BUAD 5304 - BUSINESS ETHICS Fall Term 2013: August 19 – November 2, 2013 Hybrid Class at the El Paso Campus Center and on WBU Blackboard WAYLAND BAPTIST UNIVERSITY – School of Business, El Paso Campus Center 4959 Hondo Pass El Paso, TX 79924 Phone: (520) 366-2299 MISSION STATEMENT Wayland Baptist University exists to educate students in an academically challenging, learning-focused and distinctively Christian environment for professional success and service to God and humankind. CONTACT INFORMATION Instructor: Charles Motzko, DM E-Mail: charles.motzko@wayland.wbu.edu Phone: (520) 744-7528 (9:00AM – 9:00PM) Office Hours: Available before or after class and by appointment. 1.0 CLASS MEETING TIMES: This is a hybrid course with rotation of face-to-face (classroom) and online modalities. Students will meet for 25 hours in the classroom, plus additional time with online course work. Please see Sections 9 (p. 5) and Sections 10 (p. 6) of this syllabus for a detailed schedule of the classroom meetings, online dates, times and assignments. 2.0 CATALOG DESCRIPTION Offers an in-depth investigation of the characteristics of ethical and effective management, including an assessment of leadership styles within the context of a Christian value system. Ethical reasoning is developed and applied to a variety of business situations. The analysis of case studies is a requirement for this course. 3.0 COURSE OUTCOME COMPETENCIES After this course you should be able to: Know the business ethics issues, definitions, and frameworks important to organizational ethical decision-making. Know the underlying philosophical base for ethics and values. Recognize ethical issues in business. Relate the significant issues of an ethical controversy in business to moral philosophy, work group influence, corporate culture, and social responsibility. Defend a theory or principle for resolving an ethical dispute in business. Articulate and defend choices in making ethical judgments in business. Examine the consequences of unethical and ethical business decisions. Understand the role of corporate governance and corporate culture in ethical decision-making. Understand how to develop and implement an effective ethics program. Evaluate the role of organizational ethics programs and understand the importance of implementing and auditing ethics and compliance programs. Demonstrate critical thinking skills through development of an organizational ethics program. Experience current ethical dilemmas through case studies and discussion forums. Dr. Motzko BUAD 5304 SYLLABUS – Fall 2013 Page 1 of 10 4.0 TEXT AND RESOURCES BOOK Business & Professional Ethics for Directors, Execs & Accountants **** AND **** BOOK Ethics on the Job AUTHOR ED YEAR PUBLISHER Brooks/Dunn 6th 2012 Cengage AUTHOR ED YEAR PUBLISHER Pfeiffer, & Forsberg 4th 2014 Cengage Learning ISBN# UPDATED 9781-285720241 6/11/13 ISBN# UPDATED 9781-13393-4875 6/11/13 Supplemental Material: In addition to the two main course text books, there will be websites with information on business ethic. These resources provide contemporary information on ethics scandals in domestic and global arenas. All links to web sites, multi-media, white papers, discussion topics, and case studies will be posted in Blackboard. In addition, a Case Study Methodology Handbook will be distributed in the first class and a copy posted in Blackboard. 4.1 Attendance Requirements: Students enrolled at the University’s El Paso Campus should make every effort to participate fully in the classes. In order to make up incomplete work, the student must explain the reason for the deficiency to the instructor, who will determine whether the omitted work may be made up. When a student demonstrates a lack of participation considered by the instructor to be excessive, the instructor will so advise the student. Any student who misses 25 percent of more of the class will receive a grade of F for the course. 4.2 Changes in The Syllabus: Although this course is expected to follow the syllabus as written, the instructor reserves the right to adjust the syllabus. The instructor will inform the students of all major changes in a reasonable and timely manner. 