PUMP IT UP
NCSO Coaches Clinic
THE HEART
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Base - Superior end
Apex - Inferior pointed end
(left ventricle); rests on the
diaphragm
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
• Pericardium – tough serous (connective tissue)
membrane surrounding the heart
HEART WALL
• Three layers:
– Epicardium/ Visceral pericardium
• Outer connective tissue layer (protection)
– Myocardium:
• Thick middle layer
• Cardiac muscle: contracts to pump blood
ENDOCARDIUM
– Thin inner layer composed of simple
squamous epithelium - reduces friction for
easier blood flow
HEART CHAMBERS
• Left & Right Atrium (Atria): Receiving chambers
– Smaller with less muscle
• Left & Right Ventricles: discharging chambers
– Left has thicker muscle layer than right
HEART VALVES
• Valves open as blood is pumped through
• Close to prevent backflow
• Two types are structurally different
ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVES
• Right AV- Tricuspid Valve- three cusps of endocardium
• Left AV – Bicuspid/ Mitral valve – two cusps of
endocardium
Right AV Valve
Left AV Valve
CORDAE TENDINAE
• Hold the AV valves in place
• Also called the “heart strings”
SEMILUNAR VALVES
• PULMONARY - junction of
right ventricle and
pulmonary arteries
• AORTIC - junction of left
ventricle and aorta
THE CARDIAC CYCLE
• Produces the “lub-dup”
sounds of a heartbeat
• “lub” = closing of AV Valves
• “dup” = closing of
semilunar valves
BLOOD PATHWAY THROUGH THE HEART
• Pulmonary Circulation:
between heart and lungs
• Systemic Circulation:
between heart and capillary
beds
BLOOD PATHWAY THROUGH THE HEART
• Deoxygenated blood from body enters right atrium via
the superior/ inferior vena cava
• R. Atrium  R. AV valve  R. Ventricle  pulmonary
semilunar valve pulmonary trunk  branches into left
and right pulmonary arteries (4 total) to the lungs
While in the lungs CO2
diffuses out of the
blood and oxygen
diffuses into the blood
and is transferred to
RBC’s
BLOOD PATHWAY THROUGH THE HEART
• L&R Pulmonary veins (4 total) deliver oxygenated blood
to the left atrium
• L. Atrium  L. AV valve  L. Ventricle  aortic
semilunar valve oxygenated blood to the body via the
aorta
BLOOD COMPOSITION
• Hematocrit –volume percentage (%) of red blood cells
• Plasma - 46-63%
• Formed elements – 37-54%
PLASMA
• Non – living fluid matrix
– 92% water
– 7% plasma proteins
– 1% other solutes
• pH 7.35 to 7.45 – slightly
alkaline
RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
• About 1/3 of all body cells are RBC’s
•Outnumber WBC’s 1000 to 1
•One drop of contains ~ 260 million
•Males have higher numbers than females –
androgens promote RBC production
RBC
STRUCTURE
• Small size and “doughnut” shape provide large
surface area to volume ratio
– Increases gas transport and diffusion rate
– Flexibility to squeeze through capillaries
• Lack organelles – cannot undergo cell division
– Life span about 120 days
RBC FUNCTION
- Contain ~ 250 million hemoglobin molecules – iron
bearing protein that transports the bulk of the
oxygen
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
(LEUKOCYTES)
– Account for less than 1% of total blood volume
– Contain a nucleus
– Defend against bacteria, viruses, parasites and
cancer cells
WBC
CHARACTERIS
TICS
– Diapedesis - ability to slip in and out of blood
vessels
– Positive chemotaxis – ability to locate areas of
tissue damage and infection by responding to
chemicals diffused from the damaged cells
WBC TYPES
Granular leukocytes
Agranular leukocytes
Most numerous
Found in lymphoid tissue
Numbers increase during prolonged infections
Least numerous
• Needed
for blood clotting
PLATELETS(T
HROMBOCYTE
• Megakaryocytes
- platelets break off from the
S)
larger cell
• Typical platelet count ~ 300,000/mm3
RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
• About 1/3 of all body cells are RBC’s
• Outnumber WBC’s 1000 to 1
• One drop of contains ~ 260 million
• Small size and “doughnut” shape provide large surface
area to volume ratio
– Increases gas transport and diffusion rate
– Flexibility to squeeze through capillaries
RED BLOOD CELLS
• Lack organelles – cannot undergo cell division
– Life span about 120 days
• Contain ~ 250 million hemoglobin molecules –
