Unit
14
The Jeaning of America
Carin Quinn
.
Lesson 1: Overview
 Pre-reading questions
 Background information
 Getting to know the new words
 Global understanding
.
Pre-reading Questions
 How many jeans do you have in your
wardrobe?
 Do you like blue jeans? Why/Why not?
 What do your think are the merits and
demerits of jeans?
 Do you know any famous
brand names of jeans?
.
Some Famous Designers
• COMMEdesGARCONS
• Calvin Klein
• LEVIS
• Wrangler
• DKNY
• FAIRWHALE
• Miss sixty
• Texwood
.
Types of Jeans
 Acid-wash jeans
 Double-kneed jeans
 Designer jeans
 Boot-cut jeans
.
Types of Jeans
 Acid-wash jeans
.
 Designer Jeans
Types of Jeans
Low rise
Overall
Bell-bottomed
Skinny
Flare
Slim fit
Cuffed →
.
Relax
Loose fit
Fashion Set
 Boot-cut
Jeans
 Teenage
wear
.
Categories of Fashion Design
 Haute couture: (French for “high-fashion”)
 Ready-to-wear: Ready-to-wear collections are
usually presented by fashion houses each
season during a period known as Fashion
Week.
 Mass market: The mass market caters for a
wide range of customers, producing ready-towear clothes in large quantities and standard
sizes.
.
Designing a Collection
 Planning a collection
 Predicting trends
 Choosing a theme
 Designing a garment
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
.
Men’s Day Wear
Women’s Evening Wear
Teenage Wear
Sportswear
Knitwear
Bridal Wear
Accessories
Let’s Try Fashion
Design!
 Group Work
– You are to design a
collection
– Choose a theme for
your collection
– Illustrate your design
in a fashion show
– Video record your
fashion show
.
Getting to know the new words
 Pronunciation check (page 199)
 Concept visualized
 Word classification
 Word derivation
 Word differentiation
.
Concept Visualized
 Loop
 Rivet
 Towrope
 Hook
.
Coupling
.
Concept Visualized
 Ditch: narrow channel
dug at the side of a road
or field
 Lode: <BrE> 排水道
；排水沟；矿脉
.
Concept Visualized
 Indigo
 Inseam
=inside leg
 Ore
.
Concept Visualized
 Dude Ranch: (in the western US) a cattle
ranch converted to a holiday centre for tourists
度假牧场（农场）
 Dude: (often as
a form of
address) a man;
a guy
.
Meaning & Use
 dude <AmE> <sl.>: a man
– He’s a real cool ~.
– Hey, ~, what’s up?
 ranch: a large farm
– He went to work on a ~.
 dude ranch: 度假农场
– We had an amazing holiday on the ~ ranch in
Texas.
.
Sundries: small articles of various types
.
Classification of Words
 People of a Certain Kind
– peddler <AmE> = pedlar <BrE> 小贩
– deadbeat <slang> 懒汉；二流子
– lumberjack = lumberman 伐木工
– proletariat 无产阶级；工人阶级
proletarian
<ant.> aristocrat/aristocracy
– bureaucrat 官僚（主义者） bureaucracy
<ant.> democrat
.
Classification of Words
 <adj.> sturdy; tough; stiff; manly
– Shoes are _______
stiff usually when they are
new.
– With his sturdy
________ legs he could keep
running for hours.
– Only ________
tough breeds of sheep can live in
the mountains.
– He looked so _________
manly in his uniform.
.
Classification of Words
 Nouns
Couplings are used to join the carriages of
 ___________
the train together. （挂钩）
gimmicks to sell our products.
 We don’t use _________
（噱头；花招）
 Items such as envelops, paper, and stamps
sundries
were lumped together in the bill as _________.
（杂项；杂物）
girth （围长）
 The tree is one meter in ______.
perimeter
.
Classification of Words
 Nouns
ditch along the sides of the
 The drainage _______
road has been covered.（沟、渠）
slit
 Light shone through a ______
under the door.
（切/裂口）
 The metal plates used in making ships used to
riveted together, but now they’re usually
be _______
welded.（铆接）
lode of uranium.
 They hit a rich ______
（排水道；矿脉）
.
Classification of Words
 Nouns
 The dog had been trained to jump through
hoop （环；大圈）
_______.
loop of rope around his arm. （环，
 He tied a ______
绳圈）
 I had a fish on the end of my
hook
_______.
（挂钩；吊钩）
.
Classification of Words
 Adjectives & Adverbs
ensuing battle.