4.3 Disability Statement: “In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), it is the policy of Wayland Baptist University that no otherwise qualified person with a disability be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any educational program or activity in the university. The Coordinator of Counseling Services serves as the coordinator of students with a disability and should be contacted concerning accommodation requests at (806) 291- 3765. Documentation of a disability must accompany any request for accommodations.” 5.0 COURSE ASSESSMENTS 5.1 Weekly Case Reviews1: The weekly case Reviews are a major part of the graded assignment for this course. Cases are assigned from the course text book. Students are to complete the assigned cases by answering the questions at the end of each case. 5.2 Weekly Discussion3: The weekly on-line discussions will be run in a graduate seminar format1. Each student will be graded on their weekly participation and engagement. Students are encouraged to dialog with each other and the instructor/facilitator. The seed discussion questions will be taken from cases in the text book and current media headlines. Minimum number of weekly discussion forum postings will be determined by final class size. 5.3 Course Project1: Each student will research and write a response to an ethical dilemma utilizing outside sources. A list of candidate dilemmas will be supplied or the student may select a Dr. Motzko WBU BUAD 5304 SYLLABUS – Fall 2013 Page 2 of 10 dilemma of special interest, with the instructor’s approval. This project will have a 2,500 word minimum utilizing the supplied Case Study Methodology. The preferred writing style is APA. 5.4 Mid-Term Exam4: The Mid-Term exam will cover Chapters 1-5 and will be a combination of multiple choice (5 questions for 5 points each) and 5 short answer questions (10 points each). The exam will be posted in Blackboard Assignments section and is open book, and nonproctored. The mid-term exam will be posted five (5) days prior to the due date. 5.5 Final Exam4: The final exam will be a comprehensive exam covering learning outcomes, all readings, class discussion forums, and material from the mid-term. The final exam will be posted in Blackboard Assignments section and will consist of a combination of multiple choice; 10 questions for 5 points each and 5 short answer questions (20 points each). The exam will be in Blackboard classroom assessments tab and is open book, and non-proctored. The final exam will be posted five (5) days prior to the due date. 6.0 COURSE ASSIGNMENTS AND GRADING WEEKLY CASE REVIEW1: will be on the selected case study for that week. The case reviews will answer the questions, at the end of each case, utilizing critical-thinking and applied learning skills. Case reports will be posted in the Discussion Forum for peer and instructor comments. WEEKLY CLASS DISCUSSION FORUMS3: will discuss the selected case study for that week. Participation in the discussion is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of Business Ethics and Ethical Decision Making. 25 Points per week 150 total 100 Points per class session 300 Total 4 MID-TERM EXAM : will cover Brooks’ Chapters 1-5 and Pfeiffer Chapters 1- 4. The exam will be a combination of multiple choice (5 questions for 5 points each) and 5 short answer questions (10 points each). The exam will be under the classroom Blackboard assessments tab and is open book, and non-proctored. The mid-term exam will be posted 5 days prior to the due date. 100 Points INDIVIDUAL COURSE PROJECT1&2: will require research and write a response to an ethical dilemma utilizing outside sources. This project will have a 2,500 word minimum written in the appropriate style (APA). The research subject will be chosen in collaboration with the instructor and follow the standard Case Study Methodology which is supplied as part of the course material. In Week 10, each student will have posted their abstract from their study for discussion during that week’s class. 