.99)
-3.91
(1.99)
Governors’ Cabinet Count
-.003
(.002)
.004
(.027)
.007
(.020)
.006
(.020)
Governors’ Staff Count
.000
(.000)
.006
(.007)
.008
(.006)
.008
(.006)
N (years)
Groups
R2 (within / between)
F (Prob > F)
ρ
244
49
.10 / .02
2.75 ***
.736
244
49
.10 / .03
2.70 ***
.736
244
49
.09 / .001
2.99 ***
.631
244
49
.10 / .001
3.06 ***
.632
Scandals
Governor Scandals
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: Dependent variable: counts of mentions of various topics in State of the State Addresses, 2001 to
2005 (see Coffey 2005). *** indicates statistical significance at p<.01 ** p<.05. * p<.10. These series are
count data set by year and by state.
35
APPENDIX TABLE 13
Hearings
_____________________________________________________________________________________
All
Executive
Hearings
All
Executive
Hearings
All
Executive
Hearings
Investigatory
Hearings
Investigatory
Hearings
Investigatory
Hearings
-.006
(.005)
__
__
.055 ***
(.020)
__
__
President Scandals (lagged)
__
-.026
(.028)
__
__
.319 **
(.133)
__
Lower Executive Scandals
(lagged)
__
__
-.004
(.006)
__
__
.055 ***
(.022)
-.052
(.074)
-.012
(.081)
-.053
(.076)
-.491
(.427)
-1.00
(.483)
-.399
(.433)
President’s Party (House)
-.001 **
(.000)
-.001
(.001)
-.001 *
(.000)
-.003
(.004)
-.012
(.005)
-.002
(.004)
President’s Party Unity
(House)
-1.63 ***
(.271)
-1.54 ***
(.275)
-1.63 ***
(.280)
-13.3 ***
(1.37)
-14.9 ***
(1.56)
-12.8 ***
(1.39)
Second Half
-.045
(.039)
-.049
(.040)
-.043
(.040)
-.267
(.174)
-.239
(.170)
-.264
(.175)
Election Year
-.231 ***
(.038)
-.234 ***
(.039)
-.223 ***
(.037)
-.274 *
(.157)
-.185
(.169)
-.320 *
(.155)
Honeymoon Year
.007
(.061)
.002
(.063)
.016
(.061)
-.554 *
(.276)
-.427
(.275)
-.574 *
(.277)
Average Popularity
-.004
(.001)
-.003
(.001)
-.003
(.001)
-.002
(.009)
-.010
(.009)
-.002
(.009)
36
48.11 ***
-211.6
.102
211.6 ***
36
47.48 ***
-211.9
.100
204.6 ***
36
47.11 ***
-212.1
.100
206.9 ***
36
151.3 ***
-70.5
.517
.000
36
149.9 ***
-71.2
.517
.001
36
150.0 ***
-71.1
.513
.000
Total Scandals (lagged)
Divided
N (years)
LR χ2
Log Likelihood
Psuedo R2
Likelihood-Ratio test
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: Dependent variable: count model (by year) of hearings. Model is a negative binomial count model
for all executive hearings. Investigatory hearings used from Kriner and Schickler (2014). *** indicates
statistical significance at p<.01 ** p<.05. * p<.10.
36