 Thousands were killed in the ________
(=following)
 Thereafter
_________ we had no further communication
with them. (=afterwards)
 The town was built near a bridge on the River
hence
Cam; _________
the name Cambridge.
(=therefore)
.
Meaning & Use
 beckon: <v.> to call
– City life ~s many a country boy.
– The peddler ~ed me to follow him.
– An entire new era, the era of knowledge
economy, is ~ing us on.
– Coffee houses, fast-food joints, and every
kind of restaurant ~ed us to try every kind of
food.
.
Meaning & Use
 Pacify: <v.>
– He pacified his crying child with a bottle.
– In spite of my efforts to ~ it the baby
continued to cry.
– It was difficult for the police to ~ the angry
crowd.
– He tried to pacify his creditors by repaying
part of the money.
.
Meaning & Use
 Appropriate: <v.> 盗用；侵吞;拨（专款）
– He is suspected of appropriating
government funds.
– Congress ~d $5 million for International
Woman's Year.
– Some of the opposition party’s policies
have been ~d by the government.
.
Meaning & Use
 Tear: <v.>
– He tore his shirt on a nail.
– The boy tore a page out of the book.
– The child was torn from its mother's arms.
– This cloth ~s easily.
– Iraq is now a country torn by war.
– Her heart was torn by grief.
.
Meaning & Use
 Marginal: <adj.>
– There's only a ~ difference between the
two estimates.
– This once important social group is
becoming more and more ~ (to the way
the country is run).
– The story will only be of ~ interest to
our readers.
.
Meaning & Use
 Legitimate: <adj.>
– Is this business strictly ~?
– The army must give power back to the
~ government.
– It seemed a perfectly ~ question.
– Politicians are ~ targets for satire.
<syn.>legal; lawful
.
Meaning & Use
 Parallel: <adj.>
– His prudence is ~ to his zeal.
– My experience in selling is ~ to yours.
– The railway line runs ~ to/with the
road.
– The trees stand in ~ to the road.
– There came an economic crisis
unparalleled in modern times.
.
Meaning & Use
 tribute: <n.>
– Tributes to the dead leader have been
received from all around the world.
– His Nobel Prize is a ~ to the originality of his
research.
– The doctor paid ~ to his nurses by praising
their work.
– I should like to pay a ~ to the leaders of
China for the vision and farsightedness of
their approach to the negotiations.
.
Meaning & Use
 seek after: to try to get
– His paintings are much sought after.
– One mustn’t ~ after comfort, personal fame and
gains.
– Obviously they came here to ~ after truth.
– He is ~ing after/for something to serve as a
table.
– Our fighters are ~ing after the enemy.
– The girl is sought after by my friend.
.
Meaning & Use
 stand up to:
– This coat will not stand up to the
severe winters.
– It was brave of her to ~ up to those
bullies.
– That cloth is designed to ~ up to a lot of
wear and tear.
– The old man’s health will not ~ up to
the cold damp climate.
.
Meaning & Use
 jump at:
– When I heard about Gmail, I ~ed at the
chance to get an account.
– When he was invited to go riding in the
country, he ~ed at the chance.
– She ~ed at the chance of a trip to
Paris.
.
Meaning & Use
 eke out: 补偿不足；弥补……不足
– They ~d out a poor existence by selling
flowers.
– They ~d out the ensuing months penny
by penny.
– She ~d out her wages by working
Sundays.
– She ~d out her small income by
working as music tutor.
.
Meaning & Use
 break up
– Meetings have been broken up.
– He decided to ~ up his dull routine and
went on an adventure around the
world.
– The police broke up the fight among
the two black gangs.
– The crowd started to ~ up when the
night fell.
.
Meaning & Use
 bottom line
– The boss is interested only in the ~ line.
– In business, if you don’t take care of your
customers, somebody else will. And that is
the ~ line.
– I hate to tell you this, but if we don’t get more
customers the next three months, the ~ line
is that we’ll go out of business.
– Bottom line: We have to ship this order by
Friday.
.
Word Derivation
N.
symbol
V. symbolize
prosperity pacification
prosper
pacify
A. symbolic prosperous pacific
N.
stuff
stuff
stuffy
tough/
legitimacy
toughness
patent
hook
V.
patent
hook
tough
legitimize
A.
patent
hooked
tough
legitimate
.
Word Derivation
N. stiffness
fault
immigrant
V.
fault
immigrate
stiffen
A.
stiff
faulty
N.