150 Points FINAL EXAM4: The final exam will be a comprehensive exam covering learning outcomes, all readings, class discussion forums, and material from the mid-term. The final exam will consist of a combination of multiple choice; 10 questions for 5 points each and 5 short answer questions (20 points each). The exam will be under the classroom Blackboard assessments tab and is open book, and non-proctored. The final exam will be posted 5 days prior to the due date. 100 Points The Final Grade is based on total points accumulated for the entire course. A = 90-100%, B = 80-89.9%, C =70-79.9%, D = 60-69.9%, F < 60% See Footnote explanations on page 8 Dr. Motzko WBU BUAD 5304 SYLLABUS – Fall 2013 Page 3 of 10 7.0 UNIVERSITY GRADING SYSTEM: A 90-100 Honor Grade; clear demonstration of complete mastery of the subject B 80-89 Above Average; mastery of most course concepts C 70-79 Average; satisfactory performance D 60-69 Below Average F Below 60 Failure to meet minimum course requirements Incomplete A grade of I is granted only if the student is passing the course, but circumstances beyond the student’s control prevented completion of required course work during the term & attendance requirements were met. See catalog for further details. I The Final Grade is based on total points accumulated for the entire course. 8.0 STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES: Students are responsible for reading, understanding, and obeying all academic policies appearing in the Wayland Baptist University Academic Catalog applicable to their curriculum and/or program of study. 8.1 Academic Dishonesty: Students caught cheating, plagiarizing, or knowingly furnishing false information will be dismissed from the course and receive a grade of F for the course. 8.2 Special Needs Policy: “It is University policy that no otherwise qualified disabled person be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any educational program or activity in the University.” Any student who needs special accommodations in order to meet course requirements should inform the instructor immediately. 8.3 Changes in the syllabus: Although this course is expected to follow the syllabus as written, the instructor reserves the right to adjust the syllabus. The instructor will inform the students of all major changes in a reasonable and timely manner. 8.4 School of Business Goals: The School of Business is committed to producing graduates who have the knowledge and skills to excel in business in its various sub disciplines. We are also committed to instruction in the business disciplines that is invested with the values of Christianity. Dr. Motzko WBU BUAD 5304 SYLLABUS – Fall 2013 Page 4 of 10 9.0 TABLE 1: BUAD 5304 CLASSROOM ASSIGNMENTS AND SCHEDULE – FALL 2013 WEEK and Dates SUBJECTS & READING TOPICS CHAPTER & Weekly Points ASSIGNMENTS FOR CLASS & DISCUSSION FORUM Class Location SEE WEEKS 1 -2 for BLACKBOARD ASSIGNMENTS IN SECTION 10, TABLE 2 (Page 7) Ethics Behavior Week 3 Friday 9/6/2013 o Philosophers o Ethical decisions The RESOLVEDD Strategy In-Depth Chapter 5 Brooks/Dunn Chapter 4 Pfeiffer 25 Points Case “Tylenol Recalls, Its Still about reputation” (p.212) Be prepared to discuss the RESOLVEDD Strategy in-depth (Pfeiffer, pp. 51-60) View the video of Dr. Davidow’s presentation on Social Media & Ethics and be prepared to discuss in class CLASSROOM SESSION 1a Saturday 9/7/2013 6:00pm To 9:30pm Establishing the working definition of morals and ethics Individual Project Discussion Ethical Governance, Accountability & Management Week 3 Saturday 9/7/2013 Understanding Ethical Decision Making and Corporate Government Session 1b Lecture: “Ethics Expectations & Decision Making” 5 – Brooks 6 – Brooks 1 – Pfeiffer 2 – Pfeiffer 3 – Pfeiffer 75 Points Be prepared to discuss, in class, the following assignments: Discussion on; “ Why I am leaving Goldman Sachs” Case , “Just make The Numbers” (p. 217) Case , “Ford Pinto” (p. 219) Case , “Tyco – Looting Executive Style” (p. 312) Case , “Loyalty, But to Whom?” (p. 333) CLASSROOM SESSION 1b Saturday 9/7/2013 8:00am To 5:00pm Case , “Dow Corning Silicone Breast Implants” (p. 340) Exercises (Pfeiffer, pp. 15-16; Exercise 1, 2 & 4) Exercises (Pfeiffer, pp. 36-38, Exercises 1, 2, 4 & 5) SEE WEEKS 4 - 6 for BLACKBOARD ASSIGNMENTS IN SECTION 10, TABLE 2 (Page 7) CLASSROOM SESSION 2a Week 7 Friday 10/4/2013 The Subprime Lending Fiasco Chapter 8 Brooks Case: “Subprime Lending Fiasco” (p. 601) Weekly Case Report on Case Friday 10/4/2013 6:00pm To 9:30pm Continuation of the case review on the “Subprime Lending Fiasco” (If Needed) Week 7 Saturday 10/5/2013 Managing Ethics Risks and Opportunities 7– Brooks 75 Points Session 2 Lecture: “Governance Reform & Accountability, Ethical