Conjunctions
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
• Conjunctions are joining words, it joins
together sentences or words.
• Join words: n., adj., adv., v., and sentence
Ex:
– I saw a man and a boy.
– She spoke and laughed.
– She speaks gently and softly.
– He was hungry and angry.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Join phrases together with sentences.
Ex:
-We began on the journey full of hope
and happy together.
-It looks as if it is going to rain.
-Despite the traffic, we arrive on times.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Join sentences together with sentences
Ex:
-Both he and I spoke at meeting.
-She worked all night, but she didn’t finish
the job.
-Neither the man nor the woman speaks
English.
-Either he or his friends have money.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Join two clauses into one and
can stand alone.
Ex:
-The corruption government has got to
go before it does any more damage
economic.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
One conjunction is enough to
join two clauses.
Ex:
-Because I like you, I tried to help
you.
-As you know, I work very hard.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Relative Pronouns
Ex:
-He thanks me for the money that I
give him.
-The house where I live is very
comfortable.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Types of Conjunctions
1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions: (Joining the
equal rank or important sentences or clauses)
2. Subordinating Conjunctions: (Joining the
unequal rank or important sentences or clauses)
3. Correlative Conjunctions: (Used in the
pairs to complete the sentences)
4. A conjunctive adverb: (an adverb used to
connect two clauses showing cause and effect,
sequence, contrast, comparison, or other
relationships.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Coordinating Conjunctions
And, but, or, yet, for, nor, so,
(while)
-FANBOYS/FONYBAS/YAFNOBS-
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Example
• I love to go with you, but I have
something to do.
• He spent his summer studying basic
math, and then he went back to his
hometown.
• Rocky refuses to eat dry cat food, nor
will he touch a saucer of squid eyeball
stew.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
• Even though I added cream to the squid
eyeball stew, Rocky ignored his serving,
so I got a spoon and ate it myself.
• Rocky terrorizes the poodles next door,
yet he adores the German shepherd
across the street.
• I hate to waste a single drop of squid
eyeball stew, for it is expensive and
time-consuming to make.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Subordinating Conjunctions
Ex: as long as, as soon as, till, until,
after, before, when, while, where,
wherever, as far as, although, though,
even though, as-as, more-than, than,
because, since, in order that, in case,
if, unless, so long as
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Examples:
-He works hard though he is not well.
-He ran as if his life depends on it.
-Stay where you are. I go wherever you may go.
-He sold the car because it as too old.
-You can use my car as/so long as you drive
carefully.
-I will not forget it till I die.
-You should play games in order that your health
may improve.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
After although, we use S. + V.
-Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.
-I didn’t get the job although I had all the
necessary qualifications.
After in spite of, despite, we use a noun, a pronoun
or –ing
-In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
-I didn’t get the job in spite of having all the
necessary qualifications.
-She wasn’t well, but in spite of / despite this she
went to work.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Compare in spite of / despite with
because of / although
• We went out in spite of / despite the rain.
• We didn’t go out because of the rain.
• Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on
time.
• In spite of the traffic, I arrived on time.
• I couldn’t sleep although I was very tired.
• I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Remembering Note
• Sometimes we use though instead of although.
Ex:
• -I didn’t get the job though I had all the
necessary qualifications.
• (S) The house isn’t very nice. I like the garden
though. (=but I like the garden.)
• (S) I see him everyday. I’ve never spoken to him
though. (=but I’ve never spoken to him.)
• Even though I was really tired, I couldn’t sleep.
(Not ‘even’ alone) It is a stronger form of
although.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
In case, unless, as long as, just in case
Situation: John is a football referee. He always
wears two watches during a game because it is
possible that one watch will stop.
Ex: He wears two watches in case one of them
stops.
-I don’t want to go out in case she phones.
(=because it is possible she will phone.)
-I’ll draw a map for you in case you can’t find our
house.
(=because it is possible you won’t be able find it.)