N.
sundries
A. sundry
.
boost
boost
legendary bureaucratic
legend
bureaucrat
reliability
coupling
tribute
reliable
couple
tributary
Word Derivation
N.
grit
V.
grit
N. purchase
V.
purchase
N. proletarian
loop
emigration
-ment
loop
emigrate
confine
appropriation
haul
rivet
appropriate
haul
-ness
margin
manliness
marginal
manly
rivet
A. proletarian ubiquitous
.
Word Differentiation
 Boost vs. Boom
 This news has given share prices a big boost
_____.
 The unexpected win boosted
________ the team‘s
morale（士气）.
 The big tax cuts fuelled a consumer _______.
boom
 Living standards improved rapidly during the
boom
post-war ________.
 California _________
boomed when gold was
discovered there.
.
Word Differentiation
 Emigrant vs. Immigrant
emigrants leaving
 The ship was full of __________
Liverpool for Australia.
 Illegal immigrants
__________ will be sent back to their
own countries if they are caught.
migrants nest here.
 Summer _________
Migrant workers move from country to
 ________
country in search of work.
.
Word Differentiation
 Dying vs. Dyeing
 The small town is well known for its printing
dyeing
and _________
industry.
dying
 I will remember it to my _________
days.
dying
 She looked after her ________
mother for
months.
 This is his dying wish.
 Susan _______
dyed her hair blonde yesterday.
.
Word Differentiation
 Study vs. Sturdy
 Have you any sturdy hiking boots?
 He is sturdy and so fit for the job.
 Ensuing vs. Ensuring
 If you want to ensure that you catch the plane,
take a taxi
 A person’s high IQ doesn’t always ensure
success.
 Following the gas incident, the metro is taking
steps to ensure public safety..
.
Word Differentiation
 Stiff vs. Stuff
stiff
 This is too ______;
I can’t bend it with my
hands.
stiff
 The ice has made everything _______.
Stuff the cushion and then sew up the final
 _______
seam.
stuffing themselves with
 They’d been _________
snacks all afternoon, so they didn’t want any
dinner.
.
Word Differentiation
 Slot vs. Slit
slot and pressed the
 I put my money in the _____
button but nothing came out.
slit open the envelope with a knife.
 She _____
slot
 He’s been given a regular ten-minute ______
on the radio.
slit in each chicken breast
 Make a small _____
and push in a piece of garlic.
.
Word-Formation
 out- = beyond; further; defeat; so as to be
better than
 I can out-argue you any day.
 He has out-lived his twin brother by three
years.
 He’s out-grown his clothes.
 They were busy so I left — I didn’t want to outstay my welcome.
.
Word-Formation
 idio- = personal; distinct
 Keeping pet snakes is an idiosyncrasy of his.
（癖好）
 A person’s particular use of language is often
referred to as his idiolect.
 He speaks in the familiar Washington idiom.
.
Background Information
 Levi Strauss
www.levistrauss.com
.
Abstraction & Nominalization
 To nominalize means to form a noun from a
verb or an adjective.
 When such suffixes as “-ness”, “-ing”, “-tion”, “ity” and “-dom” are added to a verb or an
adjective, they can turn the verb or adjective
into an abstract noun.
 The word “jeaning” is an abstraction based on
“jean”, meaning the process of making jeans
part of the American culture.
.
Global Understanding
 What do you think is the author’s purpose of
writing?
 To tell how the blue jeans came into being and
have become an American symbol.
 What do you think is characteristic of an
investigative writing?
 Research-based
 Factual and objective
.
A Global Picture
 “Jeaning of America" is a prime example of how
something becomes Americanized.
 This article is about Levis Strauss, a dirt poor
immigrant who made his way to America, headed
west, found a need for a new type of clothing,
made the first levis, and the rest is history.
 Who would have thought that a simple, yet tough
fabric, sewn together, with rivets reinforcing the
pockets, could have changed the way that society
dressed?
.
A Global Picture
 This is a piece of investigative writing which
explores the history of the blue jeans , one of
America’s symbols today.
 The author provides some important
information concerning
–
–
–
–
.
who the inventor was
when and how the pants came into being
why they have become popular
what they symbolize.
Structure of the Text
 Part I (para.1)
– Status of blue jeans
 Part II (para.2-3)
– Introduction of Levis Strauss
 Part III (para.4-5)
– Birth of the first blue jeans
 Part IV (para.6)
– Growth and popularity of the blue jeans
 Part V (pa.7)
– Merits of the blue jeans
.