Leadership, and Crisis Management” Class Discussion: “Theft Reimbursement, Twice” (Brook’s, p. 434) Weekly Case Report on Case. View the video of Dr. Catherine Marsh’s discussion of organizational behavior and ethics with regards to reorganization. (~6 min). Be prepared to discuss the video in class. Be prepared to discuss, in class, the following assignments: Case 8, “Parmalat – Europe’s Enron” (p. 417) Case 9, “Lowballing a Fee Quotation” (p. 444) Case 10, “Risk Management of Taxes payable – Is it ethical?” (p. 452) Case 11, “Gender Discrimination at Dell Inc.” (pp. 535) Ethics Discussion & Analysis on: The Culture and Ethics of Software Piracy (p. 562 + supplemental material) CLASSROOM SESSION 2b Saturday 10/5/2013 8:00am To 5:00pm SEE WEEKS 8 – 9 & 11 for BLACKBOARD ASSIGNMENTS IN SECTION 10, TABLE 2 (Page 7) Dr. Motzko BUAD 5304 SYLLABUS – Fall 2013 Page 5 of 10 TABLE 1 (Cont.): BUAD 5304 CLASSROOM ASSIGNMENTS AND SCHEDULE – FALL 2013 Continuation of “Sub-Prime Lending Fiasco” (If needed!) Week 7 10/25 2013 Class Discussion “Bernie Madoff Scandal” (p. 119) Credibility Crises Paper 9Brooks/Dunn Presentation Weekly Case Report on Case. View Prof. Jones’s Video presentation on the effects of Globalization (~4min) Be prepared to discuss in class Course Project Due & Class Presentation of Findings CLASSROOM SESSION 3a Friday 10/25/2013 6:00pm To 9:30pm Session 3 Lecture: “Conflicts of Interest, Bribes, International Activities, and Corporate Social Responsibility” View Prof. Jones’s Video presentation on the effects of Globalization (~4min). Be prepared to discuss the video in class. Case: “Caterpillar, Inc. Becomes an Ethical Role Mode” Read “Creating an Ethical Structure” (p. 352) Be prepared to discuss the Caterpillar case.in class, in-depth. Developing an Effective Ethics program Globalization Week 7 10/26 2013 Course Review Paper summary presentation and posted for peer and instructor comments Supplemental material will be provided. The focus will be on “Developing an Effective Ethics program”. 75 Points For class discussion & 100 points for paper. Class Presentation on your Research Paper’s Findings (Continued if necessary) Case: Firestone Tire Recall (case material supplied) Ethics Discussion & Analysis on: To what degree is the CEO responsible and Accountable (case material supplied) Ethics Discussion & Analysis on: Marketing and Sex Appeal (case material supplied) CLASSROOM SESSION 3b Saturday 10/26/2013 8:00am To 5:00pm Ethics Discussion & Analysis on: Facebook: Social Good or Social dysfunction? (case material supplied) Ethics Discussion & Analysis on: Is There a Right to privacy in Social Networking? (case material supplied) Ethics Discussion & Analysis on: Organizational vs. National Culture (case material supplied) Final Course Review Course Project Due NLT Saturday 10/26/2013 Dr. Motzko WBU BUAD 5304 SYLLABUS – Fall 2013 Page 6 of 10 10.0 TABLE 2: BUAD 5304 BLACKBOARD ASSIGNMENTS AND SCHEDULE – FALL 2013 WEEK and Dates Week 1 8/19-8/25 2013 Week 2 8/26-9/1 2013 Week 3 9/2–9/8 2013 SUBJECTS & READING TOPICS Review of course expectations Case Study Methodology Define Morals & Ethics Course Project The Importance of Business Ethics Course Project Assignments Ethics Environment o Ethics Expectations o Ethics Scandals Week 6 9/23-9/29 2013 Week 7 9/30-10/6 Week 8 10/7-10/13 2013 Week 9 10/14-10/20 2013 Week 10 10/21-10/27 2013 Week 11 10/28-11/2 2013 Dr. Motzko BLACKBOARD ASSIGNMENTS & DISCUSSION FORUM 2 – Pfeiffer FULL EXPLANATION ON COURSE EXPECTATIONS AVAILABLE IN BLACKBOARD Establishing the working definition of morals and ethics Individual Project Selection and Discussion Case: “Pepsi’ iPhone app Stereotypes Women” (p. 29) 25 Points Weekly Case Report on Case1 1 – Pfeiffer Be prepared to discuss the weekly case report in Blackboard Individual Project Assignment Discussion & Approval Chapters 3 & 4 Brooks/Dun Case: “Martha Stewart’s Lost Reputation” (p. 33) See Week 2 PowerPoint Appendix for assistance 25 points Be prepared to discuss the weekly case report in Blackboard Classroom Session 1 (9/6 –9-7); See Section 12,Table 1 (p. 5) for details 100 Points Chapter 6 Week 4 9/9-9/15 2013 Week 5 9/16-9/22 2013 CHAPTER & Weekly Points Brooks/Dunn 25 Points Mid-Term Exam The Subprime Lending Fiasco 100 Points Chapter 7 Brooks/Dunn 25 