Oedipus Rex
by Sophocles
Sophocles
• 496 – 406 B. C.
• a playwright who lived
a long, comfortable,
happy life
• grew up in a wealthy
family in ATHENS,
GREECE
Sophocles
• his dramatic work
portrayed misery and
tragedy
• he also became a
distinguished public
official
Sophocles
• produced 123 plays
(only seven survive
today)
• the age of Sophocles in
Greece was a time
when anything seemed
possible through human
effort and reason
Sophocles
• toward the end of
Sophocles’ life,
Athens raged a war
against Sparta, their
bitter rivals
• there also was a
great plague in 430
B. C.
Sophocles
Sophocles’ surviving
plays (written
after 440 B.C.)
are deeply
troubling
Sophocles
These plays depict
characters caught up
in unsolvable dilemmas
that test their faith
in divine and human
justice
The Greek Theatres
Often located in or around sanctuaries to the god’s.
Parados:
extending
from the
orchestra
to each
side of the
theatron, 2
broad
aisles
where the
chorus
entered
and exited.
Proskenion: small platform errected to
give actors more visibility; separate
them fro chorus & orchestra
Skene:
rectangular
building with
3 doors in
front,
providing
backdrop for
the action of
the polay, as
well as an
arena where
actors
entered and
exited.
Orchestra- circular “dancing Place,” where the chorus performed.
Theatron: “seeing place,” where stone benches were constructed for the
audience to sit.
Important Definitions: Comedy
• Greeks and Romans confined the
word "comedy" to descriptions of
stage-plays with happy endings.
Aristotle, in the Poetics, states
that comedy originated in Phallic
songs and the light treatment of
the otherwise base and ugly. He
also adds that the origins of
comedy are obscure because it
was not treated seriously from its
Three Types of Comedy:
– Farce: a humorous play involving
characters in unlikely and ridiculous
situations
– Romantic: a popular genre that
depicts burgeoning romance in
humorous terms, and focuses on the
foibles of those who are falling in
love.
– Satirical: use ironic comedy to
portray persons or social institutions
as ridiculous or corrupt, thus
alienating their audience from the
Tragedy
• A drama or literary work in which the main
character is brought to ruin or suffers
extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence
of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability
to cope with unfavorable circumstances.
– Aristotelian- a great person who
receives a reversal of fortune.
– Hegelian- G.W.F Hegel, German
Philosopher
– Revenge
Critical Terms to Know:
• Anagnorisis- revelation or
recognition “knowing again,”
“knowing back.”
• Hamartia- “mistake” “error”
• Hubris- “excessive pride”
• Nemesis- “divine retribution”
• Peripateia-reversal of
circumstances, or turning point
• Catharsis- “purification”
Elements of Tragic Hero
•
•
•
•
A mighty figure
Suffers reversal of fortune
Endures uncommon suffering
Recognizes the consequences of
his actions
• Hero’s plight ennobles audience.
Role of the Chorus
• Characteristics
– Group of about 15 men
– Sang lyric poetry and danced to musical
accompaniment
– Were unpaid, drawn from the citizenry at
large
– Performing in the chorus was regarded as a
civic duty
– Were trained and costumed
– Wore the dress of the people they
represented and wore light masks.
Functions of the Greek Chorus
• Provided link from audience to
actors, responding to the play in a
manner the playwright hoped the
audience would respond.
• Provided tension release
• Reflected upon what has
happened, pondered what might
happen, asked questions
• At times advised central
characters
Greek Chorus Cont’d
• Often functioned as the
conscience of the people,
establishing an ethical perception
from which to view the action
• Helped to establish mood and to
heighten the dramatic moments
throughout movement and song.
• Added theatricality to
performance
• Helped establish important pacing of
the play, pointing moments at which the
audience should reflect upon what has
occurred and what must yet transpire
• Could be in the play or outside of it, by
either participating in the action of by
commenting on the action as an observer
• Separated scene of action from another
• Usually through a leader as
spokesperson, could interact with the
central characters.
OEDIPUS REX
INTRODUCTION
OEDIPUS REX
• one of the
world’s
greatest
tragedies
OEDIPUS REX
• a TRAGEDY is a serious
drama featuring a main
character who strives
to achieve something
and is ultimately
defeated!
OEDIPUS REX
• The main character’s
downfall is often due
to an inborn
character flaw or
weakness – the tragic
flaw.
OEDIPUS REX - Background
• During the early
years of the
Peloponnesian War,
when Oedipus Rex
was produced, Athens
suffered from
political instability
and devastating
plague.