Tag line, tag line
Thank you!
To be continued.
Lesson 2: Overview
 Word review
 Background information
 Text analysis
.
Which word means …?
 Strong and firm
 Rigid and firm
 Defective
 Boost
 Dependability
 To call
 Lawful
 Bad-tempered
 Determination
.
 Sturdy
 Stiff
 Faulty
 Increase
 Reliability
 To beckon
 Legitimate
 Mean-tempered
 Grit
Which word means …?
 To buy
 A thing of value
 A lazy aimless person
 Barely adequate
 To change into
 To exist longer than
 To take for oneself
 Afterwards
 Following
 To limit or restrict
.
 purchase
 Commodity
 Deadbeat
 Marginal
 convert into
 Outlive
 Appropriate
 Thereafter
 Ensuing
 Confine
What does it mean in Chinese?
 Proletarian
 Bureaucrat
 Patent
 Canvas
 Ore
 Acid
 Rivet
 Coupling
 Loop
 hook
.
 无产阶级的
 官僚
 专利
 帆布
 矿石
酸
 铆钉/接
 车钩；挂钩
 环；绳圈
 挂钩
Word Review
 Complete the following sentences.
 She is writing a thesis on Irish l_______
legend and
mythology.
 Millions of Germans emigrated
e_______ from Europe to
America in the 19th century.
 Our language is now under the pressure from the
u__________ spread of English.
ubiquitous
 A UN force has been sent in to try and p______
pacify
the area worst affected by the civil war.
beckoned her to sit but then ignored her.
 He b________
.
Word Review
 They have been given permission to run
gambling halls, the only legitimate
l____________
gambling in the area.
 A p_______
will be refused if details of the item
patent
have already been released to the public.
 The promise of lower taxation may have been
just an election g__________
to gain votes.
gimmick
craze for elaborate
 There was a tremendous c______
hairstyles in 1980s.
confined
 The party’s power base was c_________
to one
province.
.
Idiom Review
 When he was invited to go riding in the country, he
______________
the chance.
jumped at
eked out
 They _____________
a poor existence by selling
flowers.
stand up to the
 The old man’s health will not ____________
cold damp climate.
paid tribute to
 The minister _______________
the men who had
fought the earthquake.
sought after
 He was much ______________
on account of his
wide readings and brilliant conversational powers.
.
Idiom Review
 He _________
converted his dollars ______
into pounds upon
arriving in London.
chopped off
 The man _______________
the small branches
before cutting down the tree.
The bottom line
 __________________
is that recycling isn't
profitable.
are engaged in a long-running legal
 They _______________
battle with their neighbours.
 Tropical plants ____________
abound in the jungle.
got around
 They threw him out because word __________
that he was taking drugs.
.
Background Information
 American Heritage (opening remarks)
 a monthly magazine dedicated to covering the
history of the United States for a mainstream
readership. Up to 2007, the magazine was
published by Forbes（福布斯）.
.
Background Information
 Alexis de Tocqueville
(1805–1859) was a
French political thinker
and historian best
known for his books:
 Democracy in America
(appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840)
 The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856)
 In both of these works, he explored the effects of
the rising equality of social conditions on the
individual and the state in western societies.
.
Background Information
 Nevada (para.5)
 Its largest city is Las
Vegas.
 The state's nickname
is the “Silver State,"
due to the large
number of silver
deposits that were
discovered and mined
there.
.
 well known for its easy
marriage and divorce
proceedings,
entertainment, legalized
gambling and legalized
active brothels（妓院）.
Background Information
 Nîmes（尼姆）(para.5)
 a city in southern France noted for its many
well-preserved Roman remains. Nîmes has a
rich history, dating back to the Roman Empire,
and it is a popular tourist destination.
.
Background Information
 Smithsonian Institute
(para.7)
 a US foundation for education
and scientific research in
Washington D. C. opened in
1846
 originated in a ￡100,000
bequest（遗赠） in the will of
the English chemist and
mineralogist James Smithson
(1765-1829)
.
 now responsible
for administering
many museums,
art galleries, and
other
establishments.
Smithsonian Institute
.
Smithsonian Museum
.
Language Points
 Sew up (opening remarks)
– Her mother ~ed up a rip in her night gown.
– He was completely sewn up after a day’s work.
(=exhausted)
– Dick thought he had the job ~ed up, but another
boy got it. (=have exclusive control over)
 Proletarian (opening remarks)
– Our friend ship is built on ~ internationalism.
