Describing Data:
Displaying and Exploring Data
Chapter 4
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008
GOALS
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Develop and interpret a dot plot.
Develop and interpret a stem-and-leaf display.
Compute and understand quartiles, deciles, and
percentiles.
Construct and interpret box plots.
Compute and understand the coefficient of
skewness.
Draw and interpret a scatter diagram.
Construct and interpret a contingency table.
Dot Plots
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A dot plot groups the data as little as possible and
the identity of an individual observation is not lost.
To develop a dot plot, each observation is simply
displayed as a dot along a horizontal number line
indicating the possible values of the data.
If there are identical observations or the
observations are too close to be shown individually,
the dots are “piled” on top of each other.
Dot Plots - Examples
Reported below are the number of vehicles sold in the last 24
months at Smith Ford Mercury Jeep, Inc., in Kane,
Pennsylvania, and Brophy Honda Volkswagen in Greenville,
Ohio. Construct dot plots and report summary statistics for the
two small-town Auto USA lots.
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Dot Plot – Minitab Example
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Example: Dot Plots of Vehicle Sales
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Notice that the scales for the side-by-side dot
plots differ. This means that we need to be
careful in comparing the two plots. The
distribution of monthly counts for Brophy
Honda Volkswagen is shifted to the right
relative to the distribution for Smith Ford
Mercury Jeep, Inc.
Stem-and-Leaf
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In Chapter 2, we showed how to organize data into a frequency
distribution. The major advantage to organizing the data into a
frequency distribution is that we get a quick visual picture of the
shape of the distribution.
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One technique that is used to display quantitative information in
a condensed form is the stem-and-leaf display.
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Stem-and-leaf display is a statistical technique to present a
set of data. Each numerical value is divided into two parts. The
leading digit(s) becomes the stem and the trailing digit the leaf.
The stems are located along the vertical axis, and the leaf
values are stacked against each other along the horizontal axis.
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Advantage of the stem-and-leaf display over a frequency
distribution - the identity of each observation is not lost.
Stem-and-Leaf – Example
Suppose the seven observations in
the 90 up to 100 class are: 96, 94,
93, 94, 95, 96, and 97.
The stem value is the leading digit or
digits, in this case 9. The leaves
are the trailing digits. The stem is
placed to the left of a vertical line
and the leaf values to the right.
The values in the 90 up to 100
class would appear as
Then, we sort the values within each
stem from smallest to largest.
Thus, the second row of the stemand-leaf display would appear as
follows:
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Stem-and-leaf: Another Example
Listed in Table 4–1 is the number of 30-second radio advertising
spots purchased by each of the 45 members of the Greater
Buffalo Automobile Dealers Association last year. Organize the
data into a stem-and-leaf display. Around what values do the
number of advertising spots tend to cluster? What is the fewest
number of spots purchased by a dealer? The largest number
purchased?
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Stem-and-leaf: Another Example
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Example: ATM Usage in Hawaii
Aloha Banking Co. is studying ATM use in
suburban Honolulu. A sample of 30 ATM’s
was selected, and data were collected on the
number of times each ATM was used on a
certain day. We want to study the
characteristics of the distribution of daily ATM
usage. What is the minimum? Maximum?
Median?
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Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles
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The standard deviation is the most widely used
measure of dispersion.
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Alternative ways of describing spread of data include
determining the location of values that divide a set of
observations into equal parts.
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These measures include quartiles, deciles, and
percentiles.
Percentile Computation
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To formalize the computational procedure, let Lp refer to the
location of a desired percentile. So if we wanted to find the 33rd
percentile we would use L33 and if we wanted the median, the
50th percentile, then L50.
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The number of observations is n, so if we want to locate the
median, its position is at (n + 1)/2, or we could write this as
(n + 1)(P/100), where P is the desired percentile.
Percentiles - Example
Listed below are the commissions earned last month
by a sample of 15 brokers at Salomon Smith
Barney’s Oakland, California, office. Salomon Smith
Barney is an investment company with offices
located throughout the United States.
$2,038
$2,097
$2,287
$2,406
$1,758
$2,047
$1,940
$1,471
$1,721 $1,637
$2,205 $1,787
$2,311 $2,054
$1,460
Locate the median, the first quartile, and the third
quartile for the commissions earned.
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Percentiles – Example (cont.)
Step 1: Organize the data from lowest to
largest value
$1,460
$1,758
$2,047
$2,287
15
$1,471
$1,787
$2,054
$2,311
$1,637
$1,940
$2,097
$2,406
$1,721
$2,038
$2,205
Percentiles – Example (cont.)
Step 2: Compute the first and third quartiles.
Locate L25 and L75 using:
25
75
L25  (15  1)
4
L75  (15  1)
 12
100
100
Therefore, the first and third quartiles are the 4th and 12th
observatio n in the array, respective ly
L25  $1,721
L75  $2,205
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Another Measure of Variability
The Interquartile Range (IQR) of a numeric
data set is the difference between the third and
first quartiles.
IQR = L75 – L25
This measure of variability tells the range of
values of the middle 50% of the data set.
The first and third quartiles are sometimes
denoted by Q1 = L25 and Q3 = L75.
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Example: ATM Usage
Let’s look at the spread of the data on Aloha
ATM usage using both standard deviation and
quartiles. If we use MegaStat, and choose
Descriptive Statistics, we may find the quartiles
by specifying the Minimum, Maximum, Range
and the Median, Quartiles, Mode, Outliers
options. Or we may do a stem-and-leaf plot
and locate the quartiles on the graph.
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Boxplots – Graphical Use of the 5Number Summary
The 5-number summary of a data set consists
of the minimum value, the first, second
(median) and third quartiles, and the maximum
value of the data. We can use these five
numbers to construct a simple graph, called a
boxplot, of the data. We will compare the
characteristics of the boxplot with those of the
stem-and-leaf plot for several data sets, including the
Whitner Autoplex data and the radio spot data. But
first, another example.
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Boxplot - Example
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Boxplot Example
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Boxplot – Whitner Autoplex
Refer to the Whitner Autoplex data in Table 2–4.
Develop a box plot of the data. What can we
conclude about the distribution of the vehicle
selling prices? What is the shape of the
distribution? Is it skewed? What is the
spread, using both measures of spread
(standard deviation and IRQ)?
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Boxplot – Radio Advertising Spots
Now lets look at the distribution of the data for
radio advertising spots by automobile dealers
in the greater Buffalo metro area. What is the
shape of the distribution? Compare the mean
value and the median value. Compare the
standard devation with the range and the IQR.
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Skewness
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In Chapter 3, measures of central location for a set
of observations (the mean, median, and mode) and
measures of data dispersion (e.g. range and the
standard deviation) were introduced
Another characteristic of a set of data is the shape.
There are four shapes commonly observed:
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symmetric,
positively skewed,
negatively skewed,
bimodal.
Skewness - Formulas for Computing
The coefficient of skewness can range from -3 up to 3.
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A value near -3, such as -2.57, indicates considerable negative skewness.
A value such as 1.63 indicates moderate positive skewness.
A value of 0, which will occur when the mean and median are equal,
indicates the distribution is symmetrical and that there is no skewness
present.
Commonly Observed Shapes
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Skewness – An Example
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Following are the earnings per share for a sample of
15 software companies for the year 2005. The
earnings per share are arranged from smallest to
largest.
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Compute the mean, median, and standard deviation.
Find the coefficient of skewness using Pearson’s
estimate. What is your conclusion regarding the
shape of the distribution?
Skewness – An Example Using
Pearson’s Coefficient
X
X
n
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
$74.26
 $4.95
15

