American Civil Rights Movement
1950s & 1960s
US History
Who was Linda Brown?
• Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka,
Kansas) 1954
– Facts
• Linda Brown = 8 year old African American student
• Nearest elementary school = 4 blocks from the
Brown home (all white)
• Linda Brown’s school (all black) = 21 blocks from
the Brown home
• NAACP sues Bd of Education challenging the
separate but equal
Brown v. Board of Ed
• Supreme Court orders desegregation be
implemented with all ‘possible’ speed
BECAUSE:
• “Separate but equal inherently unequal”
The Civil Rights Movement
True or False?
True or False?
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
True
True
True
False – there were more than 30 sit ins in 7
states within a month
5. False – children as young as 6 were arrested
6. False – over 250,000 people traveled to
Washington, D.C.
7. False – over 30 homes were firebombed, 80
demonstrators beaten and 3 killed
Historical Background
1. Slavery
–
–
Property vs. Human beings
Slave codes
•
No education, marriage, separate church, freedom
of movement
2. Legal and Social Segregation
–
Jim Crow laws – legal separation
•
Plessy v. Ferguson – Supreme Court upholds
separate but equal facilities or services is protected
by the Constitution
Historical Background
2. Legal and Social Segregation (continued)
–
–
–
Limit voting rights, property rights (Poll tax, literacy
test, grandfather clause)
Limit economic opportunity
Maintain status quo through violence (KKK,
lynching) or laws
3. Economic and Social Competition
•
•
•
Jobs
Housing
Education
Methods to Maintain Segregation
and the Status Quo
Early Civil Rights Actions
Early Actions
• 1948 – President Truman orders the
desegregation of the Armed Forces
– First large scale desegregation effort
Playing for the Dodgers
Branch Rickey, president and General
Manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, noticed
Robinson’s exceptional talent.
In 1946 Branch Rickey signed Jackie
Robinson.
Jackie Robinson, at the age of 27, became
the first Black Baseball player in Major
League history. He played his first game on
April 15th 1947. (64 years ago)
Jackie and Civil Rights
Jackie Robinson’s Actions affected the world far
beyond Major League Baseball.
His courage and discipline in standing up against
racism were a preview of the actions taken by many
members of the Civil Rights Movement.
The success of the Jackie Robinson experiment was a
testament to fact that integration could exist.
Segregated City Bus - 1956
Events Leading Up To Rosa
Parks Arrest
In the South, Jim Crow laws segregated African
American’s and whites in almost every aspect of life.
– This included a seating policy on buses. White’s
sat in the front, Blacks sat in the back.
– Buses also drove White students to school.
Black students were forced to walk.
Rosa Parks was an active member of The Civil
Rights Movement and joined the Montgomery
chapter of NAACP (National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People) in 1943.
African Americans made up 75% of the passengers
in the Bus system but still had to deal with unfair
rules.
The Arrest
On December 1, 1955 Rosa
Parks refused to give up her
seat to a White man on a
bus.
Parks was arrested and
charged with the violation of
a segregation law in The
Montgomery City Code.
50 African American leaders
in the community met to
discuss what to do about
Rosa’s arrest.
“People always say that I
didn't give up my seat because
I was tired, but that isn't true.
I was not tired physically, or
no more tired than I usually
was at the end of a working
day. I was not old, although
some people have an image of
me as being old then. I was
forty-two. No, the only tired I
was, was tired of giving in.” Rosa Parks Autobiography
Montgomery Bus Boycott
On December 5, 1955,
African Americans in
Montgomery began to
boycott the busses.
40,000 Black
commuters walked to
work, some as far as
twenty miles.
The boycott lasted 382
days.
The boycott ended
after the Supreme
Court ruled the law
unconstitutional.
King Becomes a National Figure
• His start as a Civil
Rights leader came
during the
Montgomery Bus
Boycott.
• Southern Christian
Leadership Conference
(SCLC)
– Civil Rights group
organized by King
– Included over 100
African-American
ministers
Montgomery, Alabama
• Martin Luther King Jr.