我们的友谊是建立在无产阶级国际主义之上的。
– P~ revolutionaries always cleave to Marxist-Leninist
principles.
无产阶级革命者永远忠于马列主义的原则。
.
Language Points
 Seek one’s fortune
– He majored in political science before ~ing fame
and fortune in New York.
– The purpose many people practice job-hopping is
to ~ their fortune most of the time.
 Heritage
– These beautiful old churches are part of our
national ~.（遗产）
– World Cultural ~ 世界文化遗产
– This stone axe is a relic of ancient times.（遗物）
.
Language Points
 Draw distinction (para.1)
– It’s important to draw a ~ between the policies of
the leaders and the views of their supporters.
– She draws an important ~ between the different
kinds of illness.
– We draw no ~ between the two kinds of spelling.
 Authority (para.1)
– The government is the highest ~ in the country.
– The ~ies in Spain have refused to allow him to
enter the country.
.
Language Points
 Black market (para.1)
– Gangs are buying assault（攻击性的） weapons
on the black market.
– There’s quite a big black market in foreign
currency.
– A woman selling black ~ cigarettes was beaten on
the street.
– They bought dollars on the black market.
.
Language Points
 Have been around (para.1): have a lot of varied
experience and understanding of the world
– That guy’s been around. 那个家伙见过世面。
 Bavaria (para.2): 巴伐利亚州a state of southern
Germany, formerly an independent kingdom
 Lowly (para.3): low in status; humble
– She’d been too good for her ~ position.
– It was unheard of for a tradesman of such ~ status
to threaten his customers in such a fashion.
.
Language Points
 Turmoil (para.3): state of confusion
– She couldn’t think; her mind was in (a) complete ~.
– His assassination threw the country into ~.
 Take a chance/ take chances (on sth) / take
one’s chance(s) (para.3)
– They decide to take a chance with weather.
– Although he knew the odds were against him, he
decided to take his chances in the game.
– The store closes in half an hour. Let’s take our
chances and see if we can make it in time.
.
Language Points
 The main chance (para.3)
– Mr. Brown is a developer with an eye on the main
chance.
– I feel called upon to do it; this may be my main
chance.
我感到非做不可，这可能是我的大好机会。
 Push (para.3): promote the sale or use
– Don’t ~ her to join in if she doesn’t want to.
– The company are ~ing their new products.
– He used the sales conference to ~ his latest ideas.
.
Sentence Highlight
 For two years he was a lowly peddler,
hauling some 180 pounds of sundries door
to door to eke out a marginal living. (para.3)
 For two years, he worked as a peddler of low
social status, dragging heavy bags of various
articles from door to door and trying to sell
them. But he could barely manage to support
himself.
.
Language Points
 Bolts of canvas (para.3):
large quantities of rolled
cloth
– The room was stacked
with bolts of cloth.
 Tenting (para.3):
something used for making
shelters for campers
– The refugees had been
living in makeshift ~s for a
year.
.
Language Points
 Mother lode (para.4): origin; sth from which
others of the same type derive
– The initiatives were based on the experience of
the mother company.
 Rigor (para.4): severe and harsh conditions
– At the beginning stage, we suffered the ~s of fund
raising.最初阶段，我们经受了筹款的艰苦。
– The expedition suffered all the ~s of a Canadian
winter.
.
Language Points
 On the spot (para.4)
– Anyone breaking the rules will be asked to leave on
the ~. (=at once)
– When the fighting started police and reporters were
soon on the ~. (=arrive at the place)
– The gym teacher made us do running on the ~.
– His direct question put me on the ~; I couldn’t make
an excuse or lie.
.
Language Points
 Gold dust (para.4): gold in the form of a fine
powder
– Good computer personnel
are like gold dust.
 Word get around (para.4):
words spread
– Word got around that he was
on the verge of retirement.
– The word got around that he
had resigned.
.
Language Points
 In business (para.4): operating, esp in commerce
– They will have to import from overseas to remain in ~.
– The 15-member committee is expected to be in ~ by
early June. (=start working)
 Serge (para.5): a durable
twilled woolen or worsted
fabric 哔叽
 Genoa (para.5): a city in
Northwest of Italy 热那亚
.
Background Information
 Jacob W. Davis was born in Latvia（拉脱维亚）in
1831 and came to Nevada in 1868. A tailor, Davis
used small copper rivets to reinforce and strengthen
items including harnesses（马具）. In 1871, a
woman approached Davis to make pants for her
husband, who was quite large. Davis decided to use
the copper rivets to reinforce the pants for men.
