General Biology – Unit 2 Review
Mary Stangler Center for Academic Success
This review is meant to highlight basic concepts from unit 2 (cells, membranes, energy/enzymes). It does not cover all concepts
presented by your instructor. Refer back to your notes, unit objectives, labs, handouts, etc. to further prepare for your exam.
A: Cell Theory and Prokaryotic Cells Lesson
1. What are the 3 components of the cell theory?
2. Name the scientists who contributed to the development of the cell theory.
3. Make a table below in order to classify the following criteria with the correct basic cell type, either
prokaryote or eukaryote.
All have a cell wall, Only plants/fungi/some protists have cell wall, Membrane bound organelles, No
membrane bound organelles, No nucleus, Nucleus, Simple cells, Specialized cells, Unicellular,
Unicellular/multicellular
Prokaryote
eukaryote
4. The following is an example of an organism, is it prokaryote or eukaryote? A unicellular organism has a
flagellum and peptidoglycan in the cell wall.
5. What do prokaryotes have in place of a true nucleus?
6. Even though prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles they do have this important
organelle for synthesizing proteins. ________________________________
7. Explain the function of each cell part for a bacterial cell.
Capsule Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosome Nucleoid Pili Flagella –
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8. If a bacterium has a thick peptidoglycan wall will it stain purple or red when using a Gram stain
technique? Is this considered Gram positive or Gram negative?
9. What are the 3 main shapes of prokaryotic cells?
B: Eukaryotic Cells Lesson
10. Describe the structure and function for each part of the eukaryotic cell.
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosome
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Vesicle
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton
Microtubule
Actin filaments
Intermediate filament
Cell wall
Nuclear envelope
Vacuole
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11. Label the parts of a plant cell (A) and animal cell (B) .
A: Plant Cell
B: Animal Cell:
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12. Make a table below in order to classify the following criteria with the correct kingdom of eukaryotes,
either animal or plants.
Cell wall, Cellulose, Centrioles, Chloroplasts, No cell wall, No cellulose, No centrioles, No chloroplasts,
Small or no vacuole, Vacuole
Animal
Plant
C: Cell Membrane Lesson
13. Name the basic components that make up a cell membrane.
14. Define the components of a phospholipid (chapter 3).
15. Discuss the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic and how these terms relate to how a
phospholipid bilayer forms to make a cell membrane.
16. Discuss the following functions of membrane proteins.
Channel proteins Carrier proteins Cell recognition proteins Receptor protein Enzymatic protein Junction proteins 17. Explain the difference between integral and peripheral membrane proteins.
18. Why is membrane transport important to a cell?
19. What is the one major difference between passive and active transport?
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20. What is meant by a concentration gradient?
21. Make a table below in order to classify the following forms of membrane transport as either passive or
active transport.
Bulk transport, Carrier proteins, Diffusion, Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Facilitated diffusion, Phagocytosis,
pinocytosis, Protein pumps
Passive transport
Active transport
22. Which general form of transport causes a net movement of molecules from a low concentration to a
high concentration (uphill)?
23. Define
Isotonic –
Hypertonic –
Hypotonic –
If a cell shrinks (crenates) when placed in a solution what can be said about the tonicity of the cell and
the solution? Explain
24. Match the following scenarios with the correct transport system.
a. 3 sodium ions move from an area of low
concentration across the membrane to an area
of high concentration.
b. A special form of diffusion that only involves
water.
c. Oxygen molecules pass from an area of high
concentration through cell membranes in the
lung to reach the bloodstream where oxygen
concentration is low
d. Process by which the cell membrane envelops
food/liquid to bring it into the cell.
e. Process by which vesicles carrying waste fuse
with the cell membrane to remove it from the
cell.
f. Sodium can’t easily pass the bilayer so they
flow from an area of high concentration in the
extracellular fluid through a channel to an area
of lower concentration in the cytoplasm
______ Diffusion
______ Facilitated diffusion
______ Osmosis
______ Protein pump/carrier protein
______ Endocytosis
______ Exocytosis
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25. A container has a semi-permeable membrane dividing it into 2 compartments. 10 mL of a 10% NaCl
solution is poured into side A and 10 mL of a 20% NaCl solution is poured into side B. Compare the
volumes of each side if left to rest for a period of time. Will the volumes on each stay the same or
change? Why does this happen?
D: Energy and Enzymes Lesson
26. Define the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics and give an example of how each relates to living
systems.
27. Describe the difference between an endergonic and exergonic reaction.
28. Define kinetic and potential energy and how they relate to the 1 st Law of Thermodynamics.
29. What is the term for “extra” energy needed to get a chemical reaction started?
30. What substances enhance chemical reactions by lowering activation energy?
31. When chemical bonds are broken, energy is released, is this an exergonic or endergonic reaction?
32. When chemical bonds are built, energy is required, is this an exergonic or endergonic reaction?
33. Define substrate and active site. Describe how they interact to catalyze reactions.
34. Describe the structure and function of ATP.
35. Describe the ATP cycle.
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