Cleo, Hannah, Melissa, Sylvie
 Macduff attempts to convince Malcolm to go to war
against Macbeth. Malcolm doesn’t trust Macduff
and he tests Macduff’s loyalty with lies.

Malcolm: “ It’s myself I mean: in whom I know All the particulars of vice so
grafted, That, when they shall be open’d, black Macbeth Will seem as pure as
snow, and the poor state Esteem him as a lamb, being compared With my
confineless harms.” (IV, iii, 57-68)
 Macduff eventually shows his loyalty by crying “O
Scotland, Scotland!” for his grief. It leads Malcolm to
trust him and they become allies.
 Malcolm mentions that he will return with ten
thousand soldiers lent him by the English King.
 Later on, Ross arrives with the news of the deaths of
Macduff’s family. Macduff is devastated, and Malcolm
urges him to get angry and get revenge on Macbeth.
 Finally, Macduff and Malcolm decided to return to
Scotland and kill Macbeth.
 It introduces/develops major themes.
 Tyranny & Kingship
 Malcolm: “ It’s myself I mean: in whom I know All the particulars of vice
so grafted, That, when they shall be open’d, black Macbeth Will seem as
pure as snow, and the poor state Esteem him as a lamb, being compared
With my confineless harms.” (IV, iii, 57-68)
 On the other hand, he mentions “the king-becoming graces, as justice,
verity, temperance, stableness, bounty, perseverance, mercy, lowliness,
devotion, patience, courage, fortitude” (IV, iii, 103-106).
 Loyalty & Manhood
 … Macduff cried “ O Scotland, Scotland!” (IV, iii, 113) for his grief.
 …Malcolm: “Be this the whetstone of your sword: let grief convert to
anger; blunt not the heart, enrage it.” (IV, iii, 267-268)
 …Highlights Macduff’s sadness and Malcolm’s loyalty.
 Malcolm encourages Macduff to be manly and go
against Macbeth.
 It introduces/develops Malcolm’s role.
 Malcolm: “I pray you, let not my jealousies be your dishonors, be mine
own safeties. You may right just, whatever I shall think.” (IV, iii, 45-47)
 …Malcolm’s scared of Macduff.
 It shows Malcolm having a weak side to Macduff, and
Macduff having many different sides to him.
 …He’s a really clever man.
 It introduces/develops Macduff’s role.
 Macduff: “O, I could play the woman with mine eyes, and
braggart with my tongue!” (IV, iii, 268-269)
 …We can see his weak side that he never let anyone see
before.
 He’s a symbol of virtue V.S. Macbeth’s a symbol of evil.
 He becomes stronger because of Macbeth’s actions.
 It builds suspense and sets up a plot
development.
 Malcolm: “this tune goes manly. Come, go we to the king; our power is
ready; our lack is nothing but our leave. Macbeth is ripe for shaking, and
the powers above put on their instruments. Receive what cheer you may;
the night is long that never finds the day.” (IV, iii, 274-279)
 Malcolm and Macduff are ready to return Scotland and kill
Macbeth.
 Malcolm takes control.
 Macbeth will be killed by Macduff.
 It uses symbolism to introduce the theme of
tyranny and kingship.
 Macduff: “Bleed, bleed, poor country: great tyranny, lay thou thy basis
sure, for goodness dares not check thee: wear thou thy wrongs” (IV, iii,
36-42).
 Great tyranny: Macbeth
 Malcolm, he will not confront it…
 It uses imagery to introduce the theme of
loyalty and manhood.
 Malcolm: “Be this the whetstone of your sword: let grief convert to
anger; blunt not the heart, enrage it.” (IV, iii, 267-268)
 Whetstone – Macduff’s grief of his family and Scotland. –
his loyalty.
 …Personification - Macduff’s heart - Malcolm wants him to
be manly.
 It uses imagery to introduce Malcolm’s role.
 Malcolm: “To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb to
appease an angry god.” (IV, iii, 18-19)
 Lamb: himself
 Angry god: Macbeth
 Malcolm mentions that he’s weak, and he’s not able to have
a war against Macbeth…
 It uses a speech to introduce Macduff’s role.
 …Macduff: “O Scotland, Scotland!” ( IV, iii, 113)
 Turning point - Malcolm starts to trust Macduff.
 …It totally shows his loyalty to Scotland. Also, in
contrast with Macbeth, he’s a symbol of virtue.
 It uses foreshadowing to set up a plot
development.
 Malcolm: “this tune goes manly. Come, go we to the king; our power is
ready; our lack is nothing but our leave. Macbeth is ripe for shaking, and
the powers above put on their instruments. Receive what cheer you may;
the night is long that never finds the day.” (IV, iii, 274-279)
 It foreshadows the future of Scotland with Macbeth as the
King- long night.
 It also foreshadows the death of Macbeth at the hands of
Macduff.