 At the time, Davis used white duck, a canvas-type
material he had bought from Levi Strauss & Co a San
Francisco merchant. Worried about others pirating his
product, he asked Levi Strauss to support him in a
patent application. He offered to share the patent
rights with the San Francisco company.
.
Background Information
 Levi Strauss agreed, and the patent was
granted on May 20, 1873.
 Davis not only partnered with the company, he
moved his family to San Francisco and became
production manager for a line of Levi's copperriveted clothing, a
position he held until
his death in 1908.
.
Language Points
 Prominence (para.6): importance
– The young fashion designer is rising to/coming
into ~.
– She came to national ~ as an artist in the 1960s.
 And the like (pa.6)
– There is a big sports hall for tennis, badminton,
and the ~.
– He enjoys all kinds of sports, running,
swimming, and the ~.
.
Language Points
 Dude ranch craze: the enormous interest of the
Easters in spending their vacation on ranches in
the West
 Force (para.6): a group of people trained for
some kind of action
– She joined the police ~.
– A small ~ of doctors and nurses was rushed to the
scene of the big fire.
– The British air fighting ~ is called the Royal Air
Force.
.
Sentence Highlight
 They draw no distinctions and recognize no
classes: they are merely American. (para.1)
 They do not show differences in the wearers'
professions and social status. They are just an
American symbol.
.
Language Points
 Pacify (para.5): calm or soothe the anger or
distress of (sb) 使（某人）安静,息怒; 抚慰:
– He tried to ~ his creditors by repaying part of the
money.
为安抚债权人偿还了部分债务.
– In spite of my efforts to ~ it the baby continued to cry.
 Appropriate (para.5)
– He is suspected of ~ing government funds.
– Congress ~d $5 million for International Woman's
Year.
.
Language Points
 Patent (para.5): <v.> obtain a patent for (an
invention)
– An invention is not your own until it is ~ed.
– A ~ will be refused if details of the item have
already been released to the public.
 Gimmick (para.5)
– A quality newspaper shouldn’t have to resort to
~s like bingo.
– The promise of lower taxation may have been
just an election ~ to gain votes.
.
Language Points
 Prominence (para.6): importance
– The young fashion designer is rising to/coming
into ~.
– She came to national ~ as an artist in the 1960s.
 And the like (pa.6)
– There is a big sports hall for tennis, badminton,
and the ~.
– He enjoys all kinds of sports, running,
swimming, and the ~.
.
Language Points
 Craze (para.6): an enthusiasm for a particular activity
– There was a tremendous ~ for elaborate hairstyles.
– The actor is quite the ~. 这位演员郑红极一时。
 Dude ranch craze: the enormous interest of the Easters
in spending their vacation on ranches in the West
 Force (para.6): a group of people trained for some kind of
action
– She joined the police ~.
– A small ~ of doctors and nurses was rushed to the scene of
the big fire.
– The British air fighting ~ is called the Royal Air Force.
.
Word Differentiation
 Cloth, clothe, clothes, or clothing?
clothe five
 It costs a lot to feed and ________
children.
clothes
 She usually wears causal ________.
 You can only take three articles/items of
clothing into the changing room.
________
 This jacket is made from woolen cloth
_____.
.
Language Points
 Marketing (para.6): the action or business of
promoting and selling products or services,
including market research and advertising
 Word of mouth (para.6)
– That restaurant is well known by word of mouth.
– Folk tales are stories passed down by word of ~
generation after generation.
– All the orders were given by word of ~ so that no
written evidence could be discovered later.
.
Language Points
 Pre-washed <adj.> (para.6): washed by the
manufacturer so as to impart a softer texture or
faded appearance. Used of textiles or clothing
 Pre-faded <adj.> (para.6): (of color) made
less bright before being sold
 Pre-shrunk <adj.> (para.6): made to shrink
before being sold in order to prevent shrinking
after use
.
Language Points
 So much so that (para.7): to such a degree
that
– He is rich, so much so that he doesn’t know
what he is worth.
– The children were over-protected, so much so
that they could not fend for themselves at
school.
– He got angry, so much so that he smashed up
the television set.
.
Background Information
 Wyoming (para.7)
 a state in the northwestern region of the United
States. The majority of the state is dominated by the
mountain ranges and rangelands of the Rocky
Mountain West, while the easternmost section of the
state includes part of a high altitude prairie region
known as the High Plains.