Points Case: “HP Bribery for Russian Contract” (p. 283) Weekly Case Report on Case View the video of J. Nadel presentation on Government Ethics: Establishing Public Trust (~4 min). Be prepared to discuss the weekly case report in Blackboard Mini-Review & Open On-line Discussion Forum on Business Ethics from Brook’s, Chapters 1 – 5 and Pfeiffer Chapters 1 - 7 On-Line Mid-Term Exam due NLT Sunday 9/22 @ 11:30pm Blackboard Discussion Forum; Case: “Subprime Lending Fiasco” (p. 631) Weekly Case Report on Case View Prof. Jones’s Video presentation Building an Ethical Business Culture (~15 min) Be prepared to discuss the weekly case report and video in Blackboard Classroom Session 2 – See Section 12,Table 1 (p. 5) for details 100 Points The Credibility Crisis Credibility Crises Paper Presentation Chapter 8 Brooks/Dunn 25 Points Chapter 9 Brooks/Dunn 25 points Blackboard Discussion Forum; Case: “Waste Management” (P. 676) Weekly Case Report on Case Be prepared to discuss the weekly case report in Blackboard Discussion Forum View Prof. Jones’s Video presentation on the effects of Globalization (~4min) Be prepared to discuss in class Case: “WorldCom’s Bankruptcy Crisis” (case material supplied) Weekly Case Report on Case Be prepared to discuss the weekly case report in Blackboard Discussion Forum. Classroom Session 3 – See Section 12, Table 1 (p. 6) for details 250 points (Includes Course Project) Brief Course Review and Discussion Final Exam 100 Points Paper 150 points Open Blackboard Discussion Forum on Business Ethics and Ethical Decision Making. Be prepared to discuss in Blackboard during Week 11. On-Line Final Exam due NLT Friday 11/1/2013 @ 11:30pm WBU BUAD 5304 SYLLABUS – Fall 2013 Page 7 of 10 11.0 BASIC GRADING RUBRICS 11.1 Weekly Case Reviews Needs Improvement Meets Assignment Criteria Demonstrating Excellence Meeting Assignment Criteria Less than 20 points 20 to less than 22 Points 22 to 25 Points Writing style has errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. The content does not demonstrate a clear understanding of the material. Limited use of applied learning and critical thinking. Citations are missing or not appropriately used. Content was less than 250 word minimum. Writing style is appropriate for the assignment, few errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Good use of applied learning and critical thinking. Citations are adequate and appropriate. Citations used are adequate and appropriate. Content word count met minimum requirements. Writing style is appropriate for the assignment, no errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Good use of applied learning and critical thinking. Well cited materials used. Content word count exceed minimum requirements and logically presented the proposition in a meaningful declarative manner. Needs Improvement Meets Assignment Criteria Demonstrating Excellence Meeting Assignment Criteria Less than 80 points 80 to less than 94 Points 94 to 100 Points Writing style has errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. The content does not demonstrate a clear understanding of the material. Limited use of applied learning and critical thinking. Citations are missing or not appropriately used. Content was less than 250 word minimum. Writing style is appropriate for the assignment, few errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Good use of applied learning and critical thinking. Citations are adequate and appropriate. Citations used are adequate and appropriate. Content word count met minimum requirements. Writing style is appropriate for the assignment, no errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Good use of applied learning and critical thinking. Well cited materials used. Content word count exceed minimum requirements and logically presented the proposition in a meaningful declarative manner. 11.2 Individual Course Project Course Notes: 1. Graduate Seminar Format: As a first step, it is useful to think of a seminar as a course in which student’s practice critical thinking about the discipline and learn about research methods commonly used in the field. The emphasis is on thinking about the discipline, an activity that should occur frequently in both graduate and undergraduate courses. Students can still be required to write traditional research papers if that activity is appropriate for achieving the course outcomes. The purpose is to design an intervention (options?) to solve the ethical dilemma described in each case. NOTE: There are always more than one “right solution” depending on the context and circumstances. 