Conjunctions
4 Apr
1. Co-ordinating conjunctions: and, but, both; and, or, either...or; neither...nor; not only...but also join pairs of
1.1. nouns: He plays squash and rugby.
1.2. adjectives: He is small but strong.
1.3. verbs: He can neither read nor write.
1.4. clauses: We came in first but didn’t win the race.
1.5. adverbs: He works quickly and accurately.
2. Connecting adverbs and prepositions: besides, however, nevertheless, otherwise, so, therefore, still, yet, though join
clauses and sentences
2.1. Besides
Q1 Which sentence exemplifies adverbial and which prepositional use of besides.
a. Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden.
b. I can’t go now, I’m too busy; besides, my passport is out of date.
Q2 Mark incorrect sentences. If the sentence is correct, indicate whether besides functions as an adv. or a prep.
a. She has a car and a motorbike besides.
b. There are five others coming besides you.
c. Besides waiting there’s nothing we can do.
d. On the following pages you'll find out how to do all those things — and plenty more besides.
Q3 Is beside an adv. or a prep.?
2.2. However
Q4 Mark incorrect sentences
a. He may not want it however.
b. He, however, may not want it.
c. However there was no need for him to have it.
d. If, however, he doesn’t want it he won’t get it.
e. However approachable I want to be, I am still running a business.
Q5 Mark correct ways to complete the sentence: They hadn’t trained hard, .... they won.
a. but
b. however
c. nevertheless
d. all the same
2.3. Otherwise
Q6 Mark correct ways to complete the sentence: We must be early .... we won’t get a seat.
a. or
b. or else
c. all the same
d. otherwise
2.4. Reason and consequence: so, therefore (more fml than so), ergo (fml, hum.), thus (fml), hence (fml), consequently,
for this reason, this is why.
Q7 Complete the sentences below using the above connecting adverbs
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Preposition vs adverb
All ok. a. ma samochód, a do tego jeszcze motocykl (adv)
b. przychodzi jeszcze pięć osób oprócz ciebie (prep)
c. poza czekaniem or prócz czekania nie możemy nic zrobić (prep)
d. ... i jeszcze dużo więcej (adv)
Prep.: beside the road/path obok drogi/ścieżki, my problems seem insignificant beside yours moje
problemy wydają się nieistotne przy twoich or wobec twoich or w porównaniu z twoimi
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c. If ‘however’ is used to begin a sentence, it must be followed by a comma, and what appears after the
comma must be a complete sentence.
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All ok.
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abd
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a. all possible, after ‘so’ comma would be recommended b. all except ‘this is why’
c. all possible, after ‘so’ comma
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d. all but ‘this is why’
e. all possible, after ‘so’ comma (see http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/so_5)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Change from within will take too long. .... change must come from outside.
Their car was bigger and .... more comfortable.
I missed the train; .... I missed the party.
He is the eldest son and .... heir to the title.
Children who grow up on a diet of junk food find it difficult to change this habit later in life. .... it is
essential that children eat healthily from an early age.
2.5. Still/yet
Q8 Complete the sentences below using the above conjunctions
a. She does not speak our language and .... she seems to understand what we say.
b. The weather was cold and wet. .... , we had a great time.
c. This was an inexpensive .... effective solution to our problem.
d. The hotel was terrible. .... , we were lucky with the weather.
e. She can play the piano very well, and .... she can’t read music at all.
2.6. Concession: though, although, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding
Q9 Complete the sentences below using the above conjunctions
a. The temperature has dropped, .... it is still warm.
b. It is still warm (.... the temperature has dropped).
c. It is still warm, .... the drop in temperature.
d. It is still warm the drop in temperature .... .
3. Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate adverb or noun clauses: if (conditional clauses), that (relative
clauses), though/although, unless, when
3.1. though/even though/although - to show contrast between two clauses or two sentences
Q10 Complete the sentences below using the above conjunctions
a. Unlike the other comparisons, however, this one is apt, .... perhaps not in a way the author intended.
b. He'll probably say no, .... it's worth asking.
c. .... everyone played well, we lost the game.
d. This weekend, .... , theaters were packed.
3.2. in spite of/despite
Q11 Rephrase
a. Although it smelt horrible, she ate it. (using in spite of/despite)
b. Although it was dangerous, he did it. (using in spite of/despite)
c. Though he was inexperienced, he tried to do it. (using in spite of/despite)
d. In spite of the strong wind we set sails. (using although/though)
3.3. Q12 Combine two sentences using in spite of/despite
a. He had enough money. He refused to buy a new car.
b. He was tired. He walked to the station.
3.4. for/because
Q13 Choose one of the above to complete the sentences
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Still as sentence adv. = Yet = mimo to/ale = in spite of what has just been said or done
a. yet (no comma afterwards) b. Still (comma) c. yet
d. Still
e. yet
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a. but/although b. although c. in spite of/ despite/ notwithstanding
d. notwithstanding
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a. though/ Even though/although (As conjunctions, although and though are interchangeable)
b. though (=adverb
and hence not interchangeable with although) c. Although/Even though/Though
d. though
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a. In spite of the horrible smell...
b. In spite of the danger... c. In spite of his inexperience / his being inexperienced
d. Although it was windy...
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a. In spite of having enough money/Despit all his money, he refused to buy a new car. b. Despite /in spite of being
tired, he walked to the station.
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a. because; for not poss. bec. for cannot precede the verb
b. because/for
c. because; for not poss. bec. for cannot be preceded by not/but/other conj.
d. because/for
e. because; for not poss. bec. for always precedes new information
a. .... it was wet he took a taxi.
b. The days were long, .... it was now April.
c. He stole, not .... he wanted the money but .... he liked stealing.
d. He took it eagerly, .... he had eaten nothing since dawn.
e. He spoke in French. She was angry, .... he had spoken in French.
f. When I saw her in the river I was frightened. .... at that point the currents were dangerous.
3.5. when, while, as used to express time
Q14 Mark sentences that have the following meaning: I remembered the key while I was still in the doorway.
a. While I was leaving the house I remembered the key.
b. When I left the house I remembered the key.
c. As I left the house I remembered the key.
Q15 Mark possible ways to fill in the gap in the sentence: .... he stood there he saw two men enter the bar.
a. While
b. As
c. During
d. During the time that
e. During the time when
3.6. as meaning when/while or because/since
Q16 Fill in the gaps in the sentence
a. .... he shaved he thought about the coming interview.
b. .... he shaved with a blunt razor he didn't make a very good job of it.
3.7. as, when, while meaning although, but, seeing that
Q17 Rephrase using as
a. Though he was tired he offered to carry her.
b. Although she was strong, she couldn’t lift it.
Q18 Indicate sentences where while and although are interchangeable
a. While never a big eater, he did snack a lot.
b. While she was asleep, thieves broke in and stole her handbag.
c. While there was no conclusive evidence, most people thought he was guilty.
d. Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, while those in the south are relatively poor.
Q19 Mark ways to finish the sentence: How can you expect your children to be truthful...
a. when you yourself tell lies?
b. seeing that you yourself tell lies?
c. seeing as you yourself tell lies?
d. seeing as how you yourself tell lies?
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Q Translate: Our conversations are a little dry seeing as how she doesn't remember me and I'm basically a
stranger to her. (infml)
f. for (because possible though for better)
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ac
abde
a. As/While b. As/Because
a. Tired as he was he offered to carry her
ac
All correct
ponieważ ona mnie nie pamięta
b. Strong as he was, he couldn’t lift it.