.
Language Points
 Tribute (para.7): a proof (of its good quality)
– His Nobel Prize is a ~ to the originality of his
research.
– I’ve never known a 5-year-old as well-behaved as
your son --- he’s a ~ to you!
– The minister paid ~ to the men who had fought the
blaze/earthquake.
– I should like to pay a ~ to the leaders of China for
the vision and farsightedness of their approach to
the negotiations.
.
Illustrations
 Belt loop →
 Construction
worker ↓
 Dangling (para.7)
.
Tag line, tag line
Thank you!
To be continued.
Lesson 3: Overview
 Duty report
 Translation practice
 Oral practice: Fashion Show
.
Student’s Duty Report
 American West
.
Student’s Duty Report
 Coca-Cola
 It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company in
Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as
Coke or (in European and American countries) as
cola, pop, or in some parts of the U.S., soda.
 Originally intended as a patent medicine when it
was invented in the late 19th century by John
Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by
businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing
tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world softdrink market throughout the 20th century.
.
Comprehension Check
 What, according to the text, has made the
blue jeans an Americans symbol?
 Blue jeans are an American symbol, because
they are " a manly and legitimate passion for
equality" ; they draw no distinctions and
recognize no classes, so they are favored by
people from all walks of life.
.
Comprehension Check
 How did Levis Strauss find his opportunity in
the West?
 Levis Strauss invented his blue jeans largely by
chance. He brought some canvas which he
hoped to sell for tenting in the West, but it was
the wrong kind. After learning that the Western
miners needed tough and sturdy pants in their
work, he had the canvas tailored into a pair of
stiff but rugged pants, which was an immediate
success.
.
Comprehension Check
 How did Levis’s rugged pants get the name
“blue jeans”?
 The word "jeans" derives from Genes, the
French word for Genoa, where a similar tough
cotton cloth was produced; Levis Strauss had
this cloth dyed indigo (blue), hence "blue jeans".
.
Comprehension Check
 When did the blue jeans obtain their
nationwide popularity in America?
 Blue jeans gained more popularity in the
Second World War when they became an
essential commodity and were only used by
those in military service.
.
Comprehension Check
 What is the main reason that makes the blue
jeans favored by men and women alike?
 At first, blue jeans were popular among the
working people in the West. They came to the
East during the dude ranch craze in the 1930s
when those vacationing Easterners brought them
back and spread the word about the wonderful
pants. Blue jeans gained more popularity in the
Second World War when they became an
essential commodity and were only used by those
in military service.
.
Comprehension Check
 How do you understand the title of the essay
“The Jeaning of America”?
 The title suggests how an American symbol,
namely the jeans, came into being. Note the basic
meaning of the structure "the + -ing + of +
noun". In the text, the title literally means "how
America is jeaned". Since the jeans are a symbol,
it should be interpreted as " how America came to
be symbolized by the jeans" or "how that
American symbol was invented".
.
Translation Practice
 A wedding ring
symbolizes the
union of husband
and wife.
 鸽子和橄榄叶通常
象征和平和平安。
 那位诗人用玫瑰花
象征他的爱人。
 十字架是基督教的
象征。
.
 婚戒象征夫妻的结合。
 A dove and olive leaves
generally symbolize peace
and safety.
 The poet has symbolized
his lover with a flower.
 The cross is a
symbol/symbolic of
Christianity.
Translation Practice
 Such examination will
 这样一个测试可以区别
draw a distinction of
学生的记忆力和分析能
students between
力。
memory capability and  以往哲学家们并没有把
analysis ability.
艺术和科学进行区分。
 Philosophers didn’t use  He draws a clear
to draw/make a
distinction between
distinction between arts
his hobbies and his
and science.
work.
 他把爱好和工作区分得
很清楚。
.
Translation Practice
 Confine your remarks to the subject of the
meeting.
 Please confine your use of the telephone to
business calls.
 They succeeded in confining the fire to a
small area.
 The tour group is confined to the planned
activities.
.
Translation Practice
 Mother is much better, thank you, she’s able
to get round a bit more.
 She get around with the help of a stick.
 The quickest way to get round the city is by
underground train.
 News of Helen’s pregnancy soon got around
the office.
 Stories have been getting round concerning
the government’s secret intentions.
.
Translation Practice
 他辞职的消息很快传
开了.
 Let’s get round to the
back of the house.
 在城里乘出租车会更
快些。
 She could always get
round him in the end.
.
 News soon got
around that he had
resigned.