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
We use ‘just in case’ for a smaller possibility:
-I don’t think it will rain but I’ll take an umbrella just
in case. (just in case= just in case it rains.)
-I don’t want to go out tonight in case Ann phones.
Note: We don’t use will after in case.
We can use ‘in case’ + simple past to say why
somebody did something:
-We bought some more food in case Tom came.
(= because it was possible Tom would come.)
-We rang the bell again in case they hadn’t heard it
the first time.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
In case of
‘In case of…’ is not the same as ‘in case’.
In case of = if there is…’
-In case of fire, please leave the building as
quickly as possible. (=if there is a fire.)
-In case of emergency, telephone this
number. (=if there is an emergency.)
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Compare ‘in case’ and ‘if-clause’
• We’ll buy some more food in case Tom
comes.
• We’ll buy some more food if Tom comes.
• I’ll give you my phone number in case you
need to contact.
• You can phone me at the hotel if you need
to contact me.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
In case:
• (=perhaps Tom will come; we’ll buy some
more food now, whether he comes or not;
then we’ll already have the food if he
comes.)
If:
• (=perhaps Tom will come; if he comes,
we’ll buy some more food; if he doesn’t
come we won’t buy any more food.)
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Unless
Study this situation:
• The club is for members only. You can’t go in
unless you are a member.
• I’ll see you tomorrow unless I have to work late.
• We’ll be late unless we hurry.
• ‘Shall I tell Sue what you said?’ ‘Not unless she
asks you.’ (=only she asks you.)
Note: unless= except if
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
As long as / so long as
provided (that)/ providing (that)
The above words mean ‘if’ or ‘on condition that.’
Ex:
-You can use my car as long as/so long as you
drive carefully.
(=you can use my car but you must drive
carefully.)
-Traveling by car is convenient provided (that) /
providing (that) you have somewhere to park.
(=but only if you have somewhere to park.)
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
• Provided (that) / providing (that) she
studies hard, she’ll pass her exams.
(=she must study hard-if she does,
she will pass.)
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Understand the difference
between coordination and
subordination
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
A coordinating conjunction can join two
main clauses that a writer wants to
emphasize equally.
• The pattern for coordination looks like
this:
main Clause , + coordinating
conjunction + main Clause.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Subordination, however, emphasizes
the idea in the main clause more than
the one in the subordinate clause.
• Generally, the patterns look like these:
main clause + N+ subordinate clause.
subordinate Clause, + N+ main
Clause.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Correlative Conjunctions
Ex:
both-and, not only-but also, as-as,
either-or, neither-nor, whether-or,
so-that, such – that.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
• Both he and I spoke at the meeting.
• Not only he, but also I spoke at the meeting.
• He gave me not only money but also advice.
• She must either follow my instructions or resign.
• Neither John nor Robin came to the party.
Note:
-There are shop on either side. =Both side.
-Either train goes to Karat. =Both train.
-Neither of the boys breaks the window.
-Either of them is telling a lie.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
• As a father loves his children, so does mother
love her children.
• She is not so lovely as you say.
• The exam is so difficult that the student can’t
do it.
• Last year Jack and Jill spend their holiday by
the sea. It rained a lot but they enjoyed
themselves.
• She is such a good friend that I don’t want to
make her sad.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Conjunctive Adverbs
It is an adverb that connects two clauses.
Conjunctive adverbs show cause and effect,
sequence, contrast, comparison, or other
relationships.
accordingly, furthermore, moreover, similarly,
also, hence, namely, still, anyway, however,
nevertheless, then, besides, incidentally, next,
thereafter, certainly, indeed, nonetheless,
therefore, consequently, instead, now,
thus, finally, likewise, otherwise,
undoubtedly, further, meanwhile.
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>
Example
• These things really happened; otherwise, I
wouldn't have claimed to have seen them.
• I wanted to go; however, I was too busy.
• They want to make it happened; therefore,
they all tried their best to finish their
missions.
End of Conjunctions
>>
0
>>
1
>>
2
>>
3
>>
4
>>