iron bearing protein that transports the bulk of
the oxygen
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
• Genetic disorder
• Highest incidence in people of
African descent
• Evolutionary adaptation for
surviving malaria –RBC’s have
shorter life span, less flexible, can’t
carry as much oxygen, “sickle
shaped”
• People are generally tired and have
painful attacks
• Limited activity
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
(LEUKOCYTES)
– Account for less than 1% of total blood volume
– Contain a nucleus
– Defend against bacteria, viruses, parasites and
cancer cells
WBC CHARACTERISTICS
– Diapedesis - ability to slip in and out of blood
vessels
– Positive chemotaxis – ability to locate areas of
tissue damage and infection by responding to
chemicals diffused from the damaged cells
Most numerous
Found in lymphoid tissue
Numbers increase during prolonged infections
Least numerous
PLATELETS(THROMBOCYTES)
• Needed for blood clotting
• Megakaryocytes - platelets break off from the
larger cell
• Typical platelet count ~ 300,000/mm3
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries: Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
*High pressure
Veins: Vessels that return blood to the heart
*Valves to prevent backflow
*Low pressure
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
• Arterioles – branch off arteries
– Provide blood to more than 10 million
capillaries
• Venules – formed as capillaries join together as
they leave the tissues
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
• Capillaries – ~ diameter of one RBC
– Capillary beds supply tissues of the body with
gases & nutrients
ATHERSCLEROSIS
• Build up of cholesterol as a plaque in artery/ arteriole
walls
• May lead to heart attack or stroke/ high blood pressure
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
(HEART ATTACK)
• Lack of blood flow through coronary arteries causes death
of heart tissue
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
• Oxygenates blood for delivery to the cells
• Removes carbon dioxide (waste product) from blood
• The Nose – only externally visible part of the system
• Nostrils (external nares) – air enters the body
FUNCT
IONAL
ANATO
MY OF
TRACHEA
• Also called the windpipe
• Lined with ciliated mucosa to propel mucus loaded with
dust and other foreign bodies away from the lungs and
to the throat
• Rigid walls enforced with C – shaped rings of hyaline
cartilage
• Keeps trachea open during the pressure changes that
occur during breathing
LUNGS
• Relatively large organs
which occupy the thoracic
cavity
• Soft and spongy
• Apex – located near clavicle
• Base – rests on the
diaphragm
RESPIRATORY ZONE
• Only site of gas exchange in the lungs
• Structures include the alveoli, alveolar ducts,
alveolar sacs and respiratory bronchioles
MECHANICS OF BREATHING
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
• Also called the air-blood barrier
• Gas flows past one side and
blood past the other
• Gas exchange occurs by
diffusion through this
membrane
• Oxygen passes from the
alveolar air into the RBC’s and
carbon dioxide enters the
alveoli from the blood
COPD - (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE)
COPD – COMMON FEATURES
• History of smoking
• Dyspnea – labored breathing that gets progressively
worse
• Coughing/ frequent pulmonary infections
• Ultimately develop respiratory failure
EMPHYSEMA
• Lung tissue weakened and
destroyed
• Air spaces become larger
• More difficult for air to be
exchanged in the lungs
• Lungs become less elastic
• Over time it becomes more
difficult to release carbon
dioxide and to obtain
oxygen.
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
•
•
•
•
•
Cough – 3 months to 2 yrs
Increased mucus in lumen
Chronic inflammation
Chronic thickening of the bronchial walls
Narrowed passageways
ASTHMA
• Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial passages
• Respond to multiple irritants with coughing, wheezing and
dyspnea (labored breathing)
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• Defective gene causes mucus secretions to become thick
and sticky disrupting breathing & digestion
LUNG CANCER
• Most preventable (over 70% of cases are caused by
smoking)
• High mortality rate after diagnosis