Chapter 13
Motivating Performance
Applying Innovation
By David O’Sullivan and Lawrence Dooley
© Sage Publications 2008
13-1
Reflections
 What is a team, and how does it differ from an
organization or community?
 What can organizations do to create a successful
team environment?
 Name the four different types of teams that can be
used for managing projects.
 Explain the terms fully empowered and enabled in
regard to team members.
 List a number of ways in which creativity can be
improved in teams.
 What technologies can be used to support virtual
teams?
 What is a community of practice?
13-2
Activities
[Discussion of selected student
‘Activities’ from previous chapter]
13-3
Learning Targets
 Examine the role of motivation in influencing
individual behaviour
 Understand the difference between intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation
 Outline the process of linking individual performance
to organizational
 performance
 Describe a number of techniques for sharing rewards
with all team members
 Understand the performance appraisal technique
 Explain the training and development approach in
relation to motivation
 Design a simple performance appraisal system
13-4
Motivation
 Creativity: Expertise, Creative
Thinking and Motivation (Amabile,
1998)
 Maslow: self-fulfillment, ego or
esteem, social, safety, and
physiological needs.
 Theory x – authoritarian
 Theory Y – participative
 Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation
13-5
Intrinsic Motivation





From within the individual
The most powerful type of motivation
Inherent desire to perform better
Difficult to manage
Organizations need to hire self
motivated people, provide training
and opportunity and provide a
challenging work environment
13-6
Forces against Intrinsic Motivation
 People are often risk averse and tend to
remain within a certain comfort zone rather
than stretch beyond it.
 The intrinsic needs of the person and those
of the organization may not align.
 People need to fulfill all of Maslow’s needs,
and lower needs are not adequately met by
intrinsic motivation and instead require
extrinsic motivation.
13-7
Extrinsic Motivation
 From outside the individual
 Financial incentives, additional holidays,
etc.
 Useful up to a ‘saturation’ point beyond
which free time and self-development
become important
 Popular systems:
 Gain sharing
 Profit Sharing
 Performance Appraisal
13-8
Gain Sharing
 Group bonus scheme where entire
organisation benefits from improved
innovation
 Individual remuneration linked with
organisational performance
 Some individuals rewarded for little effort
 Based on an agreed formula:
 If labor costs are below 12% of sales then bonus
awarded amounting to 60% of difference
between actual costs and 12% target
13-9
Profit Sharing
 Bonuses based exclusively on profits.
 If profits increase then bonus
awarded on agreed formula
 Difficulty when profits are affected by
factors outside control of organization
 Changing share prices
 Currency fluxuations
 Materials costs
13-10
Benefits of Gainsharing
 Coordination, teamwork, and sharing of knowledge
increase.
 Social needs are recognized via participation and
mutual reinforcing of group behavior.
 Attention is focused on goals such as performance
indicators.
 Change due to technology, market, and new methods
gains acceptance.
 People demand better performance from each other.
 Innovation increases.
 Where unions are present, union–management
relations become more flexible.
13-11
Performance Appraisal
 Reward or recognition based on individual
performance
 Linking goals and actions to individuals
 i.e. individual responsible for particular goals or
contributing to particular ideas or projects
 Typical linkages around:




Objectives
Indicators
Skills – technical, personal and interpersonal
Ideas and Projects
13-12
Performance Appraisal - sample
13-13
Training and Development
 Individuals developed through job design,
task delegation, skills training and career
development
 Identification of skills available and required
 Identification of mechanisms for improving
skills
 E.g. courses, manuals, etc.
 Planning development of skills within
organisations through training plan
13-14
Summary
 Examine the role of motivation in influencing
individual behaviour
 Understand the difference between intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation
 Outline the process of linking individual performance
to organizational
 performance
 Describe a number of techniques for sharing rewards
with all team members
 Understand the performance appraisal technique
 Explain the training and development approach in
relation to motivation
 Design a simple performance appraisal system
13-15
Activities
13-16
Search Online
 http://mitworld.mit.edu/
 Why Bad Things Happen to Good
Technologies (John Sterman)
 Stuck: Why It’s So Hard to Do New
Things in Old Organizations (Rebecca
Henderson)
 Building Growth: Why Don’t We Use
What We Know (Rebecca Henderson)
13-17
Copyright
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these programs or from the use of the information
contained herein.
13-18