2
 X X
($0.09  $4.95) 2  ...  ($16.40  $4.95) 2 )
s

 $5.22
n 1
15  1
3( X  Median ) 3($4.95  $3.18)
sk 

 1.017
s
$5.22
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Skewness – Software Share Earnings
Now let’s use MegaStat to calculate the
skewness coefficient, and to do a stem-and
-leaf plot of the data. How does the skewness
coefficient reflect what we see in the stem-and
-leaf plot?
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Describing Relationship between Two
Variables
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One graphical technique we
use to show the relationship
between variables is called a
scatter diagram.
To draw a scatter diagram we
need two variables. We scale
one variable along the
horizontal axis (X-axis) of a
graph and the other variable
along the vertical axis (Yaxis).
Describing Relationship between Two
Variables – Scatter Diagram Examples
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Describing Relationship between Two
Variables – Scatter Diagram Excel Example
In the Introduction to Chapter 2 we presented data from
AutoUSA. In this case the information concerned the
prices of 80 vehicles sold last month at the Whitner
Autoplex lot in Raytown, Missouri. The data shown
include the selling price of the vehicle as well as the
age of the purchaser.
Is there a relationship between the selling price of a
vehicle and the age of the purchaser? Would it be
reasonable to conclude that the more expensive
vehicles are purchased by older buyers? What else
can you see in the graph?
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Contingency Tables
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A scatter diagram requires that both of the
variables be at least interval scale.
What if we wish to study the relationship
between two variables when one or both are
nominal or ordinal scale? In this case we tally
the results in a contingency table.
Contingency Tables – An Example
A manufacturer of preassembled windows produced 50 windows
yesterday. This morning the quality assurance inspector reviewed
each window for all quality aspects. Each was classified as
acceptable or unacceptable and by the shift on which it was
produced. Thus we reported two variables on a single item. The
two variables are shift and quality. The results are reported in the
following table.
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Example – Dessert Ordered, by Gender
The Director of Planning for Devine Dining, Inc.
Wishes to study the relationship between the
gender of a customer and whether the
customer orders dessert. To investigate the
question, the manager collects data for 200
recent customers, 100 male and 100 female.
What can we conclude from the contingency
table? (Page 122 of textbook.)
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End of Chapter 4
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