46-320-01
Tests and Measurements
Intersession 2006
Projective Tests
Projective hypothesis (Frank, 1939)
Accuracy of perception
Conclusions
Influencing factors
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Pre-Rorschach
Rorschach:
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Identifying psychological disorders
5 main proponents:
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Beck
Hertz
Klopfer
Piotrowski
Rappaport
Exner
Rorschach
10 Inkblots
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5 black and gray
2 black, gray, and red
3 pastel colors
Administration
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Individual test
Instructions
Free Association Phase
Inquiry Phase
Rorschach-like Example
Taken from: http://www.tucottbus.de/BTU/Fak2/TheoArch/Lehrstuhl/deu/lehre/WS0203/Soziologie/psychologie.htm
Rorschach-like Card
http://web.tickle.com/tests/inkblot/index.jsp
Rorschach Blot
Rorschach Scoring
Location
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Whole (W)
Common Detail (D)
Unusual detail (Dd)
Determinant
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Form (F)
Movement (M, FM, m)
Color (C)
Shading (T)
Form Quality
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F+ or +
F
F- or –
Content
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Human (H)
Animal (A)
Nature (N)
Popular-original
Scoring the Rorschach
Exner: Structural summary
Allows for norms
Inferences are hypotheses
Qualitative interpretation
Content
 Sequence of responses
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Psychometrics
The psychometric debate
Using scientific methods
Method of administration
Scoring not standardized
Influence of demographics/examiner
training not considered
Reliability: varied and inconsistent
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Meta-analysis and KR20
Validity
Holtzman Inkblot Test
Alternative to Rorschach
1 response per 45 cards
Standardized administration and scoring
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Scoring on 22 dimensions
Alternate form
Norms
Psychometrics
Holtzman Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Morgan and Murray (1935)
Based on Murray’s theory of Needs
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E.g., Abasement (To surrender and accept
punishment); Acquisition (To obtain
possessions); Deference (To follow a superior,
to serve); Nurturance (To protect the helpless);
Similance (To empathize)
30 Pictures depicting a variety of scenes,
plus blank card
TAT
Certain cards elicit certain information
Card 4 = male-female relationships
 12F = emotions about the self
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Poor standardization of administration
Story
 Before, now, thinking/feeling, outcome
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Verbatim responses, reaction time
TAT
Scoring
Hero
 Needs
 Press
 Themes
 Outcomes
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Differences expected to reflect differences
in people (note other factors)
Psychometrics
Inconsistent and unclear findings
High reliability figures for certain needs
Poor split-half and test-retest reliability
Content-related validity ok
Criterion-related validity poor
Alternative Apperception Tests
Southern Mississippi TAT
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Family of Man photos
Children’s Apperception Test (CAT)
Age 3 to 10
 Animal figures
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Nonpictoral Projectives
Word Association Test
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Hat, lamp, love, father, paper, masturbation,
chair, breast, car, penis, suicide
Kent and Rosanoff
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100 words, standardization sample
Rappaport, Gill, and Chafer (1966)
60 items
 Normed
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Sentence Completion Tasks
Complete a stem
May reveal more than in an interview
Recurring themes of conflict or pathological
thought
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank
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40 stems, 7-point scoring
Rotter Incomplete Sentence
Blank
1) If only I could...
2) People I know...
3) I can always...
4) I think guys...
5) What makes me sad is...
6) I think girls...
Figure Drawing Tests
Draw-A-Person
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Draw and tell a story
House-Tree-Person Test
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Story
Kinetic Family Drawing
Scoring:
Absolute size, relative size, omissions,
disproportions
 Post-drawing inquiry
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Draw a Person
15 year old girl
with concern about
facial acne
http://www.usm.maine.edu/psy/gayton/333/4_0
3b.html