• Studied tactics of
Thoreau, Gandhi, and
others
• Preached about soul
force—non-violent
resistance
• “We will not hate you,
but we cannot . . . obey
your unjust laws”
• NONVIOLENCE IS
THE KEY TO
CHANGE!!!
Non-Violent Tactics
• Boycott
• Refusing to buy a good or service
• Sit-in
• Sitting in segregated areas and
refusing to move
• March
• Marching with a large group to
draw attention to a cause
Civil Disobedience
• In 1957 King helped found the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC).
 A group that used the authority and
power of Black churches to organize
non-violent protest to support the
Civil Rights Movement.
 The civil disobedience led to media
coverage of the daily inequalities
suffered by Southern Blacks.
 The televised violence led to mass
public sympathy. The Civil Rights
Movement became the most
important political topic during the
early 60’s.
Important Court Victories
• Desegregated interstate buses
• Desegregated law schools
• Desegregated graduate schools
Little Rock High School 1957
Little Rock, Arkansas—1957
• Nine African-American students were to
integrate Central High School
• Governor ordered Arkansas National Guard
to turn the students away
• Federal judge ordered the governor to allow
the students entry
• Governor refused—African-American
students were turned away
Little Rock, Arkansas—1957
• Eisenhower responds
• Put 1,000 paratroopers in
Little Rock
• Stationed in the High
School—escorted
students to class,
maintained order
U-46 Schools
• Try to guess the % by race / group for the
five U-46 high schools:
–
–
–
–
White
Hispanic
Black
Asian
The Movement Grows
• Student Non-violent
Coordinating Committee
(SNCC)
• Group of AfricanAmerican college students
in North Carolina
In the summers and over school-holidays volunteers came south
to join the fight for freedom and justice.
Most — but certainly not all — were college students or recent
grads.
Most — but certainly not all — were from the North.
Most — but certainly not all — were white.
Most returned to their campuses and jobs, but some stayed on as
full time freedom fighters.
Greensboro, North Carolina
• SNCC used sit-ins to protest segregated
lunch counters
• Media coverage showed racism to the entire
country
Separate Everything
Colored Fountain
Lunch Counter Sit-in 1960
Notice the
arm band?
Success!
• By 1960, 48 cities had desegregated lunch
counters
Freedom Riders
• Wanted to test enforcement of Supreme
Courts decision to desegregate interstate
buses.
• Blacks and Whites rode through the South
Freedom Riders
• Peck (a civil rights activist) rode on Bus One. At
the Alabama state line, a half dozen white racists
got on the bus, carrying chains, brass knuckles,
and pistols. They yanked the young AfricanAmerican riders from their seats and shoved
them into the aisle. Peck and a 60-year-old
white freedom rider tried to intervene. The
thugs knocked Peck unconscious and kicked the
old man repeatedly in the head until his brain
hemorrhaged.
Freedom Riders
• When Bus One got to Birmingham,
Alabama, a mob was waiting at the bus
terminal, many holding iron bars and pipes.
As they entered the white waiting room,
they were dragged into the alley and beaten
with the pipes. Peck was again knocked
unconscious, this time he needed 53 stitches
in his head and face.
Getting Ready to Meet the Bus!!
Name the gender?
Freedom Riders
• In Anniston, Alabama, 200 whites attacked Bus
Two and slashed its tires. Six miles out of
town, the bus was crippled. The mob
barricaded the door, smashed a window, and
tossed a fire bomb into the bus. The freedom
riders were barely able to force the door open
and escape before the bus exploded.
Freedom Riders
• Another group of freedom riders rode from
Tennessee into Alabama. When they reached
Birmingham, the Police Chief had them pulled
off the bus, beaten and driven back to Tennessee.
The freedom riders returned to Birmingham.
When they proceeded to Montgomery, a white
mob had formed and no police were present.
The freedom riders were again beaten. John F.
Kennedy finally sent 400 U. S. Marshals to
protect the riders as they continued to
Mississippi
Ole Miss
• James Meredith won a court case that would
make him the first African-American
student at the University of Mississippi.
Ole Miss
• Federal Marshals escorted Meredith to
register
• Riots ensued – 2 dead, 200 arrested, 5000
soldiers needed to stop the rioters
• 1966 Meredith was shot during a freedom
march in Mississippi – he survived
Ole Miss
• Mascot – Rebels
• Symbol – Confederate
Flag
No Segregation!!