 我们绕到房子背后去吧
。
 A taxi will get you
round the city faster.
 最后她总能哄得他依顺
她。
Translation Practice
 “Can you give me a cigarette?” “Sorry, I’ve
run out.”
 I’m afraid we’ve run out of petrol.
 He’s running out of patience.
 He’s always running out of money before
payday.
 Mary never runs out of ideas for clever party
decorations.
.
Translation Practice
 The company is engaged in a legal dispute
with one of its suppliers.
 The government and the trade unions are
engaged in a war of words.
 Politicians should not engage in business
affairs that might affect their political
judgment.
.
Translation Practice
 The two governments
have agreed to
engage in a
comprehensive
dialogue to resolve
the problem.
 这位部长毕生从政。
 汤姆正忙于计划他的
下一部小说。
 他们正谈得起劲。
.
 双方政府同意进行全面
对话已解决问题。
 The Minister has been
engaged in politics all
his life.
 Tom is engaged in
planning his next
book.
 They were engaged
in conversation.
Translation Practice
 A large organization can be slow to adapt to
change.
 Can you adapt your way of thinking to the new
life-style?
 Eggs are extremely well adapted to man’s needs.
 It is difficult to adapt oneself to sudden changes of
temperature.
 The hospital was quickly adapted to the special
needs of the sick children.
 Both trees are well adapted to London’s dry
climate and dirty air.
.
Translation Practice
 What rate will I get if I convert my dollars into
euros?
 How much does it cost today to convert
pounds into dollars?
 The hotel is going to be converted into a
nursing home.
 I wonder how the team has converted the
defeat into a victory.
 The oil revenues have been converted into
other forms of wealth.
.
Translation Practice
 The explanation
converted him to our
point of view.
 This project is to convert
coal into pipeline gas.
 这张沙发可以变成床。
 他试图把我变成基督徒。
 What’s the formula for
converting pounds into
kilos?
.
 这一解释使他转而接受
了我们的观点。
 这一工程旨在将煤炭转
化为管道煤气。
 This sofa converts
into a bed.
 He tried to convert me
to Christianity.
 把磅转化成公斤的公式
是什么？
Grammar: have…done/doing






He _____
had his leg ________
broken (break) in a fall.
had the engine going
They soon ____
____ (go) again.
have you smoking
I won’t _____
_______ (smoke) in the
sitting room.
We ought to have
____ her examined
_________ (examine)
by the doctor.
have this suitdry-cleaned
I must _____
_________ (dry-clean).
He _____
had his trousers _____
torn (tear) by a nail.
.
Grammar: have…done/doing






have/get this material _____
printed
Where can I __________
(print)?
have the car ________
waiting (wait) at the
Please ______
entrance.
have that soldier ___________
disciplined
You’d better _____
(discipline).
I can’t _____
have my son _____
doing (do) such a thing.
I tried to have
____ my sonlearning
______ (learn) English.
Those plants are not suitable for that part of
have them
the garden. I should ______
__________
pulled up (pull up).
.
Translation Exercises (1)
 把领导人的政策与他们支持者的想法区分开来是很
重要的。（draw a distinction)
 It’s important to draw a distinction between the
policies of the leaders and the views of their
supporters.
 在欧洲白色象征纯洁， 但在亚洲却常常是悲悼的象
征.(symbolize)
 In Europe , the color white symbolize purity but in
Asia it is often the symbol of mourning.
.
Translation Exercises (2)
 旅游团只能进行计划内活动.(confine to)
 The tutor group is confined to the planned
activities.
 一旦谣言传开，他再也不会在这个镇上工作了
。(get around)
 Once the rumor gets around, he’ll never work
in this town again.
.
Translation Exercises (3)
 他总是没等到发薪水的日子就把钱花完了。
 He’s always running out of money before
payday.
 他一生致力于促进世界和平，因此获得了诺贝
尔和平奖。
 He got the Nobel Prize for peace because he
was engaged in the promotion of world peace
all his life.
.
Translation Exercises (4)
 孩子们觉得很难适应住在公寓里－他们想要在
院子里玩。
 The children have found it difficult to adapt to
living in an apartment----they want a garden to
play in.
 一家瑞士公司发现一种将动物排泄物变成燃料
的方法。
 A Swiss company has found a way to convert
animal waste into fuel.
.
Oral Practice
 It’s time for you to share with us your fashion
design
.
Tag line, tag line
Thank you!
The end.