2. I am willing to work with each student, as an editor only, on the drafts of their research paper, between weeks 2 and week 8. Usually I can provide 24 -36 hour turn-around using MS Word review for the mark-up. Notes for Assessments, Assignments and Grading: 3. The Weekly Class On-Line Discussion Forums will discuss the selected videos and case studies for that week. 4. There will be NO MAKE UP EXAMS or exams scheduled for different dates UNLESS APPROVED IN ADVANCED. Dr. Motzko WBU BUAD 5304 SYLLABUS – Fall 2013 Page 8 of 10 Multi-Media Supplemental Sheet for BUAD 5304; Fall 2013 WEEK 3 Dr. Davidow's talk at Dartmouth about his book, OVERCONNECTED that examines social media and ethics. Silicon Valley legend and best-selling author Bill Davidow speaks and answers questions about his acclaimed book, "Overconnected: The Promise and Threat of the Internet," in which he explains how the miraculous success of the Internet has also engendered a unique set of hazards and challenges for government, social institutions, business, and economies. Watch it here (~44 min): http://t.co/eCRZx4Su Overview Available (~14 min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRIRHJpb80c WEEK 4 Government Ethics: Establishing Public Trust http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=XV6hNF1IzGk Judy Nadler, senior fellow in government ethics at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, shares best practices in making ethical decisions (~4.5 min). Week 6 Organizational Behavior and Ethics: Reorganization http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=-wyHwGywjYI Dr. Catherine Marsh, Assoc. Professor, North Park University, discusses organizational behavior and ethics with regards to reorganization. (~6 min). WEEK 7 Building an Ethical Business Culture: The Role of the Board Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=lrI6R8Ghnzg Building an Ethical Business Culture: The Role of the Board Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=qcIZK_qkJms Michael L. Hackworth, chair of the Advisory Board of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics and member and chair of numerous corporate boards, talks on what boards can do to promote ethics in an organization. (Part 1 & 2 ~ 15 min total). WEEK 9 Caterpillar, Inc. Becomes an Ethical Role Model (a Case Study) Case material will be posted in Blackboard and distributed to class. The class will investigate how an ethics program is developed and implemented. There will be an open discussion in WBU Blackboard, with Q&A, on the practical implementation and the role of ethics in a corporate setting. Supplemental material, from Caterpillar, will be made available at the beginning of Week 8. Dr. Motzko WBU BUAD 5304 SYLLABUS – Fall 2013 Page 9 of 10 WEEK 9 (Cont.) Innovative Strategies to Measure, Report and Improve the Efficiency of a Compliance Program (~2 min). http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=xcRcISFdmn0 This is an excerpt from Compliance 360's webcast: Innovative Strategies to Measure, Report and Improve the Efficiency of a Compliance Program. In this clip, Robert Miromonti, Vice President, Ethics & Compliance, from Centene Corporation discusses the major accomplishments Centene Corp's Compliance & Ethics program. To download the webcast in its entirety, go to: http://www.compliance360.com/Mailers/2010_2_Webinar_AICPCentene.asp WEEK 10 Effect of Globalization on Stakeholder Theory - Thomas M. Jones http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=dHJvr1LmeM8 Professor Thomas M. Jones is the Chairman of the Management and Organization Department and the Boeing Endowed Professor of Business Administration at the University of Washington in Seattle (~3.5 Min). iTunes University has over 200 free Lecture Series, in print, audio, & video, on Business Ethics. These are free downloads and contain resources developed by world-class subject matter experts. USEFUL LINKS Ethics Resource Center – http://www.erc.org Dr. Motzko WBU BUAD 5304 SYLLABUS – Fall 2013 Page 10 of 10