Hotel owner pouring
muratic acid in his pool
Police ‘escorting’ swimmers from
a white only beach
Jackson, Mississippi – 1963
• Civil Rights activist Medgar Evers was
killed in his driveway
• The killer, Byron de la Beckwith was
released after two trials (hung jury)
Birmingham, Alabama – 1963
•
•
•
•
Demonstrations to protest segregation
King was arrested – released
Children’s March- 959 were arrested
2nd Children’s March – police used fire
hoses, attack dogs against the marchers
• Finally, negative media attention, boycotts,
and protests led to desegregation
March on Washington 1963
Washington, D. C. – 1963
• March organized to persuade Congress to
pass Civil Rights Bill
• 250,000 met to hear speeches, music
• “I Have a Dream” speech – Martin Luther
King, Jr.
• After Kennedy was shot, Civil Rights Act of
1964 passed – ending segregation in Public
places (schools, restaurants, etc.)
March On Washington
•
More than 200,000 Black and White
Americans celebrated in a joyous day of
song, prayer and speeches.
•
The march was lead by a group of
important clergy, civil rights leaders, and
politicians.
•
Martin Luther King’s “I Have A Dream”
speech was the climax of the day.
I Have A Dream Speech
•
•
•
In a powerful speech, Martin
Luther King Jr. stated
eloquently that he desired a
world where Black and Whites
could coexist equally.
King’s speech was a rhetoric
example of the Black Baptist
sermon style.
The speech used The Bible, The
Declaration of Independence,
The United States Constitution
and The Emancipation
Proclamation as sources.
I Have A Dream Speech
•
The powerful words of Martin Luther King Jr.
 “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out
the true meaning of its creed: - 'We hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal.’”
 “I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state
sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of
oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and
justice.”
 “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a
nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin
but by the content of their character.”
 “Black men and White men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and
Catholics - will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the
old Negro spiritual: "Free at last! Free at last! Thank God
Almighty, we are free at last!"
Mississippi – 1964
• Freedom Summer – 1000 college students
went to Mississippi to register AfricanAmericans voters
• Met violent resistance—4 dead many
wounded, churches and businesses burned
Mississippi Burning
Selma, Alabama – 1965
• Voter registration drive – 2,000 AfricanAmericans arrested, police beatings
• Police killed a demonstrator
• King announced a protest March from Selma to
Montgomery
• State police beat marchers, used tear gas
• Federal government stepped in protected
marchers
• 25,000 marchers reached Selma
Selma, Alabama – 1965
• Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed—
eliminated the literacy test
• Allowed federal government to enroll
voters who were denied suffrage
• Twenty-Fourth Amendment—
eliminated the poll tax
Waiting to Vote 1966
Changes in Philosophy
What was
the goal?
What was
the strategy?
Changes in Philosophy
What was the goal?
What was the strategy?
Black Power
• Slogan coined by Stokely Carmichael (SNCC)
• African-Americans should separate from whites,
define their own goals, and lead their own
organizations
• Signaled a shift away from non-violent
resistance
Black Power
Mexico City, 1968
Black Panther Party
•
•
•
•
U.S. African American Militant group.
Founded in 1966 in Oakland.
Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.
Believed violent revolution was the only way to
receive freedom.
• Urged African Americans to arm themselves.
Black Panthers
• Sold copies of Mao Zedong’s Little Red
Book to raise money so they could purchase
shotguns
• Attended protests and rallies with shotguns
and law books!
Black Panthers
• Black Power
• Black Militancy—suggested armed revolt
– “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun”
• Communist
• Got into shootouts with police
Black Panthers
• Started free daycare and free breakfast
program in urban ghetto
• Made them popular in Northern cities
Black Panthers
Black Panthers
Black Panthers
• J. Edgar Hoover (head of the F. B. I.)
declares that the Black Panthers were the
"greatest threat to the internal security of the
country."
Black Panthers
• Begin to unravel
• Leaders are sent to jail, flee the country,
killed by police
Malcolm X
X His father was killed by White Supremacist in Michigan,
in 1931.