OEDIPUS REX - Background
• Sophocles opens his
play with a
situation that the
people of Athens
could identify with:
a plague with no
end in sight!
Ancient Athens – 5th Century B. C.
OEDIPUS REX-Prologue
• The city of Thebes is
ravaged by plague
• Citizens beg King
Oedipus for help
OEDIPUS REX-Prologue
• Oedipus sends his
brother-in-law,
Creon, to the oracle
of Apollo at Delphi.
OEDIPUS REX-Prologue
• Creon returns and
announces that the
plague will end when the
Thebans punish the
murderer of the their
previous king, Laius.
OEDIPUS REX-Prologue
• Oedipus tries to take
the role of savior and
vows to do everything
in his power to
apprehend the
murderer and save his
people
OEDIPUS REX-Prologue
• Oedipus does not realize
that his vow will
relentlessly lead him to an
encounter with himself,
his past, and his darkest
secrets!!!
• . . . Read on to discover
the truth along with
Oedipus!
(THE END)
MAIN CHARACTERS
Teiresias
• blind prophet and
servant of Apollo
• reveals the reasons
for the devastation
and plague in Thebes
Teiresias
• one of the most
powerful characters in
the play
• tells Oedipus he will
become blind and poor
Jocasta
• the wife and mother of
Oedipus
• she tells Oedipus not to
trust in the oracles
• she tries to protect
Oedipus from the awful
truth
Jocasta
• she alternately
condemns and upholds
the authority of the
oracles as best suits the
direction of the
argument at the moment
Oedipus
• protagonist
• his name means
“swollen-foot”
• he inspires both pity
and fear
Oedipus
• a hereditary curse has
been placed on his family,
and he unknowingly has
fulfilled the terms of the
prophecy that he would kill
his father (Laius) and
marry his own mother
(Jocasta)
Oedipus
• when he curses the
murderer of Laius he is
cursing himself and
predicting his own exile
and consequent life of
“wretchedness.”
Oedipus
• he is wise, revered by
his subjects, and
dedicated to the
discovery of truth
• he wants to rid Thebes
of the plague, but fate
and the gods have other
things in store for him
Chorus of Theban Elders
• men of Thebes who honor
and respect the king and
the gods
• their odes reveal both a
strong attachment to the
king as well as grounding in
religious culture
Creon
• brother of Laius
• Oedipus feels threatened by
Creon and believes that he
covets the throne
• Creon defends himself saying
he has no desire to be king
and that Oedipus harms
himself in making such
accusations
Messenger
• tells Oedipus that King
Polybos of Corinth is dead
• Oedipus learns from the
messenger that Polybos was
not his father
• the messenger had been given
Oedipus as an infant by one
of Laius’ men
Shepherd of Laius
• reveals his information only after
Oedipus threatens his life
• admits to receiving the infant (he
gave to Polybos’ messenger) from
Laius and Jocasta
• Oedipus eventually realizes his
own identity and his crimes of
patricide and incest after hearing
the shepherd’s story
Second Messenger
• announces and describes
Jocasta’s suicide
• predicts future sorrows
for a people whose kings
descend from this
polluted line
The Chorus
• choral odes bring an
additional viewpoint to
the play
• offer a broader and
more socio-religious
perspective than those
offered by individual
characters
THEMES
• quest for identity and
truth
• nature of innocence and
guilt
• nature of moral
responsibility
Imagery
• references to light and
darkness to predict the
future
Example of Imagery
• The priest says at the
beginning: "All the
house of Kadmos is laid
waste; all emptied, and
all darkened”
Example of Imagery
• Oedipus promises
Creon: “Then once
more I must bring
what is dark to
light.”
Example of Foreshadowing
• Teiresias tells Oedipus
that it is he who is blind
• “But I say that you,
with both your eyes, are
blind. You cannot see
the wretchedness of
your life”
SUMMARY
• Oedipus Rex is the
story of a king of
Thebes upon whom a
hereditary curse is
placed and who
therefore has to suffer
the tragic consequences
of fate.
SUMMARY
• During the time of
plague, fires ,and other
forms of decimation,
Oedipus decides to take
action to restore life
and prosperity to his
kingdom.
SUMMARY
• Oedipus discovers,
through his quest for
truth, that his identity
is not what he thought.
• He learns he has killed
his father, married his
mother, and had
children with her.
SUMMARY
• Oedipus’ wife/mother –
Jocasta – kills herself
and Oedipus blinds
himself and goes into
exile
• Creon becomes King of
Thebes