Design
Explain
LONGITUDINAL
Advantages,
disadvantages
-expensive
-time consuming
-sampling bias
+can trace unique
traits of an individual
over time
CROSS-SECTIONAL
-cohort effect hard to
measure (differences
due to the time group
was born)
+addresses most
problems with
longitudinal studies
COHORTSEQUENTIAL
Or LONGITUDINAL
SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
+able to measure
cohort-effect
-most expensive
-most time consuming
* These terms are almost always used for descriptive research (observational or correlational research)
Analyze the following and determine if they are correlational or experimental and
WHY. For those labeled correlational, identify the time frame used:
Longitudinal, Cross-sectional, or Cohort-Sequential.
1. Participants were asked to measure their steps over a month using an
electronic device. Those subjects who took more steps were associated with
better memory on a facial recognition task. This was true of participants age
55 and up, but not the younger ones ages 18-30.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/303183.php
________ Correlational
_________Experimental because….
2.
Elderly participants with mild cognitive impairments were randomly
assigned to one of two groups: a moderate exercise group (45-60 minutes
supervised by a trainer) or a stretching group. Pre and post MRI scans were taken
and after six months and participants were given a battery of cognitive
tests. Participants in the aerobic exercise group showed, in addition to higher
cognitive scores, faster walk times, and improved glucose tolerance. Aerobic
exercise also led to significant increases in blood flow to certain areas of the brain,
not when participants were exercising, but when they were at rest. This blood flow
is associated with better health and
activity. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/302306.php
________ Correlational
_________Experimental because….
3.
Over a 15-year period, 2,000 older Australians were observed. Researchers
took note of depressive symptoms as well as other life situations, like medical
conditions and physical impairments. As people aged (especially those nearing
death or experiencing chronic illness), more depressive symptoms were
noted. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/302655.php
________ Correlational
_________Experimental because….
4.
A new drug was tested on a group of aging mice. Three groups of “rapidly
aging” mice were used: A young set, an old one, and an old one that was fed the new
drug as they aged. The old mice that received the new drug performed better on
cognition/memory tests (e.g. a maze). The old mice with the new drug had
biological similarities to the young mice: They had increased metabolism and
reduced brain inflammation. Researchers believe this drug has anti-aging effects.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/302607.php
________ Correlational
_________Experimental because….
What does not belong?
First column only; Thanks Ms. Welle
Formal Operations
Sensorimotor
Preconventional
Concrete Operations
Conservation
Theory of mind
Animism
Egocentrism
Identity
Initiative
Industry
Isolation
Imprinting
Babinski
Moro
Rooting
Permissive
Assimilation
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Fetus
Teratogen
Embryo
Zygote
Lev Vygotsky
Erik Erikson
Jean Piaget
Lawrence Kohlberg
Authoritative
Strict rules
High expectations
High responsiveness
Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting
Contact Comfort
James Marcia – Identity
Foreclosure
Moratorium
Diffusion
Achievement
Negative identity
More Jean Piaget
Schema
Assimilate
Accommodation
Other teen concepts
Personal fable
Imaginary audience
Rites of passage
Emerging adulthood (Arnett-Jensen)
CONCEPT MAP DEVELOPMENT
PHYSICAL
COGNITIVE
Birth-2
S
2-7
P
7-11
C
11 and up
F
Early adult
(20-39)
Midlife
(40-59)
Old Age
(60 and up)
Psychologist
associated with
these theories
Other related
theories/people
MORAL
SOCIAL