Lecture Overview
• Theories & Concepts of
Motivation
• Motivation & the brain
• Theories & Concepts of
Emotion
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Theories & Concepts of Motivation:
Important Definitions
• Motivation: set of factors that activate,
direct, & maintain behavior, usually
toward some goal
• Emotion: subjective feeling including
arousal, cognitions, & expressions
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Theories & Concepts of Emotion
• Three Components of
Emotions
1. Physiological-arousal comes from
brain (particularly
the limbic system)
& autonomic nervous
system
(ANS)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Theories & Concepts of Emotion
• Research Highlight
• Mirror Neurons: brain cells that
fire both when performing specific
actions and when observing specific
actions or emotions of another; this
“mirroring” may explain empathy,
imitation, language, etc.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Physiological Component & the
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Theories & Concepts of Emotion
•
Three Components of Emotion (Continued)
2. Cognitive--thoughts, values,
expectations
3. Behavioral--expressions,
body positions
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
&
gestures, &
• Can you identify the social smile vs. the genuine,
“Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles
around both the eyes & cheeks. (Duchenne was a
19th C. neurologist who studied emotions & muscles.)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Theories & Concepts of Emotion-- Four
Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange: subjective experience of
emotion follows bodily arousal
• Cannon-Bard: arousal & emotion occur
simultaneously
• Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit
arousal & specific emotions
• Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal & label (or
interpretation) produce emotion
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Culture, Evolution, & Emotion
• Cultural similarities & differences: 7
to 10 culturally universal emotions,
but each culture has its own display
rules governing how, when, & where
to express emotions
• Role of evolution: strong
biological, evolutionary basis for
emotional expression & decoding
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Facing our Fears
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010