X After time, Malcolm moved to Harlem where he became
involved in gambling, drug dealing and robbery.
X Malcolm was arrested at the age of 20 for armed robbery.
In jail he studied the teaching of Elijah Muhammad.
Elijah Muhammad
X Elijah Muhammad was the leader of the
mostly Black political and religious
group, The Nation Of Islam.
 His teachings, often perceived as
racist, preached complete
separation from Whites in society.
 He often expressed the idea the
Blacks were the first people to rule
the world and that the Whites
tricked them out of power and
oppressed them.
 Young Malcolm X developed his
adept speaking skills and political
ideas under the direction of Elijah
Muhammad.
Nation Of Islam
X The Nation Of Islam
(NOI) was an activist
group that believed that
most African slaves
were originally Muslim.
X The NOI urged African
Americans to reconvert
to Islam in effort to
restore the heritage that was stolen from them.
X The NOI wanted to create a second Black
nation within the United States.
X The “X” in Malcolm’s name symbolizes the
rejection of his slave name.
Malcolm X: The Activist
X Malcolm X made constant
accusations of racism and
demanded violent actions of
self defense.
X He constantly retold the
injustices his people
suffered in the past.
X Malcolm X gathered wide
spread admiration from
African American’s and
wide spread fear from
Whites.
Malcolm X Speaks, 1965
X “Be peaceful, be courteous,
obey the law, respect everyone;
but if someone puts his hand
on you, send him to the
cemetery.”
X “Nobody can give you
freedom. Nobody can give you
equality or justice or anything.
If you're a man, you take it.”
X “You can't separate peace
from freedom because no one
can be at peace unless he has
his freedom.”
Malcolm X Quotes (On King)
X He got the peace prize, we got the problem.... If I'm
following a general, and he's leading me into a
battle, and the enemy tends to give him rewards, or
awards, I get suspicious of him. Especially if he
gets a peace award before the war is over.
X I'll say nothing against him. At one time the whites
in the United States called him a racist, and
extremist, and a Communist. Then the Black
Muslims came along and the whites thanked the
Lord for Martin Luther King.
X I want Dr. King to know that I didn't come to
Selma to make his job difficult. I really did come
thinking I could make it easier. If the white people
realize what the alternative is, perhaps they will be
more willing to hear Dr. King.
X Dr. King wants the same thing I want -- freedom!
End of X
• After a pilgrimage to Mecca X changed his
philosophy to promote change without
violence (if possible) and equality of races
• Assassinated 1965 – allegedly by members
of the Nation of Islam – unsolved today!
Last Testament?
• "Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some
difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now.
Because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind.
Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has
its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want
to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the
mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised
land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know
tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land.
And I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything.
I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of
the coming of the Lord."
•
— The final words from Martin Luther King's last speech, given in Memphis
Tennessee the night before he was assassinated on April 4, 1968
Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Assassinated in
April, 1968
James Earl Ray
Died 1998
Conspiracy Theory??
• A racist petty criminal looking to make a name for himself
stalks a well-protected black civil rights leader and finally
slays him, then manages to make an almost-clean getaway
– but not before dropping the murder weapon (with prints)
and his personal radio with his prison ID engraved on it.
• It’s almost too perfect because nobody would be that
stupid. It must be a CIA-FBI-White House plot. Has to be.
There is no way that James Earl Ray, the high-school
dropout, Army throw-away, petty thief could stalk Dr.
Martin Luther King Jr., kill the most influential civil rights
leader of the era and evade an international manhunt for
more than two months, only to be busted by Scotland Yard
going through a customs checkpoint he wasn’t supposed to
be at.
Violence Erupts
• 125 cities experience rioting
Watts
Detroit
Washington, D. C.
Kerner Commission
• Appointed by President Johnson after urban
riots
• Decides that the main cause of urban
violence is white racism
Civil Rights Act of 1968
• Banned segregation in housing (this wasn’t
included in the 1964 Act)
De Jure Segregation
• Defined as: segregation that is imposed by
law
– Outlawed by Civil Rights Acts, Voting Rights
Act, and amendments
• Different from de facto = segregation
